CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(Monographs) 


ICMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniquep  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


n 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged  / 


Couverture  endommagee 


□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restauree  et/ou  pelliculee 

Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I I    Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  geographiques  en  couleur 

I      I    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 


□ 


n 


Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material  / 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion  along 
interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de 
I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge 
interieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  Use  peut  que  certaines  pages 
blanches  ajoutees  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  etait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  ete  filmees. 

Additional  comments  / 
Commentaires  supplementaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilme  ie  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
ete  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sont  peut-etre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  metho- 
de  normale  de  filmage  sont  indiques  ci-dessous. 

I      j    Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I I    Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommagees 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
! i    Pages  restaurees  et/ou  pelliculees 

Q   Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  decolorees,  tachetees  ou  piquees 

I      I    Pages  detached  /  Pages  detachees 

I  / 1    Shov/through  /  Transparence 

I      I   Quality  of  print  varies  / 


D 


Qualite  inegale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  matenel  supplementaire 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata  slips, 
tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  totalement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  ete  filmees  a  nouveau  de  fa?on  a 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  tv/ice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
filmees  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below  / 
Ce  doeumer.t  est  '.Wrr.p  au  tsux  de  reduction  indique  cl-de; 


lOx 


14x 


18x 


22x 


26x 


30. 


12x 


16x 


20x 


24x 


28x 


32x 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  Thanks 
to  The  generosiTy  of: 

National    Library  of  Canada 


Lexemplaire  film*  fut  reproduM  grace  i  la 
g6n«rosi!6  de 

Bibliothcque  nationale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
niming  contract  spacificationa. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impree- 
sion,  or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  The  symbol  — ^.  (meaning    ■CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning    ■END"), 
whichever  ap,-    es. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  iti  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compTe  Jenu  de  la  condiTion  eT 
de  la  nertet*  de  lexemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformit*  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim*e  sont  filmAs  en  commencant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derni*re  page  qui  compone  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film*s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
o'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  Terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  teile 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  epparaiTra  sur  la 
derniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ♦-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE'.  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  canes,  planches.  Tableaux,  etc.  peuvent  etre 
filmis  A  des  Taux  de  r^ducTion  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich*.  il  est  film*  i  partir 
de  I'angle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


■r,\a       ■■'..  111'. 


.     -fff:- : 


\'!  '-.  ' 


MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST    CHART 


ANSi   ■:•    !    'SO    'E'.' 


1.0 

'     ;i':2  8       1    2.5 

m     2.2 

1.1       ^ 

■■                           IH 

1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

APPLIED   iM^GE 


'y^f: 


\ 


Ill-:  DAWN  oi-   .\M!:kic\\n  iiisrokY 
IN  i:i  KoiM-: 


f  ; 


m 


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1  Mi     \I  \<  Mil  I   \\   I  iiMI'WY 

M-    A      i-l-   K       .       !■<     -    !.!•.  :     lU.      Mil 

PM  1   V-.  .V.     I  1.-  v.,  ;■-.     . 

N!  MMII  I    W    ,■;    (  .1  .    1  ivtiTi, 

Mh  !  I  111   I.V. 

TllK   MMMIII  \\    Id    tn    (    \\\IiA     I.TO 

Inl  uNTi) 


'I  J 


l1 


if. 
If 

■fr 


j,m^mmuHi/k    llr":^}'£:h^  M  I 


J^a. 


Till-:  DAWN  OF 

AMERICAN    HISTORY 

I  N    E  U  R  O  1'  E 


Its 


WILLIAM    LIAVIS    MDA.    I'm  l< 

.,,,  SI     ,,|      M   11... I    ..     H\l  k     l-KI      1.     11  1  l'-"l- 


■    I  I  h  IM  I 


,\>    III.    k    .'1     "Mil      -i..k\     ..(     ill  1^ 

AM.    "  Al  ,     lll^     '    V.  I      M  V'^ 


VM.     II  -     1  f'l  I  1  , 


THK    MACMILLAN    COMPANY 

A'..    '\-b:i    'ftcTrJ 


'    i 
1 

f  H 

I 

4'  H 

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\ 

1 

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177928 


I      i\:  :    M!,    :  ,!.■, 
|:\     I  111-     M  \i    Mil   I    \N    '  1  'MI'WV 

Sit  up  .imI  fit  II  -iy(..  1     r.ii-:i,hd!  1 1. 1  .Iki,  t  ,ij 


r  *  ,- 


NoiajooD  ytfjt 

.\..riv.....l    Mu--.,  r  -.A. 


i'Ki:i  \(  1- 


l.ii.iir  \rars  a^o  t 


hi'  aiithur  l.i^.m  ^i\in^r  to  the  pnitil" 


iii'ii 


r  hi>  >ui>t  rv  i-i"n  t 


ll.U 


t'riiuml 


Ik  Ii>rr 


h.-  I.iiitlit  <'!'  a   luiroptan  ht>tori 
ihtin    l<»    tluir    ti\t« 


AiiMritan   lli-l«>r> 


iiitn'MUi  111'. 
That   till-   wi- 


lt r  lii>lorual    linn/.oii 


tlK  >trcii>il 


luni.l  tluir  lat.r  tira^j...!  tlu  hi^t.'r>  ..I  ..ur 


n  t  <i 


iintr\ 


has  1. 


Im.iIi  (Aiiltiit  ami  L;ratit>in}: 


a\  ai 


l!i 


i!i.iii\-  \va\>, 


>\  trt'i 


IMk-  \v\\>  havini;  l.cin  IouihI  un>ati>tai  t..ry 
ilvcil  to  try  lii>  liaiiil.  ami 
11(1  hflun-  the  KciMTt  of  tlu' 


th 


author  rt'si 


roll 


(  ..iiitnil  tci-  o 


1  a  pat  I  of  the  li 
\    Ki'^ilit  of  thr   .\nuri(  an   Mi>torii  a! 


As 


oi  la- 


ii"ii 


\va>   hroujilit    to 


ii~   i> 


an>   hasf  m 


his   attintioii.      Slight   alt<■ratloIl■^  m 

lural  to  thf  fX- 


nt  ri(.onuiu-ii 


adf  thiin  ...ntorni  m   ;:< 
latioii-,  of  that  Cniiimittci' 


Mill  f  no  jiul^nuii 


t   of  a    text    |s   a- 


inhin^  ami   tiiial 


hat   tornu'i 


1  from  a*  tvial  u>f 


in  thf  (his>rooni,  lui 


thtr 


h..r 


nor  fXi)ttisi-   has   \)cvn  >i)arf< 


I    in   making  this   tfst. 


Ih.r 


pams 
tyi)t 


>f   the  follt)\vini,'  w 


ork   wiTc  tirst   >ttn(iU'<l  on 

Irid 


writiT,  and  with  much  lal).)r  more  than  a  hun< 
run  olT  on  iht-  (lui)liiat()r.     Vhv 


.ir-  of  rarh  j)a)^H-  wcrr 


.(•rc 


illiHtfd  in  books  wit 


!!l    I 


h  noUlxiok  (oviTs  and  pkuid 
he  hands  of  at)out  a  hundri-d  sixth-^rad    pupil<  in  "ur 

ted  (lassts  of  n»-i^'hl)oring  Chita^'o 
,t  onlv  taui'ht  a  Jass.  hut  rlost-ly 


II  >rlioois  and  ui  scli't 


Imr 


]».      Vhv  author  n< 


-crvtM 


1  th 


I'  u  sf  <  > 


f  his  rhai)ttTs  in  the  hands  of  a  numhrr 


11  i( 


!,1 


.ij)irior   histor>-    tcathi-r- 
rtn  coupled  vvilh  the  inva 


Thi 


s  ixpi'run(  e 


wi 


th   tht. 


luablc  suggfsliuns  of  those 


i   I 


11 


I'kKFACK 


tc;u  h 


(■r>.  made  |»(.s>il)lc  Linat  iniprovfnu'nt  in  the  -t'cond 
writini;  ot"  the  maiui-t  rij)!. 

Only  tlio-c  will)  lia\f  uiidtTtakfii  to  >(|Urt/.i'  tlir  historv 
(»l  t\v(nt\   (cmiirio  iiUo  one  >h(irl   tcM,  (an  (ompri'lu'nd 


tul 


\    the  (liltK  ultio  fiuountcrcd.      Man\-  intrrt-ti 


IlL' 


ml) 


jti  t>  liad   t«)   l)c  cliniiiiatcd   in 


allDrdfd  to  in 


ikcti 


order  that   >i)aic  nii^ht   he 


ic  n  niaiinn;,'  narrati\f  Hvi-and  draniatit 


ri 


n 


\   sec  how  OIK-  event 


le  aim  ha-  been.  ah(.\e  all  ihin;^'-.  to  tell  the  stor\-  i 
sudi  a  \va_\  that  the  pupil  nia\-  readil 
led  to  anolhir.  for  e\en  \t'ry  yoium  ehildren  i-njov  the 
traein;^  of  (au>e  and  «  ffet  I  when  tlu-  >ul>jeet  matter  is  j)Ut 
hefore  them  in  a  ijrojur  manmr.  The  problems  and  dilli- 
initiis    (iKountered    and    ovcrtome    l)\-    mankind    in    its 


lat 


oreiiround,  stmiu- 


il)uard  i.ro;^re»  haw  Inin  kei)t  in  the  f 
in.ir  the   nnixl  of  tin-   ihild   to   thouKht   and    jud^Miient. 


and  tordi^^  into  the  hack'Tound  th 


e  mere  niemorx'  laet- 


i'he  (. intents  of  jhi-  volume  i>  largely  the  stor\  of  the 
aehii'xcmeiits  ot  tin-  I'eutoiiii  pi-ople-  a-  tlu-y  tiatlured  up 
an(.  wovi'  top'ther  the  i  hief  threads  of  modern  eivilization. 
'I'o  the  iiifis  of  (;reete  and  Rome  and  tlu'  Christian  i  hurt  h 


tlu-  Ti'ul 


oils  added 


thei 


r  own  supn-nie  <  ontributioiis;   and 


th 


ese 


throu^,di  the  dark  a,-:.--  they  gradually  assimilated 
t-lemeiits,  tlurehy  raisinj,'  llu-msel\t-s  to  tin-  jjosition  of 
leadershij)  in  Kurope.  It  was  mainly  the  daughter  nations 
ol  tlu-se  r(-utoni(  pi-o|)Us  that  planted  I-iuropean  eixiliza- 
tion  upon  Ami-ritan  soil.      This  explanation  is  otTere<l   for 


sniiddut  inir 


tht 


children  at  onee  to   the  old   Teut 


ons  and 


tor  In-atiii^  the  (irei-ks  and  Romans  in  later  ehajjters. 

1  he  author  desires  to  express  his  det-p  j.;ratitude  to  those 
splendid  leathers  who  have  trivd  out  the  text  in  their 
(lasses.        The   (juestions    appendt-d    to    the   ( hapters   are 


i.iru(i>     liiosc    i,i     Miss    Aiut-    Louis--    I)a\is.  an    unusual 
teacher  of  history.  a>  she  used   the  (h.ipters  from  day  to 


pRF.rAC'i-: 


Vll 


i*. 


liiy  with  hi'T  pupils  in  iW-  Ri\iT  I-"ort'>t  silmols.  To  tin- 
,.i;tht)r's  \vit\-  i>  iliu-  tlu-  'Tfdit  of  iwtli-hin^  otT  m;in\-  rou^h 
((lu'c-.  and  of  aiding  in  that  irksonu'  la-k  of  ]>uttiM<^  tlu- 
m.iiiUMript  in  f<>rni  for  publication. 

( )ur  hearty  thank-  arc  tcndtrt'(|  thi'  foilowini:  pul)li>hfr>  : 
.Mr->r>.  Scott.  I-'orom.m  iv;  Co.  for  ptTnii>sion  to  u>c  the 
ilhi-trations  from  Harding's  "  Middle  Atu^  ""  that  api>ear 
Mil  pa.ues  2,  8.  l^.  157,  and  Jj;;;  Me>sr>.  (iinn  &  ("o.  for 
ihc  illustration  on  pa^'i'  :(>.  taken  from  .\tkin>on's  '■  I'.uro- 
jMip.  l>e,i:inninj;s  of  .\merican  Historx' "  ;  Me^sr>.  All\n  & 
Hi(  on  for  the  map  on  pa<;e  21,.  which  is  taken  from  Wot  s 
•  Aiiiimt  History";  and  Me>-rs.  I).  (".  Heath  \-  Co.  for 
llu  I  uts  on  ])a,t-'es  :().  -'25,  and  2()>,.  which  are  taken  trom 
\','>\irv     "k  Henton's  "'  Introduetorv  American  History." 


!>    i 


WILLIAM    LLWLS    MDA 


Kr.        I'oRKsr.   Si'ptenitjL-r,    kjij. 


h 

ill 


III 

If: 


-iV 
n 

if 


m 


II 


i 


PI 


CONTENTS 


'> 


I  OlR    ("ilKMAN    I'oKl  FMIIhkS 

II.  Ki.Mi    niNvrKkiNc   nil    Woki-U 

111  How   iiiK  Romans  Ijvh) 

1\  .  HaKHAKIANS   LM.SIKOVINi;    nil     KmI'IRK 

\'  Ihk    Tklions  ai   School  in   nif.  Kmpik 

\1.  TllK    MoN  VSllkll  s    .... 

\11.  Knc.lani)  and   iin;  S.wons 

\  III  .\l.FRKI)    nil     (IklAT    AND    Till:    DaNIS 

IX  ThI.     Hkc;1NN1N(.    of    IkANCK 

X  Fia'DALlSM 

XI  CASTLI,    LlFK 

XI 1  How  THK  rF.ori.K  Livid 

Xlll  CoMMKRci    IN  Till,  Dark  .V.f.s 

Xl\'.  MoilV.MMKD     \N1)     IHK    MoORS 

X\  .  Thk  C'risxdk-:  .... 

X\I.  Ri.sii.is  OF  Tin:  ('krsxDKS 

X\1I  Vnv  ("ikowTU  OF  FkA.sci; 
X\I1I.     Thk  Cominc.  of  tiif.  NokriiMKN 

XIX  Winning  F.nc.lish  Linikiv 

XX.  Tin    Risk  (jf  Si>\in 

XXI.  MAkco  Polo  .\ni)  tiii    Kast 

XXll.  I'rinck   FIknry  and  thk   I'okiii.nsK 

XX 1 11.  {'t>I.lMlUS    .\ND    THK    XkU     W'oRLD 

.\Xi\'  R  \(  K    TO    THK    InDIKS 

.XX\       I'hk  Spaniards  in  .\mkric.\ 

XX\  I.  Risk  of  thk  I'rotkstants 


21 

:b 

ii6 
i.U 
IM) 
147 
i6i 

174 

iSS 

201 

'\^ 

2.5Q 
.'46 

264 

^7' 

27<) 

2Q7 

^06 


<i 


^1 

1^1 


m 


(ONTKNTS 


mi:   Iai.i. 


XWll.  I 

X.Will  I 

XXIX.  I 

XXX  I 

XXXI  I 


XXXII,       {  ONH.I  M 


111.  Ri.\(ii.i  OK  niK  .\k 


1UI.RL.\M)S 


OF    Sl'.MN 


111.     I  Kl  \(  11    IN    .\mi  KICA 

III;   1)1  [(II   \r  Ni  w  .\msti  K')A.> 


■IISII    Si   riUMiNT 


OK 


.\.\ll 


KICA 


o.\ 


360] 
365 


MAPS 


II 


Ml.l.-r.\(iK    N.  vi's 


Konian  Kmi)irf  (Colomli 


I',!!.  -,tiiu-,  ^h()\vill^ 


thf  koultsof  llu'  CnisaiUrs 


1,1111  m  1 


hi'  l)av>  1)1  l^alK-ll.i  'L'i'loraii 


I  iu-  1  irst  X'ovaKi- 


ArDiiml  till-  \Vi)rl(l 


h  l-!xi)li)rati()ns 


hilu'ioi  -^  'Hid  -'> 
i.tiim.;      \  :<) 

f.ii  iiifi     jto 
•i04 


l.urii[Kaii  Claim 


in  Nortb.  AnuTUa  a 


t  thi-  Tinu'  of  tlif  Fouml 


mil  o 


f  ihc  Last  Kn^li^li  Colony  {Colored ) 


i-uing 


sf>; 


MAPS    IN    IKXr 


Kuinan 


I )(. minion  ami  I)f|HtiiUniics 


M.i])  of  Alma 


\\'&\ 


f  \ 


m 

■  H 
•  i  1 


n. 
i 


iLi.rsrRA'Ht)Xs 


\  \i 


(  M  n 


Mm  rt 
\  !■. 


\  V 


irtun-  I'f  Ci)lunil>u^  on  lli^.  Wi-ti-rn  Xuya^^o 

Front! 

Wdiir  1)1  the  'I'lUtt'lls  .           .           .           •           • 

- 

in  Sililiir>  ManliinK          .          .          .          • 

^ 

Hi'iT  Au^rii^iu.^ 

4 

n.ui  Honu-r.         ...•■• 

6 

tuas  Crus.-inK  thf  R'nine      .         •         ■         • 

8 

s  of  t!u-  'I'lUtoiis         .         .         .         .         • 

i.i 

>!,ni  Ht)(lyj;uanl 

IS 

irt  nf  tin-  City  tit  Riimo  (ktstorid) 

17 

i.itial  Crossing  tlu-  Rhoiu'  .          ■          •         ■ 

J  > 

i\^v>  of  the  I'.ods  at  .\thfi\s  i  KistoriMJ ) 

-\S 

■  r.  ilu-  Circ-atcsl  of  tlu-  Romans 

J  6 

^rtioii  of  llu'  Roman  Wall 

-  / 

--sii  lion  of  a  Roman  Road 

-^y 

■  mian  Hri(lj;i'       .           ■           •                     ■ 

.>o 

m.phal  Proii-ssion  in  ihr  SaiTcd  Way,  Rom 

f 

.v< 

r.an  I'lvtl  in  tlir  Harbor 

,^6 

!i  nf  Conslanlinc          .         •         •         ■ 

iatis 

-.9 

!ory 

40 

^ornan  Mosaic  P-ivcmcnl 

40 

Ionian  Wall  I'aintinK   .... 

41 

dinn  a  Roman  Hook    .          •          •          • 

4^ 

1  )M  Ri>man  Sihool       .... 

4^ 

.as  of  thi'  .\qui'tluits,  Rome 

45 

■  rior  of  tlu-  Coliseum    .         .         •         • 

47 

ilu  .Xri-na 

4') 

■innian  Dining  Room    .         .         •         • 

5- 

Chariot  Raic 

:h-  and  Plutu.> 

•       5H 

a-iaiuinoplc  and  the  Husfwrus 

59 

!    i 
1! 


.Hi 

I 


xm 


■  f  '  •  •, 


•-"D' 


XIV 


ILIASTKATIOXS 


A    Rnlli.iii   (i()<|(|(  ss     . 

Ai.irit    in  Aili.  ri> 
\  i'  Inry  1)1'  SainollrMi  c 
I  111-   I'oinl)  (ii  lliiiixror  ll.iilri.in  at 
'I  (■t)i|)lc  (,|  Jupiter.  Junn,  ,iiiil  MiiK 
Kiiiii^  ol  ;|u'  kiim.iii  I  oruni 

'i'l'      XcA    A|ijii,Ui    W.iy 

St    I'.tcr's.  Rnriif 

St    Ktiicdii  t 

("Ifii^tcr  lit  tin   .Miiii.isliTv 

I'l. Ill  1,1  .111    \liluy      . 

A  .M..iik  .It  Work      . 

.Mt  IriKf  Aliln  \- 

S.iXnli    Sllijis 

'I'lu-  Saxi.n    liM.I  .111.1  WiMiMiii 

Tlif  Rtsiii.iin'  (.1  ,,  Sixiiii  Nnlik-iiuii 

'I'lif  \'ikinK'  .Ships 

'I'lu-  lionl  in  .Nnruav 

AiHiitii  Moat  touiid  in  |)i'iimark 

'I'lif  Wisf  Mm  ,,t"  .\ilri(r>   Time 

King  .\ll"r,(i 

Wcajions  of  tile  Danes 

A  \  iking  Ship  and  .in  Oeeaii  I.iiur 

("liarlem.igiie 

All  Old  C.istle 

Tiikell  Castle  ... 

'I'lu-  Oath  ol  l'ealt\   to  tiu-  Noung  1,( 

Plan  ol'  a  Castle 

'Mie  I)  raw  1 1  ridge 

The  \igil  .  .  .         ' 

A  Knight  in  .\rnior 

Castle  ol'  I'al.iise 

A  S|   .rt  of  tile  Day 

A  'I'ourn.ipient 

Conferring  Knighthoo.l  on  the  l-'ield 

\!    in,,r    11.., 1    \:il..    , 

'  "     ■'■'■'■'■     >  ■"■'-r.'-" 

Manor  Iiou>e  .... 
Costumes  of  'I'hal  Dav     . 


Ronu' 
rv.i,  Rome 


f  H 


Rot 


Tid 


ih 


itdkAil'^^ 


-.^^i.^  ..hlJJMS.,,  .^MmZmAl^ 


ILIASTKATIONS 


XV 


,1\' 


r.i>tu 


\  -liij.  ,ii  the  MiiMlf  .\Kc> 
\    ( >lil  ">iritl  in  Wiincstrr 

,    M,  r.haiil>'  Hall  at  Hru>;ts 
I  »  i  iiinli^h    Towii  Hall      .... 
I     :iuU  ni  tin-  Discrt         .... 
\  li.irnn  Di-mtI        .  .  .  • 

I    M-.ilini  as  it  .\i)iM-ars  TD-ilay 
I    ,  Cuurl  (»l  l.iims.  .Mhamhra 
■\r  I'li.in  ilorso         .         •  ■  ■  ■ 

\1    ,int  ot  MiiMiuc  of  tlu'  Sultan  Kalaun.  Cai 
I'  jr'.m^  KiUirii\K  lUtlili'luni  mi  ('hristma>  1); 
I'.  •,  r  the  Hermit  I'n-ail.inj,'  t<>  I'^i'  t'rii-^nlcrs 
\  K:;inht  of  thf  Cros,-.       .  .  ■         ■ 

|,  ni^.iKtn  from  thf  Moiiiu  of  Olives 
Ki  I',. ml  I  in  l'aK--tiiu-       .  ■ 

I  iii   S.i.  kiiic  of  JiTU.->aU-m 

\   .  i,  ii!  Sl-.ips 

M    niu  r'^  Compass  .... 

\  jiut.h  Windmill  .... 

\-rni.iii  SiMicrs       ..... 
W^  -Mtiinslfr  .Vbhcy  .  ■  •  • 

A  1  irnihou.M-  fornurly  a  Monastiry 
i,   ny  Cannon  .  .  .  .  ■ 

\  I  iRli.in  Ship. 

M.in..  I'olo       ...... 

I  !;i.liii^'  the  l.atiluiU-  .... 

I|.  ;ir>   till'  Navigator         .  .  .  • 

I  '';;i-iophor  Columtius      .  •         ■         • 

1..M  aiu-Ui 

(■..lumhii-  at  ihf  Court  of  Spain 
(    ilutnhu^'  I'li'fl        .  .  .  ■  • 

i  ht   l.amiinj:  of  Columbus 
\    -(11  lia  Ciama  ami  ihi-  /amoriii 
M  :i;rllan  .  .... 

ru-/,       . 
i.  aiiiKi  Sijihting  thf  Taiitic 
.  \'<   suluV  Di.^covt•rv  of  ihf  Mississippi 


IM   r 

17> 

IS4 

I  So 
100 

1U-' 

1 04 

107 

-'04 

-M() 
J  JO 

-!-'4 

j:H 
-40 

-40 

-  .1  T 

(it) 


:Si 
jS:; 
jSS 
.'•)-■ 

^07 
ii  1 
J'  S 


\h 


m 


A-«i^ 


-^^mm^i 


^^mmmmMms&mui^m'H 


.\\1 


ll.l.l  SIKAIIONS 


PM.I 

St.  .\uKU>tiiu-,  I'lori'l.i i,]- 

Thi-  NaiiciM 

.           <l'i 

IVlranli 

•           i-l 

(iulrnhiTH's  I'rcSS 

<-4 

Martin  l-uth(r 

i-'  ^ 

I'liiliii  II  of  Spain 

.       <-'<; 

Ihiki-  of  Alva 

•       \M 

William  llu-  Silriu 

•      .Vii 

Dikis  ut  Ilulland 

•      ,Vi6 

(^»uri-n  Klizaltttli        .          . 

i4i 

'I'lic  Mnliinjof  the  l",n>;li^h  Sliip^  with  tln'  Spinisli 

\nii,i 

la 

•i-H 

Tlu'  SovtR-ijjn  (jf  tlir  S  a.>          .... 

<44 

CartiiT 

^0 

("liam|)laiii        ....... 

.<5i 

(^)mlRr  in  tin-  Marly  Days          .... 

.■i.Sl 

Clianiplain  Dtic  aiiiiu  the  IriKpioi^     . 

.?=;> 

Hdli  MiHitt  on  the  MuiImhi         .... 

.v" 

Tiu'  Diitrh  in  New  .Xm.^tinlain 

.VvH 

Sir  .V  alter  Rait  IkIi 

^6. 

Tlif  Lost  (,"olony       ....... 

^f>-' 

John  Smith      ........ 

.6^ 

The  Ruins  ut  Januslown 

364 

Vbft' 


■ImirJI  ^Mt     "ii 


Ift _ 


:vS:¥ 


-  ■^>;i^r  -  #  *•. 


i 

li  ■ : 


riii;  DAWN  or  amhrican 

Ills  TORY  IX  lilRorH 


Hi 


■5 

I 


i 


cnAPn.K  I 

OUR   GERMAN    FOREFATHERS 


in  iho-f 


Roving  Barbarians        Many  hundr..!  y.ar.  a-... 

.,,Mhrrn  a.untrii-  ..t    Kuruiu-   thai   wc  know  a>   Nnrw.iy. 

~,v.,l.u.   an.l   (.trmany.   liv.-.l   a   rai  r  .>l    ru-U-  h;irl,anan.. 

I  ,„  a  !.,n-  tiinf.  no  »nc  kn..\v>  li..\v  many  o'nluru'>.  tlu>f 

,,K  ,,.uplf  had  Urn  n.aminu  ahoul  ..vir  Kun.iK-  in  triln^. 

.rrvin"  tliur  families  in  n.u^h  ux.a.l.  .m.l   drivm-  th.ir 
i,,  pU  of  .attir  an.l  >winc-.     The-  mm  w.  rr  t.ol.l  and  i.nw.r 

,1    ,nid   th.v  lovi-d   nothing'  ><>  "uu  h  a>  a  batik-.     M«'>1 
,..■  their  timJ  \va>  >iK-nt  m  lighting  and  in  plundering  other 

"our  Forefathers.  But  ue  mu-^t  think  kindly  ..f  tluM> 
:„  r.  .•  iK-.rharian-..  tor  thry  were  relatives  of  many  ot  u^  our 
nrawav  t..refather>.  Not  only  were  they  o,.r  anee^tor^, 
',:t  thJv  were  aUo  the  ance.tor>  ot  Kn-li^hmen.  ol  the 
|),t,h.  'the  Swe<les  and  Norweuians,  and  of  the  modern 
...rnuins.  In  fad.  there  i-^  not  a  nation  in^all  western 
i.  impr  to-day  that  doe.  m.t  h.-a^l  of  having  >ome  l>ar- 
',  rian  l)lo<)<l  in  the  veins  of  it>  people.  _ 

1;  ihe-e  w!d  Teut'^rs-    for  >ueh  we  eall  them,  were  livrng 
:' 'lav"  how   proud   thev   would   he   to   >ee   their  ehiMren's 

!  ildrrn  spreading  over  the  earth  and  ruling  m  all  western 


If 


1; 


!l, 


m 


'*iK»HH  -^msa^mMn^mF^wmsmf^  ':^«^^„  m^-^scsjmr. 


*    *-\^.'«^    .«>''',  :'■'■•     •  "^- 


..;4;.jj:if"<*;/ 


2  DAWN    or    A.MKRICAN    HISIORV    I\    KIRopJ-; 

Ktiropc.  ill  Amcrita,  Aii.-tralia.  and  Suuth  Afrit  a!  'Ihcy 
woiil.i  he  proud  (.1"  u^.  pcrliap-,  hut  -hould  uc  he  pruud  of 
tluni.^  How  >liould  _\(.u  like  to  iiitcrtain  one  of  tlnni  in 
your  lioiiic  ;■' 

Their    Early    History.       TwtDty   (cnturir^   a.i'o.    before 
(  hri-t   wa-  l.oni,  tlu-c  harhariaii   forefather-  of  nur-  were 


A  \ 


M.i.  I'H    nil     III  idN^ 


S()me\  hat  like  the  Ariieriean  fudians  as  ("ohinihu-  lir>t 
found  them.  Heini:  unable  in  read  or  write.  the\-  knew 
nothing'  at  all  of  their  own  early  hi-tors  .  WhiTe  thi\- 
came  lYorn  in  the  lir>t  ])\acv  we  do  not  know.  But  for 
Ion-:  a,ire>  tlu}  lived  in  i'.nrope.  and  -diolar-  ha\e  learned 
a  .LM'eat  deal  .ibout  them  from  ri'lit  -  lound  in  ea\es.  -and- 
drift...  n<l  ,i,rrave>ard-.  The  most  that  we  know  of  ihe>f 
iMrl\  (.erman-.  howe\  t  r.  wt'  l;a\e  learned  from  the  Ro- 
mans oi  iho>e  day-,  who  ^^•■•r^  their  rui^diln.r-  on  the  south 
aid  who  waited  many  wars  with  them. 
The  Romans.        It   wa.-  a  t  u.-tom  of  tlu    Roman>  when 


. ,  -i"  t' 


(UK    (iKRMW    lORKI  ATHI.RS 


|C\     1  i> 


ii(|iur(.'< 


1  ;i  nation  to  niaki'  I'vcry  man  i)a>-  un( 


ItT  a 


turnicd  ( 


,_'r!h(r  at  tin-  lop- 
. .inr  r\ cr  aftiT.  ju>t 
.iniurrnl  ncarl)"  all 


,t"  two  >iH-ar->  -t'u  k  in  the  irrounil  and  -lantrd 
In  <'i)  under  tiu'  \okr  intTiiit  to  ol,.y 


a-  a 


II  o\  (>l)t\>  It-  driver. 


Konu' 


had 


the  oihir  L^rrat   nation-  of  the  world 


•it 


m 


s*>^--=* 


iM  \N    >•!!  |ill  k- 


hail  lord'd  thrni  to  oht 


\)v\  luT.  hut  tor  tui.  hundred  and 


:i\    \ear 


irlMrian-. 
A  Bitter 


r>  -111-  had  tried  in  \ain   to  eon<iui'r  thi'  (ierniai 


Lesson.       At   la>t    the  ^reat    Roman  enii)eror. 


Vi;_n!-tu-,   n 


-oKi'd   to   >en(t 


lu'>  .irmie-  into   (iermaii) 


arm 


loll  e 


the  Teuton-  vnider  the  \<)ke 


Rome.     So  lie  M'ut 


i.iinou-  ^eiu 


ii    lurce 
.1...  I, 


Teuton- 


\'aru- 


I  ro>-e( 


he    hari)arian    tore 


ridid  arnw  o 


ral.  \'aru-.  with  Ronu-'-  iine.-t  letriun-  aj:ain>t 
1  tile  Rhine  River,  whiih 
heart 
I      His 
)ed  and 


)  »■!  M  '1  r\  ■ 


toiictit    Ill- 


wax-   to  the  \-erv 


,t,-.      But    he    ne\er   returnee 


f  twenlv  thousand  men  wa>  trapi 


Bi^ 


4  DAWN    OF"   AMKRKAN    UlSIOkV    IN    KLROi'K 

-lain  alnii)>t  Id  a  man.  The  licnc  (icrnian>  nailfd  M)nK'  of 
the  koniaii  <)tli(  tr-  1<k  msMs  :  dtlicr-  they  buried  alive  ;  and 
-till  other-  were  turned  oxer  to  the  j)rii'-t.-  to  he  lik'd  to 
death  on  the  altar  as  a  safrilKc  to  their  heathen  ^ods. 
When  the  a^eil  .\u<,'u-tus  heard  the  -ad  news,  he  (  ried  out 
a.L,'ain  ,ind  a;,'ain  in  hitter  -orrow,  '•()  \'aru>.  Varus!  <;ive 
nie  hatk  my  legion-.'" 

Many  time-  alter  thi-.   Rome  undertook  to  ma-ter  the 


■ 

1 

WsmM 

^g 

ws^\ 

^^^H'  'fi«'»H 

^sasse^VBiH 

H^H 

^:^jm  o 

■  ^"^'-l 

.-^  '---^-f-'  ! 

if 

lAll'l  KtiK     \l  1.1  -,11 

l»ra\i'r  than  an_\-  other  warrii 


j)roud  i  euton-.  fiut  e\ery 
tinu'  lur  le;,'ion-  adxaiucd 
far  into  the  (ierman  fatluT- 
land.  the\  weri'  lithtr  sur- 
rounded a:.  1  tut  to  pieces 
amid  the  dark,  j)athkss  for- 
ests, or  they  wiTe  (iri\'en 
h;'.(  k  pell  null  across  the 
ri\er  houndar}-.  ^lad  to  es- 
cape with  their  lives. 

Explaining  Defeat.  Ihe 
Teutons  Were  indeed  mighty 
warrior-.  So  runted  wert; 
the\-  that  they  eould  hear 
the  coldest  winter  weather 
with  little  clotliinLT.  they 
eould  c'ndure  hunger  and 
urcat  hardship-  without 
lliiK  hiuL'.  and  the\-  were 
rs  of  those  daxs.     The    Ko 

h 


oraNiT  man  any  otner  warriors  oi  tnose  (laxs.  I  he  Ko- 
man-  dei  !are(l  that  the\'  feared  no  other  nation  on  earth 
exi  ept  these  iuTt  e  Teutons.  In  order  to  e.xplain  their  de- 
ical.  the  Roman-  ima^i^ineii  tiiat  liic'  Ciermaiis  were  more 
than  men  ;  they  were  indeed  a  race  of  real  <riants  with  tier(  e, 
blue  e\is  and  red   hair.     One  Roman  writer  j:r.i\el\    said 


olK    (.KKM  \N    roRKK  AIHKkS  5 

|,i..,;l  thr  (.crniaii-  m-ar  thr  l^ilti.   Sea  had  hoof-  likf  horx- 
-;.  ,1,1  of  human  f.ft.  and  tar>  larL'r  inou-li  to  rovi-r  tluir 


ii 


How   Far    the    Teutons    had    Advanced.       WtiiK'    tlu 
,  :l,,ii-  kn.w   nothin-  of  n  ach'n-  and  'vrilMit;.   >till   thi'V 
Iv.^r,    ii,.t  -a\aL'f-.     'I'hc)   liad  takm  many  imjuirtant  >trl)> 
|t,:v.  .,,d   (ivili/ation   thai    wrr  unkn<.\vn   to   the  ravf  nun. 
1  ■-,  V   kii.w.  of  .our-c.  how  to  makf  lin-  and  how  to  ratJi 
;  -■,  iMi-  food.      Thty  had  invtiitid   tlic  >!)far  pointed  with 
;•;.!    ,n)d  thr  how  and  arrow;    tlu-y  nuuir  -tone  an<l  1)oik- 
;.„,!,.     somr  wiM'  aiui>tor  had  U-arntd  how  to  wravr  ha- 
!i,  N  .rf  .anr  and   -pHnt.  and    ^omchody   had   tau-ht    thrm 
,..,    to    wravc    iloth    fr.mi     '  ii->   and    othrr    tilnr.     They 
,,:i„d   U'athrr,   and   ma.lr  pottrry  of  i  hiy.     'Hu-y   tamul 
,[]   !h,-  domr-tir  animal-  in   u-r  t.-day        thr  hor.-c,  cow. 
:  ,.1,.  pi-,  and  u'oat.     Thty  rai>fd  pati  he-  of  all  the  vom- 
,  ,„  |„ld  plant-,  -urh  a-  whtat.  oat>.  ryr.  and  barley  — all 
v,pt   Indian  o.rn.     What  wa>  still  more  important,  they 
:    ,1  !,,und  out  how  to  .mdt  iron  ore.     How  tlu-y  canif  by 
!  !  thi-  knowlfdiZf  not  i)d>'  knows. 

How  They  Obtained   Food.       Thoc  ohl   (k-rmans  ob- 

,  .in,,!  in.ul  partly  by  hunti^^  and  ^.-hinK^  l>artly  from  fi.rest 

::  .ii-  aiui   lurriJ-.   and  partly   from   ^anty  crops  of  tk'lcl 

,:   in-.     Hut    Ca-ar,   who   -junt    many   year-    ti^duin^   in 

!  ;,ir  wild  r..untry,  tcdl-  u-  that  their  main  food  supply  wa- 

Miiiu'd  from  .urc'.il  herd-  of  cattle  an<l  ho-s.      Milk,  butter. 

,,-,.  and  meat,  we  know,  make  the  be-t  of  food,  but  of 

•   ,  sr  the  barbarian-  had  far  from  enouuh.     'i  hey  knew  well 

...    to  pre-erve  nuat   by   snu.kin.Li  it.     So  e.xc  ellent   were 

^  ir  -nuiked  ham>  that  they  were  known  and  prized  even 

;l    a\sa\    RoiVn  . 

The  Struggle  for  Food.       From  morning  until  ni.trht  the 
iurian-    were    bu-y    kc-ei)in^    hunger    from    the    door. 


*|1 


i 

t  . 

I- 


m 


11^ 


!  1 

JJ 

t:5 


n 


I' 


41 


^1 


(>         DAWN    Ol     AMKRICW    m^T()R^•    jx    i,lK(,|.,.; 

Tlir  uonicM  and  slaves  were  (urin-  fur  the  h.r  I.  of  .attij 
and  tillinfT  the  M,il  with  rude,  uocdcn  tools.     Ti,,.  nici  ucr.' 
niranwhilc,  Mi.urin.L:  tlir  woo.Hands  for  -aiiic.      Wli.ri   lii, 
J)nj. Illation  hctanu'  i  rowdcl  an<l  the  -anic  .<rrc\v  xanv.  orj 
when   disr;,M'    killr.i    off   thrir   (attir,    thr   |„.,',,,|,.   ,v,rr   .oni-l 
inllrd  ,itlur  to  nii-ratr  t-.  a  luttrr  r.-i-.n,  plund.r  .oni- 
nci-hl..,r,  or  >tar\v.      So  uv  cannot  Manic  th.n,  lor  liLrhtin- 
and  plund.rin-.      With  ...  nui.  h  pra.  ti.  ,•  tli.y  l.r.anu'  n,  n" 
and  powerful  warriors. 


-,^  i 


.tV  ^  V'' 


>  -^    ^ 


fll  KM  \S     Hc'MI  -,. 


Barbarian   Dress.        Th,.  .lothinLr  of   ihor   pcopir   wa. 
*iii.'lly  madr  of  thr  -kins  ,,f  atn'mals,  hut  th.>   aUo  >vovc  a 
•narsr  .loth  fn.ni  -ra»  ano  ..thrr  lil.rr,  and',.iu.n  loloroi 
tin's  purple  ,.r  re.!.      This  ua^  worn  l.y  th.'  woni.n,       ThoM 
"ati.ins  that  liv.'.l  lartluT  north  (|..ih,-.l  th.niM  !v.s  i,,  fur.. 

Village  Life.  'Ihisc  barbarians  ha.l  n..  .iti.s.  but  live.! 
■■■-■■  -:'■••>  ■>  .-iia.-i-.^  iicar  ,.  siifam  or  a  w.mmI.  (heir  ru.K 
dw.llin-s  w.Tc  not  built  ..f  st.mc  or  bri.k.  Th,  y  wrrc  l.,w 
fiuts,  u'r.ular  in   f..rm,   made  of  poles  and   thatclu.l  with 


'WJ^ 


i, ••! 


l&yiAi^ihM 


(UK    (,l.kM\N    lOkll MIIKKS 


,w.  with  holf-  in  the  lop-  to  allow  the  Miiokf  to  t;..  mit. 
;iHM-  lli.A   livi'il.  Willi  littlr  luruiuuv.  imu  h  <i-  .li.l  tlu' 
.ri.aii  Iii.li.in>  in  ihrir  wiizwaiii-.      Ihr  -tahlv  an.'     ow- 
1  varc  oiun  un.kr  the  >anK-  root  witli  the  ^  ahiii.      1  luir 
•.,r,M   luil>  lornifd  uroui)-  ih.il   wc  nii.L'lu   call  villa.m-. 
•  ,vr  nui-t  not  pi.  turr  tlu-m  a-  row>  oi  Ikhim-  aloiiL'  lioth 
,-,,t  ,1  ^trr.-t,      rh.\  tai.W  all  way>.  an.l  tlurewa-a  rut- 
■  ;,  ,,1  [),ith>  amoii-  thi'ni       >onic  of  tlu-c  village--  were, 
/nij,-.  in  .Karinu-  or  oiuii  phuc-.  and  otlur-  in     lu-  un- 
,.K.n  lor.-t-,  whrrc  ottrn  the  ininatc-  oi  nuv  hut  culd 
.,  ,!^    Ml-  the  home-  ol   tluir  man-t   n'i;:hl)or-. 
How  They  Divided  Their  Land.        I'-a.  h  hoiiHliold  had 
_:,,,•,    ,.i   the  .  hand  land  and  ii-ually  another  Motion  <>\ 
.  J.l.iad  mar  1)\  .  wlurt-  tlu-\  tfd  thiir  hrnU  (.1  <altlr  and 
,:;i,        riu-n  1       '   'r  away  wa-  thi'  Vm^a^-.  rn\vj}\  di>tri.l  ol' 
pa-lii       «  r   woodland,  not    i  laiimd    l»y   an>l)<'dy, 
u-  caltK-  «'l   all   roamed   for  hrow-in^  and  pasture. 
.;:  !  ihr  hot:>  for  arorn-  ami  hiei  hnut-. 

The   Boundaries.        Still    fartlu:-   away    wa-^   a    trad    of 

...    .nihuid  whrrc  the)  hnntrd  wild  ,i:umr.     Tlii-  whole  r<-4ion 

,  ,  ,  ailed  the  Mark       A--  eaeh  villa^je  ha<l  about  it  a  wide 

■■,  l,h  uf  \arant  land,  i  hietly  wood>,  >o  had  eaeh  nation  ..r 

„  ,  ill  a  wider  M'n>e.  a  .ureal  trael  of  cuntry  Mparatin.i,' 

■i-,!ii    nei.uhhorini'    n;'.tion-    or    trihe-.      I'he  .ureal,  r    na- 

■      1^   iMia-led   of   thi-   wi.le.  un.H(Ui)ie.l  land   al>..ut    them, 

i.  tiiii.-  eighty  or  a  hundre.l  niiU's  wide,  a-  pr.H.l  ol  their 

\.  r\,  for  it  showe.l  thai  other  nati.m-  wen-  u^'d  I.)  keep 

;!  di-lan.e. 

Iron  was  Precious.        Iron  wa>  very  -ear.  .■  amoni:  the 
■mu-,  m.  it  wa-  hi.-hly  i)ri/.ed.     What  litlK-  they  had  was 

...       iir    lir/iiitrlit     til 


!V     tlu 


11  1.     1    •.,    _..  I      i,:n   :.!..    t'.i. 

iiM\      --nU"ii*.»i     iii     i<.»'-U      .i...~*.:v      1-i. 


;    h\     K.iman    lra.ler>.     So    valuable   wa-   iron    that    it 
i  ^urelv  ha\e  been  u~e.l  for  moiu>.  if  tlu-  liermans  had 


HII 


.S  l)\\\\    ol     AMlklcw    lllsioKV    i\    I  IK 


on: 


kiinwn  Ihr  !!-■  nt  ,ii,„i,.>.  Whatcv.T  in. II  they  .nu|,|  irrt 
tli<>  u-r.l  ill  inakiim  u.-.ip.in-..  Ili.y  ...uM  ii-t  alh.nl  to 
u-f  it  rwii  In  makr  their  farm  lu,.|..  With-.ut  mnru  \  and 
witli  little  in. II.  II.,  nation  .ouM  a<l\an(e  \er\-  rapidh  to- 
wanl  u\ili/e.l  life.  heciiiM'  it  ..ml, I  ii,,t  .  arr\  uii  larininu'  to 
;iii_\-  extent,   ..r   iiiaiinfa.  tiiriiiu'.   .»r   traiiiim. 

What  Their  Riches  wpre  I  he  wealt  h  .,i  ih,    l,arlurian> 

tonsi^teil  ui  moiiMruu^  her.U  of  ,  ml,,  and  ^uine.      Moiiev 


I  I  I  1;>N^  (  KM-.  ,|\,.   nil     kinsi 


\va>  unknown  ^a\e  a  tew  Roman  (.,in.  aLiim  the  horders 
ol  the  empire.  They  nieiel)  liartere.l,  .,r  e\.  haiiL'ed  ar- 
ti.les  in  trade.  .\  .  |a>  ve.M  I  wa^  a^  j)re,  iou^  in  their  eye.  as 
a  M.lid  viKer  \aM'.  Men  .li.l  not  own  Ian. I,  par!l_\ .  perhap>;, 
liieau-e  ihey  ha. I  to  keep  in..\inLr  ahout  t.i  iiml  pa-lura-e  for 
tlirir  tlo.  1.  and  herd>.  Land  pn.luMy  kepi  pa^^in-  from 
tni.e  to  trihe.  lor  there  w.i^  eoniinua!  liLrh'iim.  All  the  land 
ol  a  trihe  thea'fore  heloii-cd  to  tlu'  tril,e  .1-  a  wh.ile,  lor  the 
arm-  n\  the  trihe  were  alwax,-  iieede.l  t..  defen.l  an. I  h,,|.i  it. 
Easy  to  Migrate.  Owning  iio  land,  it  wa-  ea>>  for 
lamilic-  to  migrate  .uul  eari\-  all  tluir  proi)ert>   with  them. 


oik    (.I.KMW    MtKl.r  Mill  KS 


I  hi  \-  t'nlli)\vc(i  riwr  \allty-  iiiaiii!\  .  Iic(;ui--r  'W  the  m-i'l  «il 
V,  '.r  ,!ii(l  jKi'-tur  iL,'f  t'.ir  their  (.iltlc  Hut  tiny  were  not 
,  •;  i!ir  iii.in  li  all  tin-  time.  Wlicii  Ihry  I'uuinl  ^oiiu-  taNtircl 
■•  .■imii  whtrr  the  >uil  ua^  fertile,  the  i)a~turf  .u'n"'!.  'iiitl  the 
.'■r"Uiicliiii:  Uinid  ]»leiitit"iillv  -tn(ke(l  with  i:ame,  the\ 
r   •  ;  iiiH  li  there  tOr  \ear-.  iir  until  ■^^)llu•  ■^troiimr  tribe  ilnAe 

'  '   .   Ml    Milt  . 

Plowland   Changed    Hands    Annually        Siiial!    ])atth(- 
..:    l.iiiil    were   i  ulti\  .iteil,    iiiainl\'    li>    th--   WMineii.    the   nM 
■ill,  ,mil  the  ^la\c-;    eiiuUL'h  uraiii  wa-  rai-ed  tn  piiic'Hit 
'.■■ir  ->a!it\    l"o(.(i     uji|il\-  thi(Ui'^'!\  the  winter       I  he  pluw 
i  'Mi!  wa~  iii\iile<l  anew  e\-ery  year,  -d  im  t.iinily  w.i-  -ure  ><\ 

•  iviirj  the  -anie  i),iteh  n\  Lrrnuml  lor  two  -u^te-^ixe  _\ear-. 
I  iii-  w.i-  a  hail  plan,  heiau-e  no  ntie  i  areij  to  iin|iri)\e  hi> 
l.;i;.i  ]i\  takinLT  e-pei  ia!l_\-  i;o(>il  tare  of  it.  -inee  thi-  wouhl 
111.  reK  iMiiel'it  ^oine  one  el-c.  'I'lu-  re>ult  wa>  tliat  the  -oil 
■.\  i~  ahu-eil  an<l  wa>  >oon  worn  out.  It  luul  to  lie  unu-eil 
I  ■!■  a  lew  \tar>  to  reizain  -treiiL'th.  l"or  thi-  rea>on  tlu' 
iMihari.m-  ili\i<le(l  their  ilea  red  laiul  into  three  lrait>  :  one 
,va-  M~eil  for  pasture,  one  for  rai-in^  erop-..  and  one  wa-- 
.liiiwid    to    rot.     Ore  hard>  and   nieadow   land>    weri'    un- 

•  .!!"wn. 

No  Chance  for  the  Clever  Farmer.        Not  onl\-  nui-t  eat  h 

:  ;riiier  take  whatever  ])atih  of  L'round  wa-  a->i.L,'ned  to  hini, 

■.;!   he  wa>  told   what   eroj)-  he  nii.L'lit   rai-e  and  when  and 

.    '.v   he   illil-t    plant    the   -eed.      Thi-   left    flo  i  hanee   for   the 

:  'fr  I  le\-er  farnii-r  to  iinpro\e  upon  hi-  neiirlihor-.     Siru  e 

'  'iliinL,'  wa>  left  to  women  and  -la\e-  with  rude  tool-,  no 

•  'jre—  whatex'er  wa-   made   in  agriculture. 

German  Love  of  Liberty.         The-e  earl\   (ierman>  lo\cd 

-rtw      An  arl)itrar\'  kitiL'  ihey  would  not  endure.      '1  hey 

.'  re  wiiiirm  to  ol)e\-  onl\-  tho-e  law>  that   lhe>'  had  a  voice 

.  !  in.ikinL'.      If  thev  l)c'came  di>.-ati-l'ied  at  honi<\  thev  co-dd 


:  i 


■'-*Kn^ 


15P»,^Lp4 


.^p«ii^',:T:#w^'Tri 


TO 


DAWN    OK    AMKRICAN    HIsroRV    IN    KrROI'K 


ciisily  miuratf  with  th.ir  hcnl^  an-l  taniilir^  and  >ft  up  a 
p.,v('rnmrnt  t<.  tluir  likinir.  I'ur  tun  th..u^an.l  year-  tlu-ir 
.hil.lnu  hav  >hnwn  the  ^anif  love  ..t  liLtrty.  Kvrry  lew 
yrars  \Vf  n.nv  h-ar  of  ...mr  .lau-ht.r  nali..n  that  ha>  put 
uM.i.-  her  WiwA  and  M't  u].  a  npul.H.  hkc  our^. 

How  They  were  Governed.  Ihr  T.utnn^  had  a  Am^l 
f..rm  of  Kov.rnnunt  A^  M.-m  a>  a  yuth  na.  lud  the  a-i- 
„f  manhood,  he  u;..  intn.duM-d  to  thr  villa-f  mr.tum  ni 
hi>  H.untrvnuMi.  IKrr  he  ua^  >nlrMHily  i>rrM  ntrd  with  a 
wooden  >hi.ld  and  a  ^p.ar.  and  made  full  nunitur  ot  th. 
tribe.  The  villa-e  meeting',  wlii.  h  wa.-^  (all-'d  to-^ether  sev- 
eral time-^  a  vear  under  ^.nie  sk  re.!  oak.  made  al'  the  law>. 
It  punished  kiwl.reaker^.  ele.  ted  the  ma-i>trate.  and  r^ettie-i 
the  .L'reat  (iue>tion^  of  peace  ami  war  by  >hout.  or  a  lou-l 

ela>hin<i  "f  >hield>. 

Magistrates  Could  Only  Advise  Kike  Indian  ehiefs,  the 
barbarian  ma-i>trate>  mi^ht  ur-e  the  people  and  try  to 
persua.le  them  todoeertain  thint;^.  but  the  hnal  .leei>ion  wa^ 
alway>  left  to  the  warrior>  them^-lvc^^.  S..  they  often 
voted  for  foolish  and  wicked  measure.  beeaUM^  it  -uited  their 
present  tieree  temi-er^.  When  tlieir  mairi^trate.  ur^fd 
them  to  be  careful  le^t  they  >ulUr  from  tluir  ra>h  a*  t>.  the 
warriors  shoute.l  -  No'.  "  Hut  when  one  pn.po.ed  to  take 
v.afzeance  upon  m  enemy  l)y  >ome  act  ni  dan.L'er  and  jzlory, 
ther'e  was  a  loud  cla>hin-  of  >l)ear>  and  ^hield>,  by  which  the 
warriors  meant  "  ■*  ■•s. 

How  the  Women  were  Treated,  The  C.erman  men 
bought  their  wive>  like  >lave<,  but  they  treated  their  women 
mucdi  better  than  did  the  (lieeks  or  even  the  Roman-^.  In 
their  <:reat  invasion>  into  Roman  territory,  the  tamps  of 
the  barbarians  were  iVru-ci  wiih  a  muiliiudr  ..i  wonun.  v.ht; 
remained  cool  and  tirm  ami.l^t  the  >ound  of  battle  and  the 
wound>  of  tlieir  .-ons  and  hu>bands.     When  the  German 


^mm 


OIR    (.l.kMAN    I-ORKFAIIIKKS 


1 1 


rrior^  uvre  put  L.  r.mt.  tlu-ir  women  >till  f.)U-ht  on  to 
•Vn.l  th.ir  ramp  '"^.l  lu;:^M^f.  'IHi-v  .Irfa.U.l  <lf.Hh 
;,  h  It-  than  slavery  an.on<i  tin-  Koman^.  If  tht-  .lay  wa> 
.„.K..^ly  l...t,  many  ol  tht-i-  hravi-  \v..mrn  -lid  not  lu-i- 
•',  to  taki'  tlu-ir  <.\vn  livf>  by  han^in^'  thi'm-tlvo  on  the 
,,,,  .,1  tlir  oxen  ratluT  than   fall   into  llu'   han.l>  of   the 

Their  Strange  Religion.        Thi-  wil.l  (itrman^  ha.l  >tran-.- 

.,  nl    rcli-ion.     TluA-    wor^hipol    thr    >un.    the    moon, 

,     ami  tin-  oarth.     Thfy  lu'lirvcl,  too,  in  un-fcn  j^'o.l^,  to 

^,ni  thiv  oftrn  surilirnl  human  In-in--^.      lluy  built  no 

plr.  or  .hunh.-.  l..'.au>c-  they  wrre  un^killul  in  anhi- 

,,'i,n'  and   had  uo  thout^ht  of  tryinu'  to  m.ikc  anythin- 

,,iful.      Tin-  dark  and  am  icnt   ^n.vf.  uvre  tluir  only 

, 1...  „t  \vor>hip,     Thfir  idol>  wen-  rou-h  ami  >hapilf>^. 

:.,|..  ami   unUarnc'd   pric-t>  workc-.l   with  <  unnin«  ma-ii 
-1\   triikcrv  upon  their  >impk-  minds. 
The  Sacred  Grove.       S.)mi"\vhtrf  bitwtfn  the  I'.lbc  and 
•-  ( )drr  stood  the  nvwt  marred  K'rove  of  all  ( Icrmany.     H.to 
•       (Hrman>  believed  the  -reat  K'od  of  all  the   Teutons  ha.l 
.  n  h,,rn        <  )din.  the  god  of  war.     To  him  alone  ot  all  the 
^ ,  . man  -ods  human  >aerit"iees  were  offered.     And  they  were 
.  ,,d  in  thi>  m<.>t  >aered  grove.     It  was  so  holy  a  place 
■      !  nune  might  enter  it  but  with  a  ehain  arouml  his  neck. 
-h.iw  his  obedience  to  Odin.      If  a  man  fell  down  in  the 
„i,  hr  might  m)t  n-e  again;    he  mu>t  crawl  out  on  hi> 
1~   .md   knees.     I'he    (urmans    also    worshiped    Thor, 
■.'od  of  >torms  and  tc^mpests,  who  eau>ed  thunder  by 
in-  hi^  hammer  through  the  he.avrn-^.  and  >howed  his 
r  by  blasting  the  mountain  trees  with  lightning. 
The  Chief  Goddess.       The  goddess  Nerthus,  .)r  Mother 
'h.   whom   the    (iermans    worshii)ed.    ua>    thc.ughl    to 
..11  upon  an  i.sland  of  the  Baltic  Sea,     Every  year  .,he 


Pi 
III 

f  »| 
If 


I 


U-' 


I.'      DAWN  oi    \Mi,ki(  \\  Ill.s^•()K^   IN  iikoii; 


w 


m 


;!■>  l>roui,'lit  (lilt  (if  thU  NCI Ti'f  [)I;t(  (•  ;tml  fcrrifd  (Acr  to  tli. 
liiilaml.  hut  iKi  (iiic  -a\i'  Ikt  prir-t    w.i^  allowed  to  l(Mik 


upon  litT.  fii  a  i()\t'rf(|  car,  draun  hy  uhitr  oxen.  >hi' 
j)a>M(l  throimh  the  land'-  of  all  llic  trilu'^  :  and  thf  ignorant 
l)cli\\i(l  all  t'hat  the  pri(>t  told  tlicr)i  of  tluir  un>i'i-ii  ^o(i 
dc^N.  I)urinL,'  thi^  time  the  muhkI  of  war  \va->  hu-lu'd, 
(|uarr(N  and  arm>  were  laid  a>idc,  and  the  rt-tlc^-  (iirnian- 
ha(|  an  opjiortiinity  of  ta>tin,k'  tlu'  hk>>in^;>  of  ptaic  and 
^ood  will 

Priests  Encouraged  Wicked  Deeds.  Rt  lii;ion  wa-  not 
used  to  in>till  into  tlu-  ^a\a,L'c  heart-  of  thc-c  pcojili'  tlic  idcaN 
of  love  and  peace,  hut  rather  to  -^tir  up  their  lier*  e  and  u;L,d\ 
pas-~ions.      i'he  prie>t>  often  urj^ed  th(  ni  on  to  daring  and 


\vi(  ke(l    dee(I-..      'I"he\'    had    ■~a(  red    I 


laniur-.   on    wIik  h    ap 


jjcared  the  head-  of  wild  l)ea>t>.      In  liattie  tl 


le-e  were  | 


iiaied 


in  front  of  the  warrior^,  who  xowecj  that  the\ 


Would  (|( 


teat 


their  enemies  and  turn  theiii  over  to  the  an.^rv  .u'od-  of  war 
and  thunder. 


Cowardid-  was  the  unpardonalil 


e  --in. 


'I'he  wreti  h   wh< 


lost*  his  -hield   was  l)ani>hed   from   th 


e    reliLTloU-   aiKl    i  l\il 


meetings  ot   his  eountrxrnen. 


.\II  a'Teed   that 


a   hie  -[)ent 


in  arms  and  a  ^loriou-  (k-alli  in  battle  were  e>pe(  iall\-  pli'as- 
ini,'  to  their  ^od  Odin,  and  that  in  this  direi  lion  lay  the 
surest  path  to  a  happy  heri'after. 

Heaven.     -The  (lermans   believed  that,  after  death,  all 
warriors  who  liad    fallen   while   bravel\-    I'lLrhtinL;  were   wel- 


comed bv  Odin  to  hi>  di\ine  h; 


Here   the   heroes  ate 


drank,  and  fou^dit  all  (hi>   lon<,',  onl\-  to  tui^in  aiuw  on  tht 


morrow. 


The  Warriors  in  Peace.        Th 


e   warrior  s   hu-ines- 


lik< 


that  of  the  Indian  i>rave.  was  to  hunt  and  to  liLdit.  All 
kinds  of  manual  labor  were  beneath  hi-  diiznit)'.  save  one. 
The  trade  uf  the  blacksmith  was  held  in  hi-^h  honor,   for  it 


Ol  K    (,l  k\l  \\    I  "Kl  1  \l  111  K^ 


I  ; 


..  ^  hr  uho  m.i.lc  tlu'  l.itll.    ,t\(-.  ^IMMI-,  ali.l  MtluTU.,i|H.ii~ 
\  I,  r  .1  -u.  .<-^lu!  Iiuiit  ..r  pliiiul.  riii^  r.iiii.  llir  l,i/\   u.iirioi^ 
MH.it.lN     ,|,  [.t    .mil    p.im'l    thriiiM-Kt-    uliil«-    t!"     I""<1 
->,,!.      Ill' \  idU.I  ,i\v,i\  ili(  iiii.i)^  .iti'l  iii^ht- in  ^.imMiim 
i  liruiiktiinc-— .       1  111  ir  li<| 

'I     \\,l>    .1    -trollLi    Itrrf    111, I'll 

■-Mil        wliir.t        "T        l);irlr_\ 

1  •  I,  iiiU    ami     rtl.ili\  r-     wnr 

•■,  II    -lain    ill    tliiir  ilruiikrii 

.  iM.I-,       Sn     m  klr-->    uii'r 

'■  ,  \      ill     hrtlinu'     lti.it     tlu\ 

.,  ilil  -t.ikr  lAiii  tliiir  lilirrt_\ 

•.  <  L'.imr.      ll  ili<>  !"-■'.  't"> 

\(    tluni-.i-l\i>  up  to  \>v  -iiltl 

-!.i\i-. 

Ciermans  Rejoiced  in  Bat 
tie         Alter  a  timr  tlu-r  rr-t 
-  w.irrinr--  lur.mir  tirnl   i>t 
;.  h    dull    il,i>-   of    prai c,    nr 
: '.  ! Ii.ij>-   loud   l)fi  aiiif  M  ari  v. 
I  inn   w.ir    and     pillaL't-    wi-rr 
■ .  ^iiKid    ui><iii.      Not  hinu 
:i!(d  thfir   lirr_\-   trniprr-  m' 
11  a~  liL'hti^^^      Vhv\  n-joii  i'i\  at  tlir  i  .ill  to  h.ittlr.  ior  tluy 

■  -ULrlit    it    uulHToiiiitii;   ill    hravr   warrior-    to   lalior  or    lo 

■  ..U-  fur  food  that   tiny  nii.L'ht  ra-il>    takr  l>>    for.  i  .       I  hr 
.\iihi-  of   thr    Koinaii  rinpin-.   with   thrir  on  hard-  and 

M-  of   urain,    -n-nud    lo   iiuitr   i)lund.T.      Roni.in    l.iiuU 

■V  r-p,ri.ill>   trmplinL.',  Wr.  au-r  in  thr  w.irnirr  .  liniat.-  ot 

!■    !\    .hoiic    urapi-    wi-n-    r.ii-td   and    inadr   into   winr.   a 


\i.M     •■!    nil     I  I  i  p.s 


i: „  ..."  ,.1,;.   1,  ,,iir  t,  .r-..|'  I  t  l>.r^  \\iTr  \i'r\'  lolld 

•''  i  ■•"• 


IK- 


-I  Latin  word  that  llu->   K-.iriud   from  llir  Konian  traiK-rs 
-    ■  winr." 


f  i 


II 


>tf 


i 


II        !»\\\\    <H      \MI.KI(   \\    lll>>H.k\     l\    IIRiM'l. 


The  Great  Chiefs         I 


If  \uuni,'  mill   joiiitil   lli(in-ii\f- 


li\  italh  to  -oni"  tamoii-  i  hit  t  whom  llit\    lullnuiil  in  u.ir 


h(  \  -tr<i\r  to  (lilt -hint  ■  (ilir  .llli>tll<r  lll  h.tttl 


a-  tn  iilitam 


i||uw(  r- 


.1  hi.L'li  plai  r  in  tlif  t  -tt(  in  ot  tin  ir  li  aili  r.  I.ai  h  »  hit  I  tried 
\n  jilin  til  liiiii-i  il  till  ^rtati-t  mirnlMr  nl  lira\f  li 
fur  ill  llii-  \va\  niiK  i  milij  he  he  hoiinriil  in  jicai  c  .iml  [Hiwir- 
fiil  in  war.  Su  tlir  Mumj.;  nim  llm  kt  d  li\  It  iis.  huiulrtiU.  tir 
r\t!i  tlinii^and-  tn  tin  mu-t  nimw  lud  tliitt~,  a\\i\  Inrti^n 
natiuii- ( iiiirtfd  thtir  Irit  luUliip  taLltrl)  .  I.\tti  tlu-  ktiiiian> 
utTf  L;lat|  t(i  l)U\  thtir  Iriiiid-liii)  li_\  lit-tnuiii^  ii|miii  tlniii 
;:il"t>  (ir  titio  t>l"  luiiiur  >ut  li  a>  "  riti/cii  '"  nr  "  I'rii ml  tit 
till-  IvDiiiaii-. 

Men  Loyal  to  Their  Chief.  In  liattir  it  \v,i-  thduulit 
.NlKinu'l'til  I'tir  a  t  hict'  not  tn  ttnial  hi-  tdjlowtr-  in  hra\try. 
while  tnr  them  tn  remain  ,ili\e  alter  their  t  hid'  had  lallt  ri 
was  an  e\  t-rla^tin^'  ili-^rate.  It  wa-  their  >at  red  duty  Ii> 
prtitetl  him  and  tn  add  tn  hi-  ;il<>ry  l)\  their  nwn  lirilliant 
deeiU.  'I'he  i>nly  rewanl  the_\  t  laimed  lr<im  their  i  hiel'  was 
a  war  litir-e  nr  a  lilnniU'  -|)e,ir.  Hut  it  wa-  their  iirixile^c 
al-n  tn  >it  at  hi-  talile  ami  tn  enjny  the  t'ruit-  <il'  iiliinder. 
Fighting  Their  Business.  \\heiu\tr  their  nwn  mhh  ir' 
\va-  at  peatc  and  their  da\-  -ecmed  dull,  the  nnlile-t  i  hiels 
led  their  tnllnwer-  In  ili-taiit  natinn-  tn  win  ^lnr_\  hy  liuditin;,' 
till  line  -ide  nr  the  ntlier,  it  mattereil  little  whith  -ide. 
The  lame  of  the  t  hiel"  nfteii   ItrnULrht   \ittnry   In  tin    party 


he    imned    with    hi-    hand 


hnu-aiul-   n|'    (ierman-    wi-n 


ilteii  hrnuuhl  into  the  Roman  army  t>i  ii.L'ht  Inr  jia)  a^'air.-l 


tl 


U'lr  nwn  t  t)untr\-men. 


Music. 


U'   (lerman-  enit)\cd   a   -nrt    nl    rude   mu-u 


In  tl 


le  htiur  nl  battle  nr  at  the  lea>t  til  \u  tnrw  -ini^'iiiLr  l);iri 


1  .\t  I  n  1 1     t  HI      1 1  K  11 


w; 


.ili;.-    eci 


^iMvlllll...        iilV 


antient  ilay-.     'riu'\-  -an,L:  al-o  t>t"  the  ^'hirx'  til'  their  livini 
warrior-,  who  Itixtd  tn  hear  tluir  own  prai>f. 


OIK    (.IKMAN    lokll  \nil.KS 


15 


Their  Weapons.        I  h.  -i  harhariaii-  h.ul  litilf  ir.«n  l<»  um' 

:  Wr.ll».ll^.  I  h«>  W.R'  lint  .u  ( |U.iiri  t  f- 1  wjlli  -wnrd-  ..r 
n-  l.iiiM>.  Ili<  \  ti.i.l  lnim-i"-.ir-  hfa«l.-.|  with  .1  -li,ir|.  I.tit 
;rrn\v  ir.Mi  |...iiil.  whii  li  tiny  .itli.r  liurK.I  tmm  ,1  ili-l.iiK.f 

.^  iix.l  in  haii.l  t..  han.l  Ii;:hliii^,  With  th.  I'tar  aii.l  a 
i,  1,1  ul"  u.H.d  a   iKUMinaii  \va>  i  i.iitctiti  d.       I'hf  t<..-t    -"I 

;i,  r-.aiiiK  .luilh  l...\v^  aiul  armw-,.  thr.w  .lart>  with  wciwl.  r 


pitwcr. 


I'hiir  'lri'>-  i"  l)att!c   when  thfv  worr  any,  was 


,,1)11,11,'  mori-  than  a  h»>^v  uarniciit  ot  >kiii.  wliii  h  kii  iiK' 
:!n-  and  K'^'>  fn'f.  Thtir  w.xxlrn  >hifl<l-  wvrv  adorned 
ith   a   variftv  of  loinrs.     Ik-lmots  wtTt- worn  only   hy  a 

•V  I  !ul•t'tain■^. 

Their   Fierce    Bravery.       With    ihiir   lura'    hluf   cyo. 

;!i-Kd  rt<l  liair.  an-l  t;uc>  niadr  hideous  with  a  reddi>h  oil. 
■irM'  ^iant  Teuton  warriors  struek  terror  to  the  heart-  of 
•!i    Romans.     They  ru-hi'd  to  l)attle  with  leveled  spear-. 

ith.  furious  shout>.  and  in  L^reat  di-order.     lUit  in  spitc'  of 

ide  arms  and  ])roken  ranks,  they  often  won  vie  tories  over 
:  lie  well-armed  Romans,  through  sheer  native  bravery.     No 


Id      1 1 


WW    " 


1     XMl.kirW    lil-|itKN     !\    I.I  Rnn; 


lln!l-)lt    t!l,lt    ihr    iMllt.iri.l!!-   I 


(i;i'_'li!  iiKi 


t  lik. 


WolKli  r   th.'    Kiilll.lli-   nin!l-m    l  H.li    Ulr    11, 

xrrviUuu,u^.  will  li  ll.c  uarri..r~u>  n  IhmI.h.  their  u.mui: 
I,,n-!.t  "I,  ;  Aiv.\  1,,-Il\  tluir  \rr>  .1..--  k,|,t  up  llir  liiilit  !.• 
,1,1,  rid   'ill-  lioMii-  ni   ihcir  :ii;i-t<r-. 

The  First  and   Last  Charge.         Hi-    in-l    (Iihl'.-  mI    |1,< 

(, run. Ill      WAW'U'I-     W,l^     -|.rr.l>      .lll'l      lUlioil-.        liut      il      lllr_\ 

l.iiU,!  tM  luv.ik  tlir..u-h  lli-  .  luiiix '-  liin-.  llics   w.t-    f,iHi\ 

,liix,.,,  1,;,,  k.       \n.i  ,1^  l!i.\  '!i.l  iin!   kimw  Iimw  to  r,iil\   iki'i: 

.,,„,|,-.  :i  r.-tiv.it  u-;i.iil>  mr.iiil  t-ltl  .i.  tt.it   :iii.l  (k-trii.  tk'U. 

.  ,u  IT    \v;i-    II..    -n<  h    thin-    a-    ii.Mi.  hmM.-    -Mrr.ii.irr.       Ihc 

,i,  t.,rioii.   .iniiy    -l.w    a^    many   a-    th.ir   lMttKa\r>   ...iiM 

(i\  irtakr. 

Commerce  in  Days  of  Peace  l^nl  i1h  t.arl.aria.n^  and 
K, Milan-  unv  n..!  n-htin-  all  th.  tinir.  I  hnv  wnv  da>^ 
,,f  |„:i..-  wild!  a  -n.win'.;  Ir.idr  t."ik  j.la<  .■  l.rl  uivn  ih.cm. 
a,  rn-~  llu  wall  a.iid  rivrr  houndai).  Ihr  (.mnan-  had 
l,.,,in,.,l  t..rni.i\  inan>  -I  ih''  '^""'l  tliin.^-  '"  ''"  l<"nian-. 
Mi.h  a^  wiiu,  nrnanirnt-.  arni-.  -j.iM'-.  and  mur  dothin-. 
Irad.T-  -.  a.lt.fid  Roman  >  oin-  ainuti-  th.  n.iLililM.rinL; 
(..•rman-  in  tfa.i.'.  l>rinmim  1m.  k  I'ur-.  ^nok..!  m.at^.  siu- 
a-.-,  an. I  a  ..rlain  r..!.ii-h  ..il  uhk  h  k..man  la.ii.-  u^r.l  ..ii 
th.ar   la..-  t..  mak.-  tluniM'K.-^   Inauliiai.      .\ntl.r^.  '^nn^v 


iVatlu!-.  an.l  huma.n  hair  u.t.-  a!-..  .  ana. 


il  ti.   i\..nu-.      Vrr 


li.ijw  h.H-^i-  an.l  .atllr.  l...,.  w.f,-  kiouuht  a.r..-  th.-  l..,r.i.  r 

int. I  the  .■mpifc 

Germans  Become  Christians.  Ik..-  Chri-iian  reliunnn. 
whi- h  ha.l  ^pr.  ad  ..v.r  ih.'  wh..l.'  k..nian  .ai'i.iif.  \va>  aU., 
i-ar-i.-d  a.r..-^-  llir  riv.T  lim- ;  an.l  th.'  (..rman-  who  li\<-'l 
,„..,,•.  ~t  tin-  hor.l.T  r.'.  .a\a-.l  th.-  u-nti.'  m.-~-a-.  ..t'  the  (i..- 
p,.]  ;,„.!  'h.  amr,  att.r  a  i.i-hion.  ( ■hri~t  iaii^.  Tlu'  m..a- 
,!L-  :t-'    trlh:-.    hi\K\'.-\ '.■>:.  r'am.un.i!  h.-atlun   l.if  .  mt  uri.-. 

Hear    of    the    Cowardly    Romans  Itu     tra.Kr^    aU.. 

rarri.-.l  f.>  llu-  (..rman-^  >t..rir-..l  \inmv.  ni  tlu-  Icrlil.'  !.■•'.!-, 


ol  R    (,i  KM W    1  OKI. I  \llil  K 


'7 


wi 


li 


IS       DWVN    OK    AMKKICAN    Hl^ToKV    IN    l.l  I«'l'l, 


t)(iuiii!lt'-- 


wealth,  and  i 


it  ttu-  Kniiiaii: 


\siiii  had  trrown  too 


a/.\-  .111(1  (o\var( 


11\-  to  I'mht  aii>-  iiiort-  ill  (Kini-f  ot  all  tlu-r 


trra-urc-. 


K 


lime  o 


f  tlif  warrior- 


wlio  hiri 


il   thcin-cKr-  to 


the 


Koiiiail- 


liii'drc   aiu 


to  I'liilil.  siw  th.r  woiidtriul  .  itir-  ot  thr  Roman 
1    rcturm-d   to  till  their  heathen  brother 


\\ 


hat    ihev   had   -een   and   heard 


jiraml 
one  had 


it\   who-e 


tret 


anNthiiiL'  to  do  tlure  I) 


•t-  were  al 
thi 


Rome.   the>-   -aid 
IKivi'cl  with  ^^o!d  : 


ai)o 


wa- 


nt 


)Ut   to  -^il  and  bathe  tree 


iiid  no 


of 


I  iiariie  and  l' 
liLlht  at  oiu f 


to  the  tluater  to  >ei'  tliou-and>  <i 


iator- 


an. 


drink  thr  wondrou-  li<iuor  that  the_\  eall 


wine 


ll    it    wiTe   1 


Kit   tor  the  wai 


around 


hr  ( 


il\.  thev 


,id,  the  (.ermaii-  nii-ht  eaMiy  j^.t  all  the  ri.  h  j.lun.ler  of 


thi-  splendid  (  1 


t\.  t(ir  one  netil  not 


fear  tlie  *  <iward 


man-  an\  mo 


i'\'er\  thini;  wa- 


re than  a  iloi  k  of  -IuhJ).      >o  ><iu  wil 


l\o- 
thal 


leiidiiiL'  to  < 


Iraw  the  thoU':ht>  and  hoj)e-  ot 


)ur  ( 


iermat 


1  forefather-  to  tlu    M»ut!i. 


Country  Too  Crowded       Move  or  Starve. 


hell  tluTe 


were  two   iort  t 


^  that   were  -teadily  pu-hini:  the  (lermaii- 


Ont 


southwan 

j)ei  »])K 

^Td/.hv^  it  need 


th 


e-i'    w.i- 


<'r<iwini:    nnmbir    o 


••  So 


iiiiT  a-  a  nation  h\ 


mainl\-  li 


an  in 


mien-e  (|uantit\-  ^ 


.1 


ant 


\-  hunting: 
1       If  il 


not   ha\i 


this,  tlu'  ^aiiu'  will  gel  xaree.  tlie  river- 


wil 


an<i 


lie 


l"i:,lied   out.   and    ihe  peoj 
barbari.m-  at  ihi-  time  we 


lie   mu-l    move   i 


ir  -tar\e 


and 


their  land-  wt're 


n-  im  rea-inu'  rai)idl\-  in  number.-, 
not    large  enough   lo  -ujtiuirt    them. 


"  ( )ne  of  two  thing-  tlu'V  mu 
their  own  rough  country,  or 


-t  do.  either  elear  and  eullixate 
take  the  land-  that  the  indu-try 


of   till'    Romans   liail 


made    rc'a 


I 


larliarian- 


UIio 


n    tile 


,iv    for   them.      A    race   of 

id  not  lu>itate  ;  they  would 

land."      Then,  to,),  the  (.erman-  were 

i...,i   ...i.tliv.  ird   !i\    ininien-(    tribe-  ot   >till  ruder 
-  ■■-  ■    -■•' .    . 

the  Slav-  and  Hun-  who  were  eager  to  sei/A 
inds  of  the  ("lermans. 


fre-h.  \igorous  I'lghting  men  (ou 
take  their  neighbor" 


OIR    (.I-.RMAN    lOKKlATHKRS 


19 


The  Good  Qualities  of  the  Germans.       'Vhvn-  arc  two 

;..      .rl.iiU  thiim^  that  w  nui^t  Rnu-.nlHT  al.out  Hum'  l.ar- 

;;;;.;  ,„  ,.„Ttathrr^  ut  our^  of  two  thnu^an.l  y.'ar^  ap>.      1  hr 

.  ..,  ,hi„.r  i,  that  whilr  tin      wrrr  luarly  a>  harl.arou^  a^  tlir 

\,.,.ri,an    Indian,  thrr.  Nva>  on.  ^nat   aill.rrnr.  Intwrrn 

,:,,„      Th.    (urnum  ha.l   iirral  caiKuity  to  Irarn.  tin    In- 

,1,   „   h;ul    not,     Tiic    Indian,  up-.n  lir-t   omtart   uitli  um- 

,;,,,!  n,an.  Uarmd  of  him  only  hi^  virr..     -  Th.   l.rrman 

,,  ,  ,  ,i„.  thr  Roman,  k'arnnl  of  him  how  to  govern,  how  t.. 

.,  ,,1    ,ml  write,  to  (  ultivatf  the  -round,  to  huil.l  utu-  and 

■i/,    inthrm.tolH.t   and.  hi->  old   ,vli-ion  and  to  takr  that 


,,,..,n,,um.l   Roman.-      Hr  .lid  not  Uarn   allthi  .  n.  a 
.,r  nr  in  a  rmtury,     WV  ^hall  mt  that  it   took  hundreds 


.,,r,  for  the  (urman^  to  ((huate  thcm^lvr^  to  thr  h  vcl 

.;   ilu-  Rtiman>. 

The  Greatest  Race  in  History,        In  thi^  al.ihty  to  Uarn 

.:  J  t,,  „t  it-rif  into  nrw  >urroundin,-^.  tlir  Trutonu   ra.  r  i> 

,1,    „,.M  wondrrful  rao'  in  thr  hi-tory  -U-  thr  world.      I  his 

;    ,!h   M.rrt  of  tlu-L'rrat  thin-^  it  ha^  donr  tor  nu.nkmd  m 

.p!in,.,„timprovrmrnt        in  lrarnin<i  and  trr.  r.hu  ation,  ,n 

.,  ,uid  lit.raturr.  in  rrli-i..u-~  frrrdom  and  m  It  ^rovrrnnunt . 
;.,  MH„-avin-  invrntion:-.  in  Mi>rovrrin-  thr  law^  ol  naturr 

..  ,1  uAu"  thrm  to  do  thr  work  of  man.      In  ah  thr^r  thu)^> 
-!u    .hildrrn  of  ihr  Tculon^  have  for  ccnlurio  lakrn   the 


QIF.STUIXS 

Whv  arr  ur  intrrc-trd  i..  tin-  Trutonir  trihrs?-  :.  H"w  did  ur 
;„„^;,,„,„UH-m^  S.  \V!u.l..urknn.v.littK.nithr,rh,>tnry/ 
„,,,,v.rr.hrvlikr..ur  Indian.  :^  ;  Wh.rr  did  tlu-y  >on,r  trum  . 
\\h„u..n>h;Kom;.n.^  7.  Win  .iid  thr  Roman,  nil  u.  m  ,!■„• 
,.^     S    l..HatrthrRhimandttul)anutu-.     <,    What -miH  mr 


•■m.ii)> 


a  ^rrat  alia 


Hark 


ic,    Wlioni  ilid  hr  m 


■nd 


Wh. 


i:.    What   was  llir  outrumr 


)1   thi>  advanrr  '      1. 


Wh.il 


if  i 

■   T  1.  \ 


JO 


1)\\\\    (il     AMIKIC.W    lil-ToKV    IN    l.lRol'l, 


\M  !v  ih.M.irlv  (.rnn.iii.  11..I..1  h.r  '      ii     ( ,i'.  ^   i  hr  R,  ,in.iii  .!.m  ripti.  ^:        .| 
,,.(„ri-'^       i;     \\h  ,1  i.r-t;r.  -  ii.i-!  ility  f^-K- '      i'>     Whv  u.i^  n.r      ^^^ 

,s,  \\h,,i\'  .'k  .ii^!  !li.  \  ^1m  -  11;,  llcv.  .!i.h'' .  \  lirc-^  '  .0,  I)cM  rill. 
ti,,  ;,•  ,.  iil.,,^-,  -  .1  II, ,-,•  v.<  r.  ihiir  laii.i- 'If- :•!'■!  .^  --'■  Wlm  i.\',iKr 
ill,  I.umI  -  .V  Wh.ii  w.i- .1  m.irk  .1  li,r.\  \m  n  ;  hey  pi\  (  rncil  r 
,:  |;,.„i;|„  liiiu  MM'ii'.  <>  \.,,>iiiil  I'lr  I'riir  r,i\iiiU,  .■' .  !><■ 
,.  rill,  llinr  i.iiir.in;;.  ,S,  (,,iii],.ii(  1  tu  ir  l.iniiii  -;  v.  it  h  ,iur  niu<!(  ri, 
l,,r,,ii,,ir  ,,  Willi  wm-  ilii  ir  ,tmus.  im  nt-  .imi  v.  li,i!  '!..  tli.  y  ti  !1  m 
ill,     |„.,;    .   '      ,-..    \\li.;i     'A.i>    \\(.in,iii\    p.irl     in    ilic    'Iruliiiii,     iilc ' 

I      1  )j„  n--,  tin  ir  r,  lii:i"ii  ■  i'i'.i^. ''''i'' ''"''■' '"^  ■'■''  ^-'"''~-      ^--    ^^''■''     i 
j, ,;1, „,;,,.  1,,,,!  ilu  ir  n  liL'i.)!!  lipoii  ihrir  liM^,-       ,.     \\>i,    i!-,   ■I\-iit(in> 

n.ill>  1m, 1  -      ■;».    WliN  .  "I  '^li)   'I"'  " 

\|.\iiiv  -,-,  (  »i  v\li,tl  iiii|"'!!  ii:<  <  A  .1^  ilu  1  hi.  1  '  ~6  Wlmwtri 
lii.  Inll.'.v.ci-  '  ,7,  H'l'A  v«Ti'  llu>  p.ii.l  lur  11^'liiiim  •  vS.  What 
V,.,-.  !!•„■  .illiiii.l.  .,!  •';.  jH..pl.  i..v.,ir.|  li^'lili!:--  ;u  Wli.it  p.ttl  in 
,1,,'  1,-1,1  ,li.!  ill.  !..'--K  !::kr^  \0  Wl'.it  'z  .  .,  p.  .I;-.  V.iTr  U-r.lr 
,1      ||,,.A   V...  Ir  ih.    liu'ht.  r>  .Ir.  "I  .J  -       \:      I ).  ■>.  ril..   .111  .11  i,i.  k. 

I  |.  M,,  ,,i  iiii  r.  I  i..\.  i;  Wli.M  'A.!^  ii-.i.!..i  -  II.  \M'.iv  'li'l 
111,.,  II,!. 1,  -  1;  Wii.ii  vMi-,  th.  r,su!i^..i  ihi-^  ir,.,.!.  •  ;(>  Wh.i: 
,1,,  y,ii  ihiiik  -....i-^  111.  ii;..-,i  imp.. rl, sill  roull --  47-  ^^''.i'  rrp..rl>,  nl 
tiii-,  ir.i.lc  .li.i  iIk'  R.iiiKUi^  gi\e  .•' 


ClIAl'II  K    II 
ROME   CONQUERING    THE    WORLD 

The  City  of  Seven  Hills.       K-n,r,  th.CitN  of  >rv.  i,  llill-, 
.,  OHM.  ,ui~tn"..l   Ihr  uorM.      1!..    ul)    u,>-  !>uill    ui-nu 
,,,   !,ilU  J-.n-  thr    lilnr   Ki^.■^,  iiltrm  mil--  tr-ni  thr  m.i. 
,  ,l5,.  ,,uly  aa\^  ;1h-  K..m;m~  ru!..l  o\.r  ..nl>   ,i  Miial!  'li>- 
.;,  ,',,l.,n./thr'-ri!Hr    luU    ib.y  umv  -n-.it   warrior^.      N-t 
■^y  w,,^  ra.h  M,l,lirr  vrr>   ^^a^^.  l.ii!   ihr  nL:i  mn.t  ^.  will,  h 
;,',;   ,,,11..,!  Ir-i.-n-,  v.rrr  w.ll  I  rain.,!  ,,n.l  arn.r.l  with  'J-'hI 
.,,;,,.,„..       TluA   nlK-\r,l  all  M.mmar.,i~  in-!antly,  an, I  a^  in 
'  .i',in.,!  t.H.il.all  tram,  ra.h  man  play.'-i  hi^.Asn  M-parat.' 
,,,-,.      l-ir^,.   thrv  iiia.K-   Ih.-ir   h"'Mr   .it>    -al-r   \>y  huil.h'im 
i.r,.  v.;^ll-  ar.uii'i.l   it.       Mi.-n  th.>    M't   ,il...ut    t..  -.ih.lur  all 
■::,^n^r.,u^.!in^  triiu^.      It   wa-  n.^t   i..i  .:  lul-uv  R.unr  ua. 
;j,  ,    .,1    th.'   .■ntirr   p.'niii-ula   o!    It.ily. 
Rome  Matches  Swords  with  Carthage.       S,.  pn.u.l  w.  rr 
■;,    K.aiKin^  ..t  th.ir  vah.r  that   tluy  u.iv  <  a^ly  pn.'-..k.-.l 
.     1,,,,!,.       -i-hu-  t!i<-\    w.iv  M,on  in  th.-  ini.l^l  ..l'  l.m-  war. 
:.,,,  ,1,,.  ^,,Hi.nt  .itv  ..!'  Cai-tha-r.  a  v.f}   i-utrtu!  -it)   .m 
.1,,.    ,,,,,h.'rn    ...a^t    ..!    .\lri.a.      Cartha^.-    ua-   a    ri.  h    an.l 
■,,-i„r..u^  -tat.-  \vh..M-  tra.lini:  -hij-  .arri.-.l  .m  a.n  .-xt.-nMVc 
,,Mini.r..-u]>..n  thr  M.-.litrr:an.-an  in  th.^M- .h.y^.      'Hi.-.ity 
,1  nuny  -nal  ^hip-  .'t  war,  an.l  h,  r  -.lilnr-  w.n-  at   h-mu- 
:„,ii   th.'  -ra.     Th'.-   K.Mivin-  ha.l   n.>  -hiip-  wh.iti-v.r.   ami 
■', /,ii'l  nn[  rvi-ti  kn..w  h.Av  t..'.uil.!  a  v.--~rl  -.1   any  lin.i. 
ii..;,-.tlu-n,.-..ul,l  thr  K..niaii.h..pt-!..U-h.t   th.-  tn.-n  .>!  Ca.r- 


1-  imic 


A  iortunalr  thiiv.'  happmrM  ...  li..    K.-niaii^  ;:;-i;l 
.  t.)r  a  -rrat  >t..rm  wrr.  k.-.l  a  Cartha-ini.m  w.ir-hip. 


iiii 


22       l)\\V\    Ol     A.MlklCW    lli^lOkV    IN    I.l  kOl'K 


•  inil  tile  \va\i-  ( ,(-t  it  upuii  the  -hurc  n\  UiAy.      The  R()inan> 
loiikni  it  <i\  rr  ( .irciiill)  .  .iml  ukuIi-  xuiii-  -liip^  like  it .      'rhc\     "1 
put    their  --nlilicr^  iiitu  tlniii  aini  pu-lird  dut    td  vc.i.      .\j, 
[iniat  liiim  l!ir  fiii-mN  .  the  kuitiaii-  let  hra\  \  irnii  li.xik--.  iixid 
Ujniii  the  cnij-  111  pole-,  lal!  cpnii  till-  (ill  iii\  '-.  -liij>-.  ainl  thi- 
la-ti'iicil    thr    \t— tl^    tDL'cthfr    two    liv    two.       I  lie    Rnniaii     jj 
warrior-.    Ira[i<'(l    upon    ilit-   ( 'art  hairinian    -liip^  ami    Ioul'IiI 
.'1^  it  oil  kiml,  aiiil  (  oiKiiu  ri'ij.      I'roin  thi-  tiinr  on.  the  Ro 


Jk 


:?i^(l 


:vf 'v 


II  WMIi  \l     Ck 


I'^-^IN'-      ll|i       Ki 


ir,aii>  li((aim   niort'  aial  more  pouerlul  ami  \  ii  torious  upon 
the  Ma. 

The  Great  Hannibal.  Ri)nu-  won  in  the  lir-t  war  with 
CarthaLrc  ami  L'aincd  tlu'  i-laml  ol"  Sit  ijy.  Hut  >oiiu'  y(■a^^ 
later  ("arthau'i'  wa>  ai^aiti  vc.uly  to  liirlit.  FJer  u'reat  gen- 
eral. Ilannihal.  had  -worn  e\ crla-linLr  hatred  lor  the  Ro- 
inan-.  nannih:!,!  re.-oK.ed  t,>  |...!(!  hj-  -i.li.ii... j;.!  ...r!^'.-  sp.-l 
hi>  huire  war  elephant.-^  into  Ital\ .  So  lu'  cro-xd  the  Strait 
of  (iihraltar  into  Spain,  whcri'  he  won  .some  NJctorirs  over 


RnMl.    ( ONCI  I  ki\(,     1  III.    WOKI.D 


l\M!ivin-. 


'I'u'ii  111'  iii.iri  I  nil  will'  I'l'r.it  liil'tH  iiltN  t!ir.  m 


lifi  iii"!i 


-Ircl 


)    iiiounlaiii     i)a--( 


-    mill    (  i.iul.    iir    r  \\<\\<  >■ 


■  '.iit\  Alp-  l:i\  .urn--  !ii-  |Mt!i  lull  I  i.iiini' i.il  cj'il  nut  1, il- 
ls.;it-  \S(.Tf  luiill  III  lrir\  I'i-  ilijili.mt-  .urn--  the 
;;  .  !~,  aiii!  hri'nrc  Ihiil'  !ii-  iriux  w.i-  tniiiiu'  thrmiL'!'  llu' 
I  thill-  ni  \\\v  Alj'-.  Tlic  -now  w.i-  ('.r([i  ]\\  thr  nuiuiilaiii 
I.  -c -,  ill!'  trail-  v.iTc  ii.irrcw  aiiil  -liiipcry.  .iiul  mrii  ,iml 
...  ,  -I-  1(11  u\-tT  -1i;i»  *  lilT- and  were  t  ru-lu-il  Idilcitli  upun 


<  i 


!»)-(lni.  ^--     x-    -^ 


^ 


--  I 


■r-;:)  < 


Maifni  ~i.i 


V.i 


■  1'.  B.  C. 


\ 


V 


y 


J 


t;i'    r'i(k-  brliiw.      Tlif  ho-tilr  ninuiitaiii  irihr-  rollrd  -InUi-.-. 
i:   v.  !i  tile  -Iiv|)  -Inpr-  upiii!  the  -t rii;."_:linu  int-n. 

Carthage    Taken.        Al    i  i-t     ilanni'i.il    dt-t  nidcil    iiitu 
1-    ;.    with    hi-    a.riin-    and   war  fliph.inl-   and   wuii    nia.ii_\' 

It    he  fc, irrd   til  atta.k    Ri'iiif. 
dl.d  li.i.  k  iM  C'arthaL'f.  ;•    I  the 


!  Ii-  ii\  rr  t  he  K'lnian-  ;    \> 

ir  .1  time  I  lannikal  w.i-  < 

nan-   fnllMwrd    ai'd   drl'caicd    him    in   Al'ri<a.      li.iimi'ial 

;,    lii-  own   lil'c  rather  than    fall   into  tin    li:;nd-  <it'    thr 


!r..in-. 


Al'ti-r  a  huiidrt-d  \f.ir-  ol"  irjlitinir.  Cirth. 


[L'r  v.a- 


All 


Ia"   tlu'  i)luikv    Koman-,  wlm  ])rnmpti_\-  JMiriifd   it   ti 
rmmd.     Tltc)'  ran  a  ji 
'  rrliui't 


i\v  iixar  It-  >ilr  and  torWat'c  it- 


I, 


The  Mediterranean  a  Roman  Lake.       The  Rnvati-  nnu 
ird  u\cr  luarh-  all  the  umntrii'-  turn  hint'  the  ur-trrn  tiid 


n 


^1        \>\\\  \    "1      \MI  I'll    \\    IIMokN     I\    I  I  koi'l 


"''111     Ml  i!il.  riMIK    Ml,   lull    ll'i  >.    \M  Ir   -tiil  'li--,!ti-ric,|.       'riic\ 

I  '1''  I'^'i-liiiiL-  !li.  ir  ■M.iupi  ,ri,  -  I  Mlh.  r  .umI  i.irilirr,  imlil  the 
iiiliii  Mi.iil.rr.:  ,Mi  .-Ml.  II,. m  ,,!-t  l.,  v,.-i,  I),,.;iiir  a 
'^"1 1  I'll  I  1.1 1, 1  .  ill  W  hi.  h  !|i'  'il  !irl  Ii.ill'.'Il  nan  li  -■Mlii;i  i;  ,1-  V.  ,l-li 
i'-     Im'ii!--.        (.!,,(,      !,  II     .IM    (,l~_\     \iililii     I,,    ill,      u,!i    ir.lillril 

k-'MMii    Warrior-,    Iii,,:m~i'    -!i'     \i>.i--    liivi.i..;    intu    -..    nia!i\ 
li'tir  -tail  -    \^  ill,  h  \\>i,    ;,  alMP.  ,  a'  ,,n,.  aiiMih.a-  aii.i   lii'liliiiL' 
■  iiiiMii;:   1 'i,  I'w.  1\  ,■..   hill,  h   1,1    ;li,     !ii!,    !",,,-   !,  ai!iT-h![>. 
The  Treasures  of  Greece  I  h,   (,iati.-  a,  r.   a  \v.in,i,.r 

1m!!\  hari,,.!  ala'  .  ; .  1 1  i  \  a  I  ,■,  i  |„,,|,|,.  \\u\  v.rV,  I'Vril 
-''iiiiiiN,  ain!  !hu'r  'mm,!  ..  ,  ,,11 ! aim-  I  liva-iiia  >  ,.|  l.ii,,\s  1,  ,|-t 
■iii'l  1""  "■>  '•;  -n  at  ,  \,  •  !1,  h.  ,  .  I  \u-\  l,i\,<N,>  niala-  lKMllti- 
"ll  'lii'i.-  -  'l''i,  ir  ,  iii,  -  u,  r,  iin,,l\vii!i  i)],  ii,  li.  I  ^,^mtaiI!-, 
;|^'l  -la  nil-,  will)  L'_\  !i  n.'-iiMh-  an,'  li-Miiili--,  ill,  in,i-l  l,ra',:ti 
lii'  l!i<'  v.i'i!,!  lia-  t\,r  Min.  |  ].,  _\  .!,i,,ni(i:  tli.ir  tniiiili-- 
\^i'li  ii,:i'Mr  -lai-.  n, at,  111---  -laiuc-  ,,1  t'lu'r  -!.■!-,  with 
I'li-t-  ami  \a-.-,  ;i,i  uiij,  p,,!-,  |,,,  -u]  ,j  „  ,rti  , !  'a  -plriKliil 
"■linpii-.  Im  itMkii!:'  luaKtii';!  ihiiia-.  ujiithcr  .,1  m.irMc 
""■  l'i'"ii.i-.  "I  -ii\ri  -r  :■,•!,!,  ,..  i'l  jMin'iiiu'  1m\<I\  !)i;tiir.-..  " 
the  (.rcii,^  lia\r  -iiri.a-ii!  all  ntl!,  r  iiati,,n-.  '|  he  ua.rli! 
I"  '-'>  !»"\^-  'I'lUii  I"  lln'i'  a-  tJ!,-  l,a,|tr-  in  Inuttlinj  ,,,■( 
;il"!  ii.  llic  .in  j,  |,,  aniiiii'  liia!   v.r  .    lii  |  >lii|. .-, ,[  ,|)\  . 

Bearing  the  Riches  to  Italy-  W  ia  ai  <iii  ki.niati-  .  .m- 
<iii'i'ii  (.fii.c.  t!ir_\  piiiiahrnl  ih,  ,i:ir.,  .m,]  ,arrici!  I,. 
Italy  -liijiliiai!-.  ,,;  l„aiiiiiiij  ihiir-.  [,ii,,|,-,,  -latiic-  and 
I'^i-'-^  "t  iii.irM<-  .im!  Nrmi/i,  a,!,,rn,(!  with  m,.1i',  -il\rr. 
aitil  jrwt  I- ;  \  !-,-  am'  urn-  !u  ant  il'ull_\  ia,\,,'.  ami  al!  llic 
ii>  li  !urnil\n\  ..t'  huii  .  -  ami  tvn;pl,  -.  Ilu-  k,an  an.  !)tMUL:lit 
.liiinu'  nian>  iHiok-  v.ritl<-n  in  \\\r  (.la,  l..  ian-uaaar.  ami  tliuu- 
-.t!!,!-  ol  nlma.tfd  (.rcik-    wln.rr:   llu_\    ii;a,!,-  th,;,-  ,|,,\a--. 

Pushing    the    Boundary    Eastward         !',in!i.->,  ..r.  :t 

Kiiniaii  ucni-ral.  (omnHTni   tli.-   iai-!.  aiiJ   made  tin-  t'ar-of!' 
|-;ui.!irat,-  Ri\(Tl!ir.  a-ttrn  t)i.uri(lar_\  ni"  th.'  Roir.an  puwiT, 


k(»MI.    (  n\(  M  I  ki\<.     I  III,    \\i»KI.!) 


!1 


•{ 


ifl 


|)\\\\    Ml      Wll.kK    \\    lll-lnKN     |\    1  I  K'M'l. 


l'|.(iu   I'll-  riturii   to   Kmhh'   he  um-  L:i\iii  ,i   u'r.iinl   lriutn|)li 
tlir.  >;i'.,'!i  till    -trill-  mI  the  i.ipit.il       In  the  iirm  c-miui  ucrr 


•11  t  111'  -|M.il-  111  111-  I  .iin|i,ii'^n 


linr  luillilrnl    iiui  t  UTIlt  \' 


itriiii  (■-  w.ilkiil  .1-  i.t])ti\r-  tiilnrr  ttir  I  mil  lUiTiir  -  (li.iriut. 

H.iiiiui-  were  Imiiir  .ili'ii'j  u  liii  li  anniiun-id   tliat    l'<im])tv 

haij  I  iiiunu  rnl  twi  iity- 
■'iir  kiiiu'-.  lakiii  a  t  hiiii- 
>ainl  li>rt-.  nine  liiinijrcii 
liiun-.     (  i^lit      liiMiilrtil 


ti  I  !)>.     a  inl     -  u  till  uf 


I  w 


f  I  \  r      111  1  I  I  lull  -^      111 


|H'I  ij)lc. 

The  Greatest  of  All 
Romans  Aiintlii  r  ]<>>- 
man,  Juliii-  (';i'-ar.  Ini 
hi-  li'::iiin-  inti«  ( laul  aiiil 
aijilcd  wlial  arr  nmv 
I'raiur  ainl  Spain  In 
Roman  territory.  ('a'>ar 
touinl  it  \(r\  iiaril  to 
>iil)iiur  that  i)art  of  (iaul 
near  thr  i'.ii'^li-h  ("han- 
iifl.  lu'iau-c  the  liiitoii- 
were  -iinh'n^  aid  to  \hv 
( iaul-.  So  ( ';i'-ar  lirtcr- 
mincil  to  puiii-h  tho 
Hriton-  for  intrrftrinu. 
!!(•  i,ro--iil  oNcr  ititi) 
liritain  ami  won  \iitorif--  ilurc.  hut  hr  iliil  not  rcnui'ii 
ionir.  ("a'-ar  was  a  ijrrat  miural,  ami  lii>  virtorii-s  had 
niadt'  him  famou>.  \\v  rttunmi  to  Koine,  wiiere  iie  wa- 
a])pointed  to  hitih  ol'tiee.  He  M>on  heianie  atxo'.ute  niasttr 
of  Rome,  and  proxed  hiin.-ell  even  greater  a.>  a  .--lalesman 


^     1  -  \K.      mi       I  .Kr     \I  I   -1     .l^      I  Hi       K'  'M  \N 


koMi.  ( (»\(U  i:kiN(,   liii:  uoki.i) 


7 


"^i  in.c  Ir;ii  !iiiL'  I' 


<<>nrni>.  lifA 


;   riMcr    in. in  a-  a  u'lniT.ii        .^'in.c  umh 

'  :      111  •  .illli-   JimI'iU^   111    lli>    lTmW  itl'j;   |>i  I'A  il'    ,Ml.l    ■'IrU     IliiU 

Augustus  Willing  to  Stop  riir^rt.i!  Aumi-lu-  wIkiu  l^ 

:  K  ruf  at   tin-  linn    t  liat   (  li;i>t   u  a^  l>orii,  ^ai'i  the  iiuj  >irc 

-   ,i!    la-t    Ml'  ttmimh.      lit  r   tMUiiiiiaric^  rtMilin!   to   the 

n  -a III  U  "I  Atrii  a  tui  t  tie  --oiit  h  ,  tn  1  tu    lar  oil   1  .iipliralis 

■,  I  !  oil  thf  ra>t.  ainl  to  the  Ktiiin-  ain!  liaimlic  l\i\rr^  on 
iimM  li.  w  liilf  lur  ur-l(  rn  lMir<ltr  ua-  l!ir  At  Km  I  it  (  )i  can. 


i  il 


\    I'l  'K  1  l"\    .  'K     Mil      K'lM  \N    W  M  1 


\  '  t  111    ;j;r(  at  nation-  of  the  (art  li  haii  now  litrii  (  on(|urrnl, 

'!  ilirir  lami--  maiK-a  part  of  tlu-  Roman  rnijiirr,      W'hrii 

.  I  !-I   \our  ex  f  o\cr  thi>  \  a-t  cnipirc  )  <>u  Ih-IioM  within 

■    ';.,iii\-    (ountrir>.      'Ihrrt'    were    Italy,   Su  ii/.fr!a.n<l.   half 

\i-tria.    lurkcN  and  (irccir.  Asia  Minor,  Syri.i.  l''..i:>'!>t , 

\<>rth  .\fric  a,  Sp.iin,  and  I'ranrr,  lK--iiU>  many  i>lands. 

■M.    tile  I'.Icrn.d  City,  wa>  then  indrcd  the  liL:;hl  and  ruler 

:  :;r    \'.  or  ii  i  . 

The    Natural    Boundaries    of    the    Empire.        Hut  how 

.Id  Ronu'  hold  .lUi,  h  \a.-^l  don\aiIl^  uiidcT  hir  >wav  ?      Hid 


mi 

inf 


:tli 

m 


WW    <  il      \\!l  Kli    \\    III-  Ii  ikN     IN     1  I  lOtfi 


-III-  III.!  Ill  I, I  .III  iniiiH  n-r  ,irin\'  in  '.'U.iril  ^iii  li  (Xii-udiil 
III  iiiini  1 1  i' ■-  ,1  L'.iiii -I  ilii'  -u.inii-  111  !».' I'll, iri, til  -  i.n  ,iil  -iili-' 

I  1    \\<  'lllil    -I  I  III    ^1  I     hul     I  hi   -'      1m  an II  1.1 1  ir-    U  1  IT    t  111  Ill^(  I  \  I  ^    ,1 

l.iirK    L' I    I ii'i 'ti  I  t il 'II        I  lu-  (iii|iiri    w.i-   '.'u.irilril    mi    lln 

ut --t  l)\  till  -tiiriii\  .Xil.iiiti'  I'll  tlic  xiiitli  li\  the  (l(-ii|.it( 
s.iinl- .  ii  t  In  >,i  li.ir.i  .iml  Xr.ilii.iii  i!i  ^tTi-  llw.iNnnlx  uiinii 
the  |-.upliiMli->  .iiiil  the  kliiiir  I),iiiuIm-  hnrilcr'-  lli.it  tin 
iniu'lit\    .iiiil    --Icii  ill- ^    liL'iiiii^    utic   iiitil(i|    tn   u.itih    .nni 

U' I..  Ill  I 

Keeping  out  the  Germans  IJiit  ^n  I'lrmiiiu-  urrc  tin 
(iiiMi.m  ii,irl»,iri,iiiN  nii  tin  iinrlli.  tli.ii  .i  I, iter  i'iii|nriir 
huilt  ,1  Iiul'i'  w.iII  IniiH  the  iicai|\v.it(  r-  nt  the  |).iiiulic  In 
till-  hcnlw.ilcf-^  111  tin-  Kliiiic.  'riii->  uTtat  wall  ua>  llirit 
luiiiilrcil  ami  tl;irt\->i\  milr^  in  IciilMIi.  lilt)'  Icrt  tliiik  at 
thr  l».i--r.  .iinl  hii'lur  than  \n\iv  --t  hi.oh'iMini .  AIohl.'  thi> 
wall  wnr  liai  jiniit  tiirt'-  ami  (  ast!f>.  Tlnrt'  wt-n-  al-i  i  wati  h 
loUTi--  near  iniiiiL:h  tn  om'  aiDtlur  tn  sii^nal  li\  liL.;htinu' 
liroa'  lULiht .  ainl  li\  otlnr  viu'ii-  Ii_\  <lay.  (  )ut'-iilf  the  wall. 
(Ill  the  li.irli.iriaii  -iiic.  ua^  a  wide  liitili.  and  iifvunil  thi- 
\va-  a  --trrtcli  nt  \va:>ir  land  whii  h  the  (icriiian-  niii'lit  iir\ri 
(  rnss  nnli'~>  tin  \-  wrrr  ai  ri>in[i.inifd  \>\  the  Rninan  Mildicrs 

Seizing  Upon  Britain  LattT  (iiijicrnr^  niidirtook  t<i 
sniidiic  the  wild  lii'ilain^  wlm  then  in(U|iifd  the  i>la.nd  ul 
I'-nirland  All  the  snullirrn  iHirtiun  i>t'  thr  island  wa>  mn- 
(jncri'd.  and  inadr  into  a  Koniaii  |ini\inir.  Hut  m)  tamt'- 
It---  wrrr  the  wild  tril)f>  nl'  what  i-  now  Stutland.  tliat  i\\n 
till-  lira\i'  Riiinaiis  Lravc  uj)  the  la^k  ul  suhdnin^  tlu-ni. 
It  was  ca-irr,  they  ihouLrht.  to  Imild  a  Iuil'c  wall  across  the 
island  I'roni  xa  to  -.a  to  jirotiit  the  proviniT  llian  to  lr\' 
to  o\a'ri  onic  thrsc  ^awiirrs  o!  Siotland. 

Auolher  Mighty  Wall.  -  TiK-  iiisi  uaii  ai  ros.s  I",ii<ilaiul 
was  ol  earth,  hut  hitir  a  solid  stotu'  wall  i-iuhtv  mile-  loni' 
was  (.onstruclc'd.      Il   was  Ironi  six  lu  ten  iVft  thick  and 


i 


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.  fif.. 


y  -  , 


■  } 


•>: :  I 


■d:. 


.'    :-'  \ '/V"/..- 


'       I; 


A 


"Om^ 


M    /;    /, 


r^:^^ 


"^A 


y 


/ 


,.y,;>l4... 


■iti-: 


i»i^?%^V 


V    \,..<^'  "  ^iP^'     ■liS^^i;2 


/'■  ■ 


IJO.MAN    i:m!»ii;i: 


-    \  -v 


t^/• 


'    '    j:    I,     r    »     ' 


.  r^ri^, 


/C- 


,.f^ 


y    • 


•:v  're 

■  x   ■ 


HI 
if 


y.:..,\^<-¥-\ 


M      .1 


^^^ 


\ 


X 


{l 


.     i  -iJ  -.1 


-'■'■«  TNl**^*^ 


M 


if 


/*•'?" 


::,^M^^MMbMm2:'^'^m_  p.n-^^^^-iwr-  wm^m^^^m 


KOMK   (DNl.)!  r.KI\(i    rifK    Wokl.l) 


-^() 


:   .hticn   ifct   hi.L'!i.  with  a   niii'hty  ditdi  on   tin-  north  or 

■  riariaii  -iMc.      licyoin!  thi>  wall  ihiTc  \va>  nolhinir  wi.rtli 
Jitin^  lor.  lu'can-c  tin-  hattli-.  i\cn  it  ttic  Roman-  won. 

'.'■u\'\  h.wv  to  ])v  loUL''it  o\LT  and  oxer  ai;ain.  riu>f  old 
!  i  1-  and  Smt-.  it  hi'at.'n.  took  to  the  mountain-.  Imt  wcri' 

■  'I  thf  next  da_\-  ready  for  another  trial  ol'  -trctiLrth. 
The  World  Ruled  by  Rome.        lo  ilu>   Roman  emi)ire. 

.  -id)  alrcad\-  ini  hided  the  whole  i  ivili/ed  world,  FjiLdand 
v.^-  now  added.     All  in  all.  the  empire  embraced  an  area 

-  iirue  a-^  the  Inited  State>,  and  in  it  lived  one  hundred 
rillionN  ol"  people. 

Roman  Roads.        'Ihere  wa-  another  thini,'  l)e>ides  the 
i'Murv  ol  her  >oldier-  that  aided  Rome  in  KincjUerin.i,'  and 


:1« 


~-   .   ■'      .    "■""■'•I.)  •'->■•     '   *.,','■"..      .*-'-'''' '"r-V-"  ■■'■-■' ''"v- ',•■-*" 
(■ki)~~    Si:i   IIMS    ,,K     \    ku\l\N     ku\l, 

:iinLr  the  whole  ci\i!i/.ed  worM.  and  that  was  her  mairnili- 

!  roads.     They  were  the  mo>t  solid  n)ads  tliat  the  wc.rld 

'-  e\tr  known,  and  the>  wire  huilt  out  from  the  yatt  -  of 

•n;e  in  all  dirertion-.     .\s  soon  a.>  the  x.idiv  rs  .-ulxiueil  a 

'  .'.   (ountry.   they  at  om  e  >el  about  to  e.\tend   )he>e   line 

'  d-  to  it.     'Idle  Ron...ns  knew  iiolhiim  of  steam  or  iKi - 

'  it> .  and  >o  tlu  ir  be-t  means  of  travel  was  a  L'ood  waijon 

i.      Troops    and    -up.plies    for    the    army  had    to    move 

."  kl\    in  order  to  proteet  -ueh  wide  bounda.ries. 

Roads  Made  Straight.         The  <jui(kest  road>  for  M)|.liers 

'  le,  of  eourr-e.  the  shortest,  and  -o  the>e  military  mails 


m 


fill 


ff 


30       F)\\V\   OF   AMI.RIC.W    iriSTORV    IN    KlRoF'F-: 

were  iiKidf  to  run  a>  nearly  -trai^'ht  as  |)(.>->il)lc.  Tlu'V  tut 
through  hill>.  tlic>  iM.rcd  i,'rcat  tuinitU  tlinm^h  inountain.s. 
and  tiny  >i)anrK'd  widi-  ri\iT>  with  liiirh  l)rid-,'f>  oi'  stone. 
I  lie  ar(lu'>  ol  tlu-e  l»rid^e>  were  oiten  a  hundred  feet  hi^h 
and  a  hundred  and  I'lfty  feet  wide.  The  Trajan  hndf^'e  over 
thi'  l)anut)e  wa.-.  more  than  a  mile  lonj:. 

The  Claudian  Way.       After  two  thou>an(l  >ear>  of  use 
or  n(;'le(t.  .some  of  the.^e  line  roads  are  >till  j,'oo(l      Some 


A  K()M\s  Knii>(;f:. 


of  the  tunnels  are  al-o  u.-ed.  One  (.;'  the  mads  in  >ervirr 
today  i>  thi-  Claudian  Way.  It  was  three  hundred  and 
titt\  nu"le>  lonj.;  and  |)avei|  with  the  hardt -t  th"nt.  It  \va 
hruad  eiiou.uh  for  two  caTiairts  to  j)a.-s  i-ach  otluT.  Tlu 
>tone  tla-is  w^re  often  live  iVi't  square,  and  .-o  wi-ll  reniented 
to.m'ther  that  they  ai)|)eared  hut  one  >tone.  Below  the 
-tone  were  two  iayer>.  the  tirst  ol  rou^h  >tone  cmented 
with  mortar,  and  the  lower  layer  of  j^ravel.     These  layers 


:fi&c:gkFlliC2i/.LB»A:  ^KmBMML:^:MM 


Komi;    COXQIKRINC,     [Hi:    WORLD 


;i 


!-;.  ,i>urnl  about  thnv  Urt  thirk.  and  wtTo  well  Ik-.McI  in 
.T.iimil  (hat  had  hrtn  tirst  Icvi'lod  and  hcatt-n  hard. 

Conveniences  Along  the  Way.  I  hi-  rnad.s  wvrv  rai.M'd 
-  'tiiiwhat.  M»  as  to  (oinmand  a  vii'w  of  thi-  surroundin-,' 
<"i!iitry.  On  cithiT  side-  wt-rt'  stoiu'  footpaths.  .Mta>urin,t,' 
i:-m  the  f:atf>  of  Ronu'.  then-  wen-  mikstont-.  alon-.,'  all 
r-.id-  to  thi'  \try  limits  of  thf  i-mpirc.  On  cMh  of  tho>i- 
Mont>  was  marki-d  the  distance  from  the  capital.  .\t 
-iMrter  interval>  were  stone>  for  travelers  to  rest  on.  or  to 
.i"iM  them  in  moimtinj^r  horses.  In  later  days.  inn>  were 
I'.iilt  alonj;  the  roads  a  half  day's  journey  apart,  when  fre■^h 
h'TM^  were  kept  for  the  use  of  the  messen<rer>  of  the  em- 
1"  n.r.  'I'ravelers  made  j,'ood  .speed  on  tht'se  stone  road>. 
t  ,1-ar  j)a.ssed  from  the  Rhine  Rivir  to  the  ea[)ital.  a 
■ii-laiueof  ei^ht  !i!  Jidred  miles,  in  eij,'ht  da>>.  .Mon.i,'  the 
r".:d>  were  camps  or  forts,  about  whi(  h  towns  ^rew  up  for 
u-.ulr.  just  as  they  do  aloni,'  railroads  to-day.  Thesr  ^picn- 
■'i«!  roads  and  hrid;,'e>  and  tunnels  were  i)uilt  by  the 
k'linan   soldiers  during  da\s  of   pean-. 

Provinces  Become  Romanized.  Without  tlie  roads 
Iv'Uie  could  not  have  held  her  vast  empire  together  for  a 
M'i-le  year.  With  them,  she  not  oid\-  held  her  distant 
jT  .vin(es  with  a  lirm  j,'rip.  l)ut  she  e.xtended  to  them  her 
:  ~t  laws,  her  line  m  hools.  htT  udorious  Latin  lan,i,'ua^e.  and 
'  .'11  her  customs  and  manner  of  li\  in^.  .So  the  provinces 
'"  ame  thoroughly  Romanized,  and  the  peoi)le  were  happy 

I  well  protected.      Rome  knew  how  to  rule-  vvc-11.     Jler 
;  "d  laws  and  wise  judges  <.;ave  out  justice'  and  fair  treat- 

nt  to  rich  and  poor  alike.      In  law  and  <,'overnmc-r)t,  Rome 
^  been  the  teacher  of  the  world. 

-  onntry  Estates.  -All  omt  tlic  i.r,untr\  dlsiijiis  were 
■"  iufitul  villas  or  farm  homes  and  ele<rant  summer  resi- 
:'  '1'  es  of  the  wealthy  city  folk.     The  land  was  held  in  great 


ri  I 


v^ 


#'^ 


'"fi    m 


J, i;*!, 


3J       DAWN    OK    \.MI:KI(\\    liIs|()K^     I\    KlRoi'i'; 

(•-talc>  and  uorkrr!  hy  liimiircd-  am!  >MiiutiiiU'>  thousaiKi^ 
ol  -Iavc>  under  liiriii  oxir-crr-. 

Cities  of  the  Empire.  The  <iii|)irc  wa^  liottcd  with 
huiidrcd--  <.|"  ^'rcat  .itic-.;  ^unic.  like  kninc  and  Alexandria, 
were  nearly  a-  larue  a-  ifie  dty  .,1  Chie.i^d  to  dav.  Mor-t 
ot  the  people  lived  in  litie-.  and  -iK  h  i  ilje-  a-  tlie\-  Were! 
We  think  it  wonderlid  to  (la\  that  we  lia\e  in  our  whole 
(ountr\  a  t'ew  huildin;:-  oi  inarhle.  hut  there  were  iiundred-, 
ami  thou>an(l>  of  litie-  in  the  Koiiian  t  iiipire  that  had 
marhle  l)uildiiiLr>  lihrarie-,  temple-,  hath-,  and  palace>. 
Au;,'ustu-  l.oa-ted  that  he  found  Rome  a  eity  of  hriek,  and 
left   it  a  (it\-  of  inarhle. 

Commerce  Safe  and  Rapid.  Throui^hout  the  Roman 
world  (onmiene  wa-  sil\  .  Pirate-  had  heen  driven  from 
the  seas  and  rohher-  from  the  land.  The  harhors  were 
(  rowded  with  -hip-,  and  the  .Mediterranean  -warmed  with 
sails.  Between  lairo]  •■  and  Central  .\-i.i.  there  was  a  llour- 
ishin<,'  tommiTcc.  larried  alonu  three  ,<;reat  rout(s:  one 
hy  way  of  the  lihu  k  Sea.  and  \>\  (ara\an  a(  ro->  Asia; 
one  hy  way  of  the  Sui/  and  the  Red  Sea.  to  India  ;  and  one 
hy  laraxan  ac To--  .\rahia.  I'rom  frontier  to  frontier  travd 
and  trade  were  ,-at'e  and  rapid.  The  L'rand  militarv  road- 
ran  in  ureal  trunk  lint-  from  e\tTy  frontier  toward  Rome. 
From  {hr>v  main  hii:)iwa>-  ran  hrandi  road-  whieh  formed 
a  ili'n-e  network  in  e\ery  jiro\in(e.  Route-  and  di>tances 
were  ,ui\fn  in  Lruidehook-.  and  there  were  man\-  hotels  alont; 
the  way.  Me--en^er-  who  hurried  aloim  tlu'  ureal  high- 
road- tra\-ele(l  a  hundred  or  a  hundrt  d  and  lift\-  mik-s  a  day. 
In  all  the  provinx-,  rude  -tockadtd  village-  (  hanued  into 
splendid    (itie-.    hut-    into    palate-.    footj)ath-    into   \)d\i\ 

I'll..    I.>. ,,,,.. .1.    ,...,. I    .       :    .1 


R 


X  ( »iii  I  II      r*  I- 


.  I  IV        .  \  1  i  u 


\i 


er 


desert  and  ukkK'  il  the  u.irden  of  the  world.      The  travel 
t)f  today  ma\-  -i-i'  the  ruin-  amid   the  driflinu  -and.     In 


■"SBm^nfmmm^s- 


•s^  ^"  ^^■■■■wFmz'^mt:^  -;ig>^ 


Komi;  (()\(^)rF;Ki\(,   iiii;  woki.d 


f;^ 


p 

X 


> 

ll 


ll 


!f 


■if 

Hi 
-  li- 


llj 


^.\      r)\\\N  n\    \Mi  ki( w  Fii-iokN    i\  i.i  koii: 

daiil  C.c-ar  luuiid  !i(.  r(  ,il  tuwti-;    in  t  lie  I  iiinl  (cnt  ur\  that 


|ir'i\  iiii  (■    li.id    uiic    hiiinlriil 


ind    sixteen    l]iuiri~iiiim    >  itir-. 


with  thrir  li.iih-.  tini[>lc-.  .ntij  i!i  it  heater--,  work-  i>\  art,  ruaii-. 


a(|U<'(hi(  t  >,  and   lamnii-  - 


(  iiiKii-  1  ii  icirnnu 


Centuries  of   Peace        \\ 


are    told    that    tor   (eiiturie^ 


tile   entire   (  i\  ih"/ 


ei|    uiirld    wa--   ,it    i)eai 


I  here    Were    m  - 
le  milhuii-  <rt 


(a-i(inal  war--  un  the  di-tant  truntier--,  hut  t 
ktimaii-  tliruiiL'hnut  the  i  nijiire  heard  and  -au  h'ttle  tif  war, 
i  hu-  there  \\a-  jieaie  and  prc-ixrity  e\  er\  \rheri-.  .\t\tr 
iielure  or  -iin  e  ha>  ^n  hir.ue  a  part  ol  the  world  kiinuii  >U(  li 


a   1(1111,'  time  (il   unl»r<ik<n   re-t    Irom   tiie  horror- 


ami  wa^te 


ol  war. 


he  L'reat    iii-iorian,  (liiihoii,  -aid    that    1 


le    Aoul 


lOM-    (elltuncs   o 


rather   ha\f  !i\cd  at   -«     a    time  during   t 

peaee  than  at  an\   other  time  in  the  worldV  hi-tor\. 

The  Spread  of  a  New  Religion.  It  wa-  in  the--e  da\-, 
wlieii  all  the  (i\ili/ei|  World  \\a>  at  pea(  «■,  when  then'  wa> 
one  lanuiia-e  and  one  law   lor  all,  wluii   there  was  a   \ast 


all  part-  ol"  the  emi)iri', 
wa>  erui  ilied,       .\o  lietter 


trade  ami  unlimited  tra\il  anion; 
that  ("hri>t  li\ed  and  taught  aiK 
time  eould  lia\e  heeii  eho-en  I'or  the  >pread  of  a  new  re 
ome  allowed  all  reli-ion-  in  tlu-  empire.  I'eopK 
mi^dit    wor-lu'i)  a-   the\-   plea-ed,'  jirovidt-d   onl\-   that    t! 


li''ion.      R 


lev 


would  ai-o  wor-hip  llie  emperor.      'I'he   tea*  I 


iiiil:-  oI    h>u 


■re  (|ui<  kly  earrii-d  h_\   mi>-ionarie>  o\er  the  entire  I- 


J^ 


World 


.\I 


lir-t    onK    th 


e   lowly   and    the   poor   helieved   in 


<oiiian 
d 


Je-u-- ;   hut  ,1-  the  (  eiiturie-  |)a>-ed.  the  ri(  h  and  nohle  ( la.- 
hevMii  to  ai(  epi   Chri-tianitN . 

Christians    Persecuted.        U 
meelii!L:>  in  -<■(  ret  and  ret"u--ed  to  minu 
or  to  eelehrate  Roman  holi(hi\>.  and  I 


ee,iu-e     the    ( 'liri>t  iail>    held 


le  with  other  ])eo|)|( 
)eiau>e  the\'  ret'usei 


wor>!iip   the  i-mperor  or  eiili-t   in  the  arm\-    tl 


le\-    wiTi- 


thoULiht  to  he  traitor-  to  Rome.      And  -o  the\   eame  to  1)( 
I)itterl\    per-eculed.      I^ea  the  Inst  emi)eror-  put  niaiiv  to 


.L  V,'  •=^'"- *ftji-=t'»EvN: 


<^-i-;^S' 


j;.*^"ijrf' 


.Si-.'>1, 


J.'}j^^*J^±.r^'. 


RnMi;    COW.jn.klNC    IHi:    WORM) 


I 


" j*'^a^3feCla^-i-."ift- "•»   ""^l 


I'  ■*>jprt#*»" 


;6       DAWN    nl      WII.KK    \N    IH^K'KN     1^    MKoll 

tlu-w.nl  ;ui<l  ihn  woih.r- tnth.  Hmi- ;  l.ut  tluy  .uul.l  not 
.tiiinp.iul  tluiuw  M.I.  On.,  wli.  ■i.i-rv.it  part  ..t"  tli.-.ity 
,,t  Koiiic  \va~  l.unu.l  t..  th.  -n.iiii.l.  ,tn.l  tli.-  i..'-.].!.'  \\«r. 
a.di^in.t;  th.ir  wi.  k.  .1  .lup.n.r.  \. '"■  "i  .",!.riii-  it  .'..m, 
M.  tliat  hv  mi-ht  l-uiM  it  up  a-aiii  m.-r.  iKautilui  than 
hcfoiv,  NtT..  .I.,  lan.l  that  th.'  Chti-tian^  lia.l  hurn.d  tli. 
rilv.     'In  make  it   app.ar   tliat   hv  wa^    inn.Hi'nt.   h.-    1). 


Ak 1     I'l'N    I  \MiM 


jran  torturin-  an.l  kiUin-  thr  Chri^tian^.  IK'  n.vi-ri.! 
Uuir  t).).Hi>  with  tar  an.l  hurnnl  them  at  ni.-rht  a. 
torihf>  in  hi>  ini|HTial  .uar.hii-.  Sunn-  he  wrai.pni  in  the 
>kins  of   wild    l)ca>l>  an.l   threw  thorn  to  do<^>  to  he  torn 

an.l   kilK'd. 

Empire  Becomes  Christian.  The  ni..re  tin-  Christians 
were  per>eeule.i.  the  ni..re  they  inirea>ea  in  numhers.  The 
Romans  had  .  ea>e.l  to  IkFua  e  in  their  old  g.ul^  ;   and  as  the 


("lu  i-tian>  in(Te;i.-eu, 


w  :  :v      »i  i 


♦    1  w»      111    ..tnin'riir    U'h" 

.  .'-I  ....  ....,•>.        ..  T.I 


neet 
riva 


le.l  their  help,     ('onstantine  wa~ 


hard  pressed  by  his 


Is.   and    wished   t..   have   the   Chri.-tians   help   him   to 


'ivw-^w:^^^-^- 


''i>>««' 


iM^sr^ii^^mssn^w-mm'm^^ 


KOMI.   (  i)\t>l  KKlNt.     lill.    W'KI.I) 


.^/ 


-irnvjlhcii  W\-  ^:ri|)  upoti  the  thmnc.  Con-'.iiitiiu-  tluTc- 
^.^,  in.iilc  till'  .r.t-  hi-  -taiuianl,  L'rantnl  tlu  ('liii-li.m- 
.;,Mli)m  (if  V.  ;  !ii|>.  .mil  made  tin  ^aMiatli  .i  <la\  ••!  rr>t. 
I  hi-  l.r..u^lit  thf  Chri-tian-  t"  l.i-  aid.  With  th.  r  iu  l|» 
.;i,|  (nthu-ia--m  hv  triuniphrd  over  lii-  ri\al>.  \ii  1  ii'»\v 
,:!  la-t  ('hri-tiaiiit\  wa>  t<ilriMtt(!  and  <\tii  protf.  trd  l.y 
!.,\s.  and  nuiltitudi-  ot  the  pi. .pit    <|uirki\   a.nj.trd  il. 


Ml 


,     |,.M,itf  Kcnic.     -'.    Il..\\  u.i->  il  i.rnti.ti.l  ^      ;     ilnss  did  Runi.■ 
,•  u.iin  ninr.- 1.  rrii^ry  :'     \.    D.Mrit.i- 111.  i.illniCirih.it:.       =     W  H" 
.  i  i.uilt  ii|'  ('.irlli.it;.-  .'     ''.    Wli.it  did  il-  I. ill  ni;  ,111  t.>  K.inu-  ' 
(, 1,11,1         :.    hiMUs-  till-  t-n.'k  u.iv-  .'I   li\ui;:.     ■<.    WImI   ^^.i"'' 
i.i,,iUi.|  (ir.T.  >•'     u.    Ill  '.vlial  w,i\,  w.i>  di.-  -siip.ri.ir  l.>  Roin.- ' 
Win  w.t.- Konu-  Mf  I.m  ,)n.|iur  <  .n  ,•.  .■  ,^     n.    W  li.it  I'.irl  .>l  <  .r. .  k 
,  !ii/.,ti..n  \va-  ,tl.-,<irl.,-.|  hy  llu-  Ki.niaii-  .'      i  -■     Wli.ii  |..irl  ua-<  l.i>i  ' 
»ti  what  ^;aiii  \v.i>  lhi-'"ii'r't-l  to  K.'in.   '      M     '- '"  a  I.Tlmuit.- 

•  ■.;il..ruiiiatf   tiling   t'.>r   tlu    worl.l    that    Koiiif   ...iiMiund   (.ronc.^ 

W  \)\  'f 
I',  .\ii'i  \- W.'KK       I'l     Wli.it  kin.j.il  man  \va>  I'.imi"  V  '    i;     \\  hit 
,  hi.  .,nihili..:i.^      i>     Wiiat  di.l  lu-  .l..  h.r    the    k..nian   l.mpir,/ 

IliiA  W.I.  lu   ti.m.irfd  ' 

i  >..\k'-  \\..Kk       JO.    Wh.ii  wa-(";i'-ar'-.inihi!i..ii  '      :\      Wli.i.in 

.   hi.  power  ^      .V.    (■..mparc  him  with  I'.iniiK'v,      -S.    Wh.ii    did  In- 

;  :  !n  llu-  K..man  Kmi.iiv;^     :\.    !).■>. tIIh-  hi>  •  .impait^n  in   Kiiti.m. 

\\  hat  lu-ianu-  .)!  (■a'--.ir  "■' 

I  Ml   R,.M\N  Kmi'IKI         :(k    At  tlu- ht-i^'ht  ..!   it-p"^^''- what  wa- th.- 

,  .,!  th.-K..man  Kmpirc:'     :;.    \Vh,it  w.r.- iu  h.^und.iri.-- -^     j.^',    <  >n 

-Mh   h.)undant-.  wa>  thi-r.-  t:r.-a!    lu-id  .-i   pr.)t.-.  ti.ni  ^      -".■     Why' 

liuw  did  R.mu-  pr..t.-.t  lurvll   ir,>ni  th.-  lKirl...riaii.  '      ,i.    'h.w 

!  du-  hoi.l  lur  lan.i  '      ^J.    Why  did  R.ma-  k.rj.  .hilling  h.  r  l.-i-.u. 

•  •-!!  iiiu-  [)!an-  t.i  aiiotlu-r  ■" 

K-\!>-        ;<     What    lu.  d    wa>    ih.  r.    i"V   i:..'.d    rii.nU  '      ;t     \\>'^'- 

, -i    iht  A'  madi- .■'       >.      i"  »'•  ii.ii  n-^'  '"-^ '^ .-  i'- 

,;,i,n,.->w.n-ttK-rea!.mK   tlu-  r..a.l>  .^      C-    H"^^'  'hd   i-o.ph-   tr.iv.-l 
..r   them?     ,vS.    Show    h..w    ihi-y    atloti-.l    liic    ^n»wth   ui    t.r.Mis. 


If 


:« 


■  m^st^-'-r  '-^s^jm^fa^*!- 


0 


yS  I)  WW     ()|        \MJ 


K'K    W    ll|shi«\     |\    1.1  |<(,|.| 


W 


III     K    llir     ( 


l"ur  u,iv  -  III  V.  Iii,  I,   «,,„,,    ,||,|  ,1 
;iii.-.t   inij.Mri  ini   |,|,  ,,_  tli,.t  .| 
I"  rh..|     liMA    .ii,|    |, 


III  .iiHii;;  I.I   kiitts.iiii/iii;;    t) 


K'     Ihl       IT^VIIl 


II'       )i      Uli.,i  .1. 
N'T.  , hi.'       !■      |), 


t  1. 


\  |i!i  I  hihl.,  \i ,  f 


>     till 


rihi'  li,  r 


\iinii    t;r.  .\\   '       I  ,      1 1 


111   nil  III  1 .1111,    iidin   ( .n 


(  -1  rihi    h,  r   |.,v\  h 


ill.    Willi 


r      l»i-ril 


I"!  If     [PI   .,,  1 

i;     Ufi.,! 


•  •  III 


iilu  r  II. 1111 


I   "I'l  '  Miiiitr\   I  ^i,ih 


t^  \\rrr  Ilii n    lol    1 


Hill 


ill' 


A    3-- 


>«* 


»'H&^  'C 


mm.-.'M^m'^  kTi^^k  I  f§ww. 


CHAF'IKK    IFI 

HOW   THE    ROMANS   LIVED 

The  Rom..is  Loved  Beautiful  Things  Inm,  tli.  [r .  ori- 
'  ■  1  uilh  Ihr  II.. I. If  art  an. I  anhit.-.  turr  ..I  tti,-  (.rr.k>  the 
k"iii.'n.  I.arnr.l  i.,  |..v,-  l,.-autilul  thin-s.     Tl„.v  u.rr  m,.,,, 


'i  III       IVri   ■^  (,Kf   I    K       \ 


'  •  '"i  '"I'viM-  ami  iniifatiM.t,'  the  In-autv  ..f  (Jrcvk  art  ■  l.ut 
•'  'Y.  nu.r..|y  ...pyi.m.  lor  thr  Romans  n.v.r  mk  .  .•.■,k.,|  in 
'■""lii'iiii:  inu.li  that  ...uM  he  .allfd  ori^'inal 

Art,  Architecture,  and  Learning.       In  .xCrv  .  it  v  an.l  home 
'•;■'    uirc  <-,iu.at.-.i  (.r,.rk  >lav,...      Th.v  vur.'  tar  ah.,vc• 
^■  '  ir  Knman  ma.trr>  in  l.arnin-  ami  (ultun-.  an.!  th.y  h»- 
'  '"'    ""■  ''ach.Ts  ..f  thr  Roman  y.,uth>.      In  this  wav  the- 
'^"ln^  an.l  art  of  (.rcr  v  vu-rr  s.att.r..!  ov.t  th.-  R;,n,..n 


Uh 


tro\(r    thf    \i(t.)ri<)U>    It-.ri, 


>n>   manhed.   tl 


rrini   ihrsc  wonderful  K'ifi>  <,f  Uic  (irtrks.     And 


the 


J 
ii 


i<J 


40      D.WVX   or    \^fI;RI(•\\    HISTORY   I\    KrROi'K 


A    KvMAN     .Mo.-,M(      l'\,..ULM. 


^f^i^'V-^i^f^f'f 


HOW   Tin;    Rn.M\\>    lj\i;|) 


41 


n.'or.  and  walls,  nol  ..nly  in  puhh^    huiMin.-.  hut  in  the 
tii-t  private  homo. 

Common   Workmen   were    Artists,        Kv.n    ilu    plain,  r 

h-nio    ha.i    thrir    marhic    l)u>ts    ami    >tatuary,    .ni.l    tl„.ir 

v>,.ll>   wcrr  (icorattd   with   >i)k'n<ii(l   i.aintin,i:^   inMr.id   ..I 

.'..ill  papiT.      Ihrrc'  wa>  Muh  an  enormous  puhh'i    (Imian.l 

;t  arti.ti.    thin,u>  that   many  artiM>  w.r.-  n.r.ir.!.      Kvcn 

i!m  <  onimon  pi-opk'  hfcanu- 

L''"i,|    ju(l,m'>    <i|'    art,    and 

I  \(ryi)t)dy     wa>     .ulad      to 

'' !id  a  tomh  of  lH-aut\-  to 

-.vhatcNcr   he  pos>»-.s>f<i. 

1  !ir  (ommon  workmen  and 

M<  I  orators  knew  eiioii^lt  of 

i'l    to  jiaint    copit^  of   fa- 

i'ioii^  pictures  on  the  i)lastcr 

•'.  li!-  ot    the  i)oorer  home> 

tti.it    they   decorated.      \V( 

\!)urirans  are  far,   far  lu- 

■lifid    the    Romans    in    our 

■  =  !iiiit>   to  make  and  to  aj)- 

iTt  1  i.ite  beautiful   thin<:s. 

Roman  Monuments.       What  hook-  .md  printing;  are  to 

-  .irt  and  an  hileeture  were  to  Romans.      I  lu\   recorded 
■n.it  deeds,   not  >o  nnu  h  hy  writing  them  down  in  hooks. 

-  I'>  l)uildin','  mau'iiiluent  an  hes  and  lolumiis  and    moiui- 
'  '  nts  to  eommemorati-  them. 

How  Work  was  Divided.        fn  the  c  iti.s  ihr  p,  ..p|,.  |i\vd 

-  r\  nuK  h  as  we  would  he  liviim  to-da\  il  we  did  ii,,t  know 

■■"lit  steam  and  electric  it\-.      They  divide!  up  tluir  work. 

Niirr    were    mechanics,    erminccTs,    ph\si,  ians.    d,nti-t-. 

'  1' hers,  barbers,  bakers,  and  merchants  an.)  trader-  of  all 


\     k..M>-.     U   M  I      I' 


II 


if 


; 


J  I 


•n- 


Ih 


CSC  trades  a 


nd 


prolessions   were   carried 


on    ()\ 


i>«it,||i«i->«jM'jkll»»Jtai<^UMkwi-  •. 


42       DAWN    01     AMKKK W    H!ST()kV    IN    KlKol'K 


slaves  and   by   men   who   had   oiu r   ]> 
( itizcns  thoufiht  that  all  work  wa>  iinh 


H'pt   that  of  a  law\cr. 


rn   skives.      Roman 
(oniinLT  to  them  e.\- 


an  oftidT.  a  >oldier.  or  the 


master 


ot  an  e>tati'.      K\en  Iea(  hi 
onI\-  hv  dreek  >la\ 


nu  and  mech'eine  were  j)railiced 


es  or  Ireedmen. 


Books  of  the  Romans. 


11 


or  movable  type  in  thoM-  dav 
(o])yin,-:  with  pen  and  ink.      Th 
kej)t  lju>y  makinj,'  new  hook- 


ure  were  no  printing,'  mai  hinc 


-o  al 


ou>anil 


were  made 


l)V 


It  1- 


and 


(Ileal) 


learned      t( 
liook^    w 


t  >la\-es  were  t Inl- 
aid. the\   hecanit 


■e«  au-e 


tl 


le 


'I'V 


ere  >ometim 


es 


>la\-e-^ 
la>t. 
writ- 
ten on  pardiment,  or  >hei>p- 
>kin.  hut  tlux-  were  expen^ixc. 
The  (onimon  material  umcI 
wa>  papyru>. 

How  Paper  was  Made. 
F'aper  wa>  made  from  the  j)ith 


if   th( 
ith 


paj)yru>  plant: 


Tht 


pi  til  wa^  (lit   into  strips,  and 


tlu 


were  plai 


■-ide  l)\   side 


U])on  a  wet  hoard  and  j)asted 
to.Ucther.  .\  second  lax'er  w;-.-.  |)l,i(fd  upon  thi-~  with  the 
strip>  runiiini,'  the  other  way.  Ihoe  two  1 
pre-^si'd   into  paper  and   dried,     'ih 


iMTs  Wire  th 


nine  kind: 


en 


ere   Were    as    man\-    a> 


'I  I>aper.  from  the  he>t  (|Uality  of  letter  jjajur 


o  (omnion  wrappni<i  paper. 


Queer  Books. 


to  make  lonu  rollx.n  whieh  hook 


heets  of  this  j)aper  were  jiasted  tot,'eth 


cr 


.\  hook  roll  wa>  often  a  hundred  feet  I 


s  w«Ti-  written,  in  lolu 


mn^ 


roll  was  held  in  both  hand-,  to  1 


mil.     In  readins:,  tht 


)e  unrolled  hv  one  and  rolled 


illHT, 


le  reader  |)ro.i,Tesse(l 


Writing  Letters   and   Messages.       When   the   Roman.s 


II'iW    Iin;    ROMANS    |,l\|.|) 


4? 


atmU.  nu'ssams  and  Ii-ttfr>  that  tfuy  ,li.I  not  wUh  to  pn  - 

!\v,  thfv  UM'd  tal)lrt>.)r>.|uan>(.i  thin  uood  cowad  wiih 

.•.  •\.     On  thi>   thry  wn.tf  with  a   mrtal  st\  hi>    ihout    thf 

io  "I  a  ptnc  il.  pointed  at  one  ind  h.r  writin;,'  in  the  wax. 

;id  ilat  at  tile  other  for  (■ra>in,u'.  or  >nioothin,«,'  aua\    the 

n.r>.      Several  of  the>e  tahlet-^  made  up  a  letter  an.l'uere 

;-!  to-ether  and  sent  hy  a  nie»en,^ir.      Th*'  >ame  tablets 

..re  u>ed  to  send  hack  a  repK. 

Schools  and   Education.        In   the  early  .lays  of  Rome 
!!:.  r.'  were  no  public  >chool>.      Ihe  sons  of  Romans  were 


W 


An  Oiij  Hum  vn  s<  iidhi.. 


■,'.  1  ri 


nnre.l    privately.      Hut    both    public   and    private   schools 

•  -tablished    later,  in  which    reading',  writin-,  simple 

nilinietic.     and     Latin     literature    w.re     ^-tudi.d.     They 

:  iL'ht     much    public     >peakin-    and     elocution,    because 

■■^    was    neede<l    in    public     life.     A    -ood    speaker    was 

•:c  to  be  in  favor  amon-  the  peo[)le.     Havin-   no  new>- 

i-i-.  ihe  Romans  got   most  of   their   information   from 

in  akers. 


4 

-it 


"^is^m 


^k^ 


44        DAWN    Ol     A.MKKKAX    Hlsr()R\'    I\    I-rRoi'l-: 

Going  Abroad  to  Study.        Ih,.  M.n>  oi  tlu'  wialthy  went 
to  (.nc..-  t..  ,iu,!y.      Ih.'v  l.-arncd  tu  '^juak  (.nrk  as  wtII 
a-  th.ir  nali\.   Latin  lan-ua-r.      Kadi  Ix.y  -.va.  accompanied 
to  and  Iroin  .,  houl  i,y  a  ^lavc  whom  thry  califd  p,;l,!i:oL:„.s. 
K<iii.  atioi)  wa.  t..r  the   Roman  (iti/cn-  only.      Ihc  -.lavt.. 
Iia<l  no  .  l,an( c,  ex. cpt  a  I'fw  promiH'n-  ono  who  were  wantnl 
tor   ,l,rk~.      Above    the   -rammar   x  hooL-   were    the    ^'reat 
uni\-erH'li(-:    one  at    Ronu-.  lamou>  lor  law;    one  at  Alex- 
andria, tamoii.  tor  it>  mediral  >,  hooi ;   and  one  at  .\then>. 
Romans  Loved  a  Good  Time        The  empen^r  -ra.hially 
to..k  the  -owrnment  out  of  the  han.|>  of  the  i)eople,  and 
-Uur  all   w..rk   wa>  .|..ne  l)y  dav.-,   the   koman>  lame  to 
>p*nd  mu.  h  time  in  .imu^'nient^.      in  davtime  thev  miVht 
'"•  lound  at  the  theater,  the  -ames.  in  the  lorum.  ..'r  at  UK- 
hath.. 

Public  Baths.  'Ihe  Romans  l.uilt  ma-nitkent  l)ath> 
in  every  eity  in  the  emp'ire.  By  l.athin-  twiee  a  dav  they 
thou-ht  ;hey  (.,uld  make  two  day>  uvA  of  one.  and  thu> 
'l"ul.le  the  len.L'th  of  th-  ir  live-  Some  took  a.  manv  as  a 
«l«'/«n  l)ath-  in  a  suinme'-'>  day.  with  l)an<|uet>  at  the 
homes  of  friend,  l.etween.  They  could  he  >een  elad  in 
hathin-  eo>tume>  .i:oin,a  j.^ek  and  forth  from  the  homes  of 
triend>  to  the  puhlie  haths. 

Magnificence  and  Comforts  of  Baths.        Ihe  haths  were 
«'l    all    kind>.    some   -imple,  and    som.-   with   everv   pos.-ihle 
luxury.      The   wall,   were  adorned   with   -or-eou.  mo.saio. 
and  water  tlowc  <|  from  >oli,l  -ilver  tap.-  int..  l.aMn>  of  marble. 
Water  was  provide.!  at  all  temperatures.     There  were  room. 
t'T    .gymnasiums,    restaurant.,    libraries,    picture   .Lralleries; 
then-  were  l..unirin,-  n.oms  and  sh..ps  for  the  >ale  of  per 
tiimes.      Then'    were    ma«;niti.ent    private    baths   al.so,    but 
■>)'■  i  ji-jxrwr-  Ireiiuentiy  u.e.i  those  open  to  the  pubh\ 
Kmperor  .Severn,  wa.  ..ften  seen  returning  to  his  palace  in 


^m^ 


*,.,  -rf-^ 


now  Tin;  romw^  i.im.], 


45 


■I'.hvj  .-.wiurm.,  hrarin-  n,,  mark  u,  h\.  ,-.,nk  s.vr  l.i,  purpl.- 

H,v.,  ruhlu.i  ttu.|,u,ii...  ..itiuir  ma.trr^an.lattrru-.nl 

-  ^'   Uh-  iMlh^u,  Kumr.  thai  Mxty  lhou>a.nl  i.n.,,1..  .nul.i  Ik- 


ki  i\^  ny   nil     \, 


.•'  I  111!  i-.,    K.i\if:. 


^"'_  l-r.laily.      Ruin^  u|  th.M.  ^,,K,,.li,l  l.atl,.  hav.-  hcen 
-'•  ''i"'i»r  cv,  IV  ^ky  ihroimhntil   tlu-  cmi.irc. 
City  Water  Systems.       T.,  .upplv  thr-r  ntinurou^  IkHIi.. 
-  '■  vva.  l.mimht  tu  the  ,  itv  hv  -nat  ann-.l..,  ..    .1,......,k 


n\rr-  tluwt'd  i|-,,,„  (j|\( 


r   >y>tcm.     As    the    ball 


ml   iimimtaiti-  int..  the  dtv 


i  I 


in 


i>    mcrra-cd    iti    riuiiihrr    n 


t\v 


4''       DAWN    Ol     AMKRK  W    HIs!(tk\     |\    HKol'l-; 


.■i*|ii((lii(  N  u.  re  lucdnl.  until  tluTc 


\V(  re  at  Ronir  t\Vfiit\- 


in 


I 


thr 
K'liiiaii- 


li'iVU'i-t    hciiiu'  lort\   ri\c   milr^.      Xnthiim  that    the 
Iniilt,   t\((|)t    tlitir   -i)ltn(li(l    nM<l>,    <;i\(>   (Karcr 


prnol    ()|     iluir    L'ltatnc 


aijiinliKt-    wen-    u>u,ill\ 


huilt 


I'rinatli   the  -virtaif;     hut    \s  luii   a    \alk-\ 


\va>   t 


CI      IlL' 


tn.>.M(l.  tln\    u.Tc  -upportid  .m   hu^^i'  >t(>nc  art  In-.. 

ot    whiili    Wire    niurr    than    oni'    hundred    feet    hiirh.      I  h 


-uHic 


tiiniul>  ..I  ^uuif  i>\  tht>f  a.|uc(hu  t>  thrnu^h  \vhi(  h  the  wal.  r 
llowtd  wire  ^(.  lar-c  thai  a  man  nii-ht  ride  thr(.u^rh  them 
on   h.irM-ha.k.      S<.   well   were   tlu-e  a(|U((lu(ts  huilt,  that 


IK'W   alter   nian\- 


many   (cnturie^.  Mime  u|    them   are  -till 


>tan.lin;r.  and  the\    have  hein  rti)aired  mi  a>  t<.  mii)1)1\    tli 


»ity  with  water  In.m  the  lar  .ilY  I 


The  Circus  - 

ran'-  were  held 
in  a  nKxIern  ( ir(  u- 
fiamhled   (in   thtii 

th(lU^ 


Ki>man>  had  their  eirt  us,  wh 


ire  (  haridt 


and  >-ui 


h  leat>  wiTi-   pert 


ormeij    a>  we  mc 


I'.\t  rylxxly  .ittended  the  races.      S 
The   (ireat    Circu-   would    >eat 


onic 


and    lie.i|)le.      Ri,,ts   M.metime>    hmke   nut     1 


len- 


many 
On 


one  Dciasidn  thirty  th 
killed  in  tin   tumult 

Who  Paid  the  Bill.       But  (hari..t  r 


ousand  ridtirs  are  -^dul  to  ha\e  1 


»een 


not  intere>t  the  la/.v  1 


koman  pt'uple 


;reat  amphitheater-  wert'  huilt  wl 


ui>  alter  a  time  dii 
o  entertain  tlu'  moh 


ure  men.  (  alk 


adiat 


or-. 


and  wild  l)ea.>t>  l..u,i:ht  to  the  death.  Ih.-  people  luoktd 
upon  games  as  a  debt  ..wed  them  I.y  the  p.ilitieian.-  and  the 
rulers.  Anyho.ly  who  wished  to  win  I'avor 
|)i-ople  provided  .i^Mme-  <.r  raei'<,  whieh  were  tree  t 
Almost  any  event  served  as  a 
(loubttul  victory  on  the  lar-otT  front 


anion"    the 


o  a! 


n  exi  u>e  for 


th 


em.   e\en  u 


ler- 


Street  Parades. 


S 


ii'lehrate  a   viitorv  and   win   fa 


ometimes  a   general   who  ui-hed   t( 


vor  among   the  [)eopk'  ar 


range<:  !r.r  a  .-pnendid  processiun  in-fore  the  g, 
procession  the  common  people  and  .sold 


ime. 


n  one 


iers  marched  to  tl 


ic 


Kt  M 


II(»\V    im,    ROMANS    I.IMI) 


47 


;iilt,i! 


'"  .in 


Ml  white  (loak^.  t'ollowfii  ]>y  women  and  slaves, 
iiir  wax  tapers  and  iamj)s.  In  the  i.nMes.ion  were  a' 
iii'lre.l  white  oxen,  tw.)  hundred  white  ^heei).  ten  ele- 
iMl..  twelve  hundred  ^I^Kiiators.  and  two  hundred  domes- 
.mimal-.  hoides  troupes  of  ai  tor>.  On  su.  h  o(ea>ions 
■  >ily  took  a  hoh'da\  and  enjoyed  the  >plendid  pageant. 
Wild  Beasts  from  the  End  of  the  Earth.  At  tir^t  only 
id  animals  lou^ht   in   the  amphitheater.     Wild   animals 


ISTKKIOH    OK    TIIK    Col  I>n  «. 


■  'HI  ,  v.Ty  eornerof  the  world  were  turned  loose  to  tear  one 
• '-'Her  t.)  piece...  while  a  hundred  thousand  men  and  women 
-  noh.jay  attire  looked  on.  There  were  lions  an<l  ti«er.. 
".trd.and  elei)hants.  from  the  jungles  of  Alri.a  and  A.ia  ; 
'■'  r,   were  bears  from  the  frozen  north,  and 


■-ea. 


Animals  in  the  Arena 


mon>ters  trom 
Underneath  the  L^reat  aiuDhi- 


it.r  were  cages  for  the  wild  bca.sts.     At 
•s  were  brought  up  on  an  elevator,  the  doo 


a  signal 


tht 


11 


m 


m 


4 


rs  v/ere  thrown 


•'•     tWlw  :• 


l^ 


4S       |)\\\\    <»|     \.Mi  ki(   \\    |||s|(,|<\     |\    |,(  kni'i; 

"I""-  '"I'l  <li«'  .'iiiniiU  Iciprd  nut  int..  the  anna.  Several 
lumdrtd  liun-^  M,ni(linic^  loic  ..iic  annthtr  t..  ]<\v^v-  in  nuv 
-pf.  ta.lc.  Aii-ii-tii-  trIU  u^  that  in  tucnty-M\  cxhihiiiui,, 
^;\<n  l.>  liini.  thirtx  liVr  lunnlrcl  animal-  utn- killed  in  the 
iiiiipliitluat.  r.  <  )n  iinc  ,„  (  a>i(in.  u  lun  tluC  "nliMuni  wax  ..ni- 
|'lrl((i.  Iivr  tlinii^aiid  animal-  were  -lain  in  one  ilay.  The 
(■..li-riin)  u.caid  -cat  many  t  h..u-and  ^pcdatur-.  Ihi- arena 
wa-  larLTdiuimh  h,r  -,\(ral  luiiidnd  animal-  tu  li-ht  at  onr 
tmif.  It  wa-  (M\rrrd  with  -and.  I.iil  iIktc  urrr  water  pipr^ 
IxiuMth.  and  it  .ciild  he  llucded  l^r  nmn-tir-  of  tlie  ocean, 
or  lor  na\al  TiLilit-. 

Men  and  Beasts  Fight.  Hut  the  wor-t  (..mhat-  of  the 
;im|)hitlieat(r  were  iho-e  of  nun  —  tdadiator-  they  lalled 
them.  (dadiator>  were  u-uall\-  -la\t'-.  laptive-.  or  i  rim- 
II!. d-.  Sometime-  e\en  Roman  .  iti/.n-  entend  thi-  arena 
tor  mone\ .  hut  1)\-  -o  doin.^  tluy  lo-t  (heir  -tandini;  anionu 
re-pe(tal)le  peo|)|e.  I'litojil  inimhcr-  of  men  wiTe  killed 
in  thex'  (omhat-.  .\fter  one  i:reat  Roman  viitorv.  ^ame> 
and  shows  (ontinued  lor  one  humlred  and  twenty-three 
day>,  in  which  eleven  thou-and  animal-  of  diflerent  kinds 
Wire  killed  and  ten  thou.-an<l  .gladiator-  fought.  Some- 
time- the  men  fouidit  hea-t-.  hut  the  .Lrla<liator>  also  fought 
with  one  another, 

Thumbs  Down.  He  Dies.  Tiie  gladiator-  at  lir-l  foutdit 
a  -ham  liattle  with  wooden  -word-,  and  then  at  a  sjirnal 
•  >f  the  trumpet,  they  took  up  their  -teel  armor  and  ru-hed 
at  each  other  with  the  -harju-t  -word-.  Idiev  fought  until 
one  lowered  hi-  arm-  a-  a  -iirn  that  he  wa-  \an(jui>hed, 
1  he  \  it  tor  tluii  turned  to  the  -jx'itator-  'o  I, now  if  the\ 
wi-hed  him  to  -pare  the  life  of  hi-  ojipoiienl.  If  the  >pe. 
tator- wi-hed  the  man  to  he  -lain.  the\  turne.i  their  thunih- 
down;  if  they  wi-hed  him  to  I.e  -pared,  they  turnc-d  th.ir 
thuml..-  up.     After  each,  lomhal.  wlutlur  of  hea-lsor  nn 'i 


II"  >\\  nil.  k(i\i  \\s  i,i\  II) 


49 


r~  (iitirtd  the  jfciia  with  ln.uk-  ninl  (Ir.iLrmd  out   llu- 
■  :'!   A\\>\   [\u<-r   niiirt.ill\    uniuiiUil. 

I  hire  wrrc  mIi..,,!^   |.,r   llu-  tniiiiiii-  .-f  th.-c  -I.uii.iturs, 

' :"  vMTf  ii!  L'ic.it  (Icni.m.I  in  i\(r\   l.irm-  (it\  <,\  {Ua\  Lirtat 

i'iir       >i'in<tiim-^  alltr  a  L'ladiatnr  lia<l  killtil  hi-  oj.po- 

u\  ill  uiu-  (umliat  alter  another.  h<  ua-  ^'i\in  hi-  Irtidnm. 

\    '   "iil\    (it\    |»c..[.|r  attiiiiltd   thi-c  lmiik-.   I.ut    (Mimtrv 


i''"l>l*   tor  miio  around  (aim-  tl.x  kint;  \,y  the  thousands  to 
''i'  "1.  :i-  l)c..i)K-  do  nowaday-  to  a  l.a^uc  hall   -amt-  or  to 

■  i"   (  iri  U-. 

The  Scramble  for  Tickets,  -  At  the  do-,.  ,,f  tht-t-  -tate 
.  ^Mu-.  prc-rnt-  were  .^'ivrn  to  the  (oinnion  pc-oplr.  Xcro, 
"■'  "lie  (Hca>ion,  threw  tidtl-  lor  all  -ort-  of  thinir-  into 
'    '■  1  rowd  for   it  to  -(raml.le  for.      riier..-  were  !i=L-,-«<  f:- 


II,  for  arti(  le-  of  f(.od.  for  hird-.  f 


li(ket-  for  hor- 


or  nioruw  pearl-,  pii - 


I--,  eow.-.  -hip-,  and  even  for  I 


lou.^cs 


■  "•  '   l,^ 

1  i 

1 

,  1 

1  ' 

i     .• 

M 

'  t 

j 

Y 

f 

i 

i 

>                    5 

-                   J 

rllilif"- 


n^*^l!m,>--^l 


^i^mmM 


DAWN    OV    AMFRICW    fllSToRV    IN    I  IROPK 


ami  latKU.  'I'Iktc  \va>  a  tiTrihlc  m  ramble  for  them,  aiiii 
tiiany  win-  hurt.  Kojhi  tahk'  folk  u>uall>  went  liDinc  l»t - 
tore  the  (ii-.tril»iiti(in  l)c;.'an. 

Rome's  Greatest  Evil.  Mut  the  (mwiiinj:  cmI  of  tlusc 
l.itir  l\iiniaii->  ua>  luiruan  >lavfry.  Soiiu'  .^la\(^  tlii'V  oli 
laiiifd  hy  war.  >omc  l)\-  way  of  pumMimtnt  for  (rime,  am! 
>oiiic  Wire  horn  in  >la\try.  ( )n  onr  o((a-ioii  tt-n  thou- 
.^a^(l  were  l)oii;:lit  in  a  >in^'lf  <la\-  on  the  i->lan(l  <»f  Dclo-. 
l-JU'niits  of  koine  who  surrenflen-d  'villin^'ly  were  allowiil 
their  fre((|oni,  hut  thox-  who  were  taken  in  the  lield  or 
whili'  >tonnin!:  iitie>  were  .^oM  at  auction.  .\lt<r  the  tai)- 
ture  of  Jeru>alem.  TitUs  M)i(l  ninety-seven  th<)U>an(l  Jews 
into  >la\er\ . 

Large  Number  of  Slaves.  The  Roman  s!ave>  were  not 
(lull,  ileiirailed  >a\a.u'e>  <ir  ne^-roe>.  Thi-N  were  white  men, 
anil  often  hi<,'hl\  eduiated.  Man\-  of  them  were  superior 
e\-en  to  tluir  ma>ters  in  learninj,'  and  culture.  They 
hront,dit  prii  cs  ranj^in^  from  S25  for  a  common  drudge  to 
.'^io.ooo  for  a  line  cook,  a  steward,  or  a  elown.  Tlu'  number 
of  slaws  in  Rome  and  Italy  was  \-ery  lar^e.  Some  rich 
Romans  had  >everal  thousands  so  many  that  they  did 
not  e\en  know  their  names. 

Indoor  Work  of  Slaves.  Slaves  waited  at  t''  le.  Some 
put  (he  plates  in  ordir.  some  ^ave  the  ^;ue>t>  water  and 
towels  to  wash  and  wipe  their  hands,  some  serxcd  the  brc-ad. 
some  brought  in  the  food  and  set  tlie  eups,  some  carxid, 
and  >ome  served  wine-.  In  hot  weather  sla\es  cooled  the 
room  with  fans  and  drove  away  the  (lies.  There  were 
slaves  to  dres->  the  hair.  i«thers  for  sliaNin.-; ;  slaves  for 
cutting  the  nails,  and  >laves  to  put  on  the  master's  >hoe.-. 
Kvery  threat  household  had  its  physicians.  arti>ts.  socre 
taries,  librarians,  copyists;  its  teaehers.  readers,  author-, 
and  philo.suphers ;  and  they  were  all  slaves. 


•lsiL^i-ll=Jk*.w«A.^3-L-jr' 


nn\v  im:  rom  ws  i.ivkd 


I 


On  the  Street.  W'lu  ii  ma^ttr>  wcri  iii\  itt  ■!  .uit  to  tliiic. 
•  '  i\r>  ( .irriid  tlitir  >li|>|«i^  .iinl  nttur  >irti«  '  ^  .it  .lrt»  tlhil 
.'.'!(  luiilfd.  Ill  lluir  u.ilk^  .iliinit  ifir  ui\  «  .u  h  ni,i-tt  r 
h.iil  a  -la\  f  to  t(  II  him  '11  ajjpro.n  ItinL'  .11 1  jii.iintaiK  t-  .iinl  ti> 
u'li'jHT  thfir  iianu>  in  lii>  car. 

Other  'York  of  Slaves.  NOt  (ni!\  diii  ^laxi^  do  all  1'  .• 
:  'lilt- til  work,  hut  tlu  _\  wm-  cmplowd  in  trader  and  niaiui 
liiti.ric".  and  tlifv  rai-^ctl  the  iro|>^  and  Nmk  tan-  ot"  tin 
.ii.il  otatf^.  I  Ih'V  wtn-  promoted  atcordini,'  to  l,.h,i\ior 
::'ini  ~U(  h  po-.ition>  a>  that  ot"  drud^T  1  •  loninion  --Lim-  in 
i.'Uii  to  that  ot'  o\frs(rr  iii  thi'  countrw  In  tlic  latt  r  i\.\\> 
'I  the  tnipirc  >la\i>  u<rc-  cmployrd  on  puhlir  \v.  rk>,  ^m  h 
.;-  liuililin^  l)ri(l^'i>,  ilianinj.;  >c\V(  r^,  and  kiTpin^r  up  the 

.!MUc(Uu  t>. 

How  Slaves  were  Treated.  Siavts  \vt  re  not  allowid  to 
\'.'  ar  the  ilothini,'  ot  trn-  liti/i-ns.  hut  mu^t  drf»  aicorilint; 
I"  law  M)  that  they  lould  hi  (•a>ily  n  ro^ni/cd.  'Ihcv  wtrt- 
ii<it  allowed  to  marry.  '  >n  tht-  ^rcat  e>tate>  it  wa.s  ditlirull 
I"  o\(r>fi'  .so  many  and  keep  thi'in  from  runnin<^  .iwa\-.  So 
tiny  Were  (  haincd  to;,'ttlur  while  they  toiled  in  the  tiild> 
.'■u<\  while  tiny  >lej)t.  'I'lu'  master  had  ahsolute  power  over 
till  111.  ju>t  a>  though  they  wc-re  his  cattle,  ile  mi-^ht  whij) 
liuni  or  put  them  to  death.  The  lommun  punishment 
\' .I-  with  the  la>h,  hut  they  were  xmietimes  liranded  on  the 
!"ritu,id  with  a  red-hot   iron.     Sometimes  tliev  were  ^hut 

!'  in  a  workhou-^i'  and  made  to  turn  a  mill  for  ^rindiny 
I  rn.  When  >lave>  were  heaten.  they  were  sometime^  -^us- 
:"iidnl.  and  a  weight  tied  to  the  feet  so  they  miuht   not 

'mdi.  In  ease  they  were  to  he  killed,  they  were  usually 
•' liied  to  a  ero>s.     There  were,  however,  man\   ^'ood  ma>- 

'  'i.iMd   their  freedom.     Cieero   >aid   that   a  diligent    .s|a\e 
'  "'lid  earn  enough  in  si.\  vi-ars  to  heeome  a  free  man. 


ill 

m 


■•■ 


■.iii 


"^m  ^^jSF 


%*».* 


w  ,  ^^  iQi 


.'       I»\\V\    ni      WIIKICW    III-^loRN     IN    IlKnIM. 


Later  Romans  Lazy  and  Worthless         I  h-  «  ail>  Uoiii.m 
li\.<l  [.lire  ;i!ul  -iinplr  li\r-      >u  l.r.i\c  ,iii<l  luliiuti.    wi  r. 
llit\,  a-   \uu   h.ixr  n,id.   lli.it    tli<\    lui.iinr  ni.i-lrr-.  <>\   \\\' 
\vli..|r  (i\ili/.il  uurM       Hut   nnw  allrr  in,iii>   (cnUirir^.  tin 
l.itrr  K-ini.m-  u<  n    litomiiiii;    l,i/\  .  witkrd,  ami  unrlhlt— . 
'Ihrv  ln\f.|  |i|r.i-iir.   an. I  anuiM  iiu  lit-,  aii'l  wcrr  m.irf  <ai;.  r 
for  wtaltli  and   lii-h   ->hu[\    than   I'.r  hnii..r  ami  l)ra\tr\. 


Later  Romans  Neither  Work  nor  Fight.  Not  only  did 
the  latiT  Roman-  load  ill  tluir  work  upon  -la\«-,  hut  now 
at  la>t  tluy  would  luitlur  luK-  tluir  i..unlr>  will,  nor  would 
tlu\-  I'luht  to  proliH  t  it  I'roiii  tlu'  harharian-.  I  he  cmpirr 
had  hfi onu-  a  mrrc  >lu'll.  ( )n  k'WVV  -id.-  -avatrt'  lionK-  wiTr 
hnakin,-,'  in  to  roh.  1o  nuirdcr.  and  to  burn  \Vh>  did  not 
the  k<.nian-  call  out  a  mi,L:lit>-  arniw  a■^  tlu>    ha.l  doiu'  in 

J  .    .  .  .    .         •    •       t  I*  .-    ,  I  ,  -Ix        r  ■    •!'.■•     •»-.* 

IIU'  oidfll  (ia\  >.  alHi   iloiii   i  ill    iiiU  Oi    1  lir  i".".  o  ,  ,  .  ;■■  •    -w  ;  ;:.;;    !!•■• 

a  (.rriuan  >hi)uld  .--i-t  toot  a  in..-,  it  :■'      Ihi    Konian>  were  no 
lon-cT  willin-  to  do  thi-.  hri  au-c  tin  y  i^njoyid  lil\'  m.  nnu  h 


C-  ^t- 


now     IIIK    K()M\^^    I.IMI)  5^ 

ill  their  th^•at^■r^,  their  tin  u>e>.  their  halh^.  .iml  their  he.iu- 
linii  \illii>  in  the  luuritrv  nr  .it  thi'  M-.i^hurt ,  lh.it  they  no 
i.iii'jer  t.ireil  to  ^'o  into  tlie  .inny.  So  worlhle-.>  were  they. 
ill, it  thi  \  had  tea>e(l  to  love  their  t  omitr\  .iml  their  Komaii 
i.ii.'|t>  eiioiiLih  to  li^ht  tor  theni  In>teail  tlu\  ])relerreil 
Im  hire  Miine  otie  el>e  to  ilo  their  li-jhtinu. 

Young  Men  Avoid  the  Army  11. e  ;;o\ernmtiit  rai-td 
I'le  pa\  oi"  soldier^  until  all  tlu'  iinniey  in  the  tre,i>ur\  w.i^ 
i^.iiie.  hojtin^  to  ni.ike  the  >oldier'>  lite  attr.ntixt  to  _\oiini: 
l\MMi.in-.  I.ati(U  wen-  uixcn  to  the  \i'ter.in>.  and  other 
ii\iir->  xhown  to  soldier>;  hut  all  thi>  tailed  to  dr.iw  the 
!'/.\  Konian>  into  the  army.  Then  Ia\v>  \ver»'  in.ule.  jori 
i!i_'  e\try  Roman  proprittor  either  to  ^o  hiniM-ll'.  to  hire  .i 
-  ih-<titute,  or  to  pa\  a  lu-a\y  liiu'  oi'  iorty  two  piii  es  oi 
it\(r.  liut  man\'  of  the  )oun^'  men  ot'  It.ily  i  ho-e  to  (  ut 
■  i!!  the  lin^jer^  ol'  their  ri^dit  hand  m»  tluit  the_\  <  ould  not 
'i.ijd  their  wiapon>  rather  than  enter  the  army. 

Who  the  Hired  Soldiers  Were.       So  the  only  tiling'  to  do 

■■. .i>  to  hiri'  >oldier>.  and  tin-  lu-^t  >oldiers  to  he  hired  wen' 

';;r  (ierman>.     "'   Ihey  did  not   ha\f  to  a^k   lea\"e  ot   an\ 

!  iler;    often  tlu-\'  lame.  ruler>  and  all.  aero>>  the  Ixirdir. 

i!id   hired   tlu-mM'lvis  for  money  to  the   Roman   L;eneraU. 

Ii  in.tttered  littli-  if  they  were  then  employe<l  to  Iil^Iu  a<..Min  4 

lilt  ir  own  brothers.      They  t'arned  their  pa\ .  >aw  the  world. 

!'id  went  home  to  till  the  ears  and  the  e\is  of  their  kin>men 

■  ith  the  wonderful  story  of  the  precious  >poils  of  Rome. 

'  •!.  thev  staved  in  the  arm\-,  and  rose  to  hi;,'h  position>.  >o 

;•  Mt  from  the  fourth  century  on.  we  lind  the  very  hi^he^t 

'-l>  in   the  army  and  in  the  ),'overnnu-nt   tilled  by   men 

iio-e  fathers  lived  the  life  of  thi-  (ierman  barbarian."' 

Love  of  Kin         f'he-e  b;irharip.ns  hei  ame  evtry  <lay  more 

lii^'erous  Id  Rome,     (ioths  and  other  (krmaiis  were  en- 

i!ed  in  the  legions  and  given  pkuer>  of  high  eommand. 


JVf'^'. 


5» 


|)\\V\    OF    AMKKK   \N    IlI^inKV    IN    KlKOl'K 


Thcv  (iftt-n  inv 


itfd  thtir  wililcr  nl;iti\f>  to  k'HH'  oxtT  and 


plumltr  Ki>niiin  jtrox  inn-,  a 


n( 


1  then  inaiiajii-d  to  Ut  them 


c'siapc  unhurt. 

Taxes.  It  took  x)  nnuh  liuM  to  pay  thf  Ic^ion^^  of 
solihtTs.aiid  -^Uih  a  va>t  amount  il"  money  to  run  the  ^ovirii- 
menl  witli  il>  ho>t  ot  di>hoiu-t  ollit  er-  and  it-  (o-tiy  -ho\\>. 
that  the  ta\e>  ate  up  everythin-;  that  the  farmer-  made 
FarmiT>  preferri'd  to  heeomo  In-^^ar-  rather  tlian  to  toil 
hard  in   the  heat   of  tlie  day.  and   then   to  >ee  every 


thini! 


sna 


t.h 


e<l 


Irom 


them  for  ta\e 


Thev  lo-t  intiTe-t  in  larm- 


i\v'  and  al)U-e' 


thi 


-oi 


I,      The  worn-oul  farm-  were  tinall> 


al)andone<l.      Iie^^ar-  inc  rea-ed  hy   the  thou-and-  and  he 
came  -ui  h  a  daniitr  that    tht    <:overnment    had   to  furni-h 
them  with  fr(c  lorri  to  prevent  trouhle,  l)e-i(h-  entertain- 
MVj    t'HMii    with    eo-tly    -hows.     Conihtion-    wire    ^rowinj: 
wor-e  ewry   year. 

A  New  Way  to  get  Money.        Vhv  Roman-  had  for<;olten 
When  ta\e-  failed  to  hrini:  in  money  enouizh. 


o.v  111  rule 


the  wort  hie— I'lnperor  di'\i-(d  a  new  wa\ 


W 


ealth>'  peo|)le 


were  put  to  death  hy  the  wieke.l  Wro  -o  that  he  mi.i^ht  have 
their  moiu  V  He  built  hi-  (iold<n  Hou-e  hy  eau-in-:  the 
death  ol  rieh  men  and  takin-i  their  pn.pt  rty.  He  ordered 
hi-  old   tiaeher,  Siiuca,   to  (onuuit   -uii  ide   for   thi-   very 


)urp 


Tax  Dodgers  and  Taxgatherers. 


-o  w 


iiked.   tluir   oIlHer-.   Ii\ 


thi 


we  I  a 


II 


th 


em. 


iiralt 


Kii  h   men   I 


;>a\ 


w 


Kit    mone\    w 


When  the  ruler-  were 
hundred,  praetiicd  what 
that  i-.  took  mones  that  (Hd  not  heloni;  tn 
lodged   ta\e-:    ami   the  i)oor  eould  not 
a-  turned  in  from   taxi'-  wa-  lar<;el\ 


tolell 


!t\   the  taxeatherer-.  wi\< 


auK 


~o  nunuTou-,  thai 


It   w.i-  -ai<l 


that    tliere   wt 


.l\rr-. 


r^■   more   taxi:atherer-   than   tax 
So  the  emj>in  eould  neither  -et  nu'ii  to  liiiht  for  ii 


no 


r  niiine\  u<  |>.i\   il- 


ileii 


t-.      I'he  Roman  en.pire  wa- 


now 


now   TIIF   ROMAN'S   I.I\'FD 


■X 


V: 

I  I 

Hi 


-  i  t 

;' ' 
i 

f 

mam  :-j± 

-■■> 

esi*  vsrs'.'os.^eMrTwr  STz^'iM'-  ■■'♦'■ 


:6       DAWN    ( )l     AMKRICAN    m>lOkV    IN    Kl  KorK 


IK)  iDiiircr  tit  to  live 


'  Like  ;!n  old  trtc,  \vh<»->»-  rvt-ry  root 
l((avi.l.  it  <li(l  not  tall  Mmply  Incau^r  the  >torm  had  not 


i>  < 


Vft  conic 


The  Shell  is  Broken.  Hut  now  >\varnis  of  barbarian-, 
were  >weci)in,L;  over  the  frontiers.  |-;ver>  where  tliey  touml 
an  «a-v  vii  tor>  and  woniU'rful  >i)oil>.  rrii>e  alter  tribi' 
followed  until  the>  took  i)o-,M-^>ion  of  the  ^rcAi  Roman 
empire  and  ma<le  it  llu'ir  own. 


I     Dfs.  ril 

iiiiiiilinj;>.  ar 


(^)Li;sri()Ns 

tlu-  lnMUlifui  iiiiiir,ition>  u« 


,1  ill  ihf  h(imcs.  [) 


uhli 


ll   >tl\cl>. 


Whn  ili'i  tlii>  iji'i'iratinj; 


What  w. 


llic  iiilliunu' uiMiu  the  |>.(.i)l<- "      I     \\  In  ii 


What  <»  cuji.itioii-  c!i<l  tile  penplf  h 


l)<)i)k> 


Dixrilii-    till'    Rniiian    i-iikt. 


liii(i|<.     I). 


\N 


ll  I       U( 


re     tlu-     ti-a<h<-r> 


have  uc  like  (iecnratiou-.  ' 

'     <t     Di-Ncritu-  the  Kotiiaii 

S.    Di'xritx.-    the    Rtunan 

10     What     \va>     tauj;lu  •■ 


Willi  wen-  the  >pca 


i;ir>  "      \:     Of  what   iiii|H)rtaiu  e  wi-re  thi-y 


Win 


1  \ 

Ml  U 


l{ 


ii-A'  \va>  It  ^iTi-ai 


ChriMianity    hnmnht     into    the    Knnian     i'.inpin^ 
;.    lliiw  ami  ^vhv  wirt-  thr  Chri^li.ci--  per 


li-(l  ;'      i().    When  dill  the  enipi 


re  tun.  Christian 


I'ell  tour 


\va\s  in 


whi.  n  Christi.inilv  raises  the  civilization  ot  a  lonntry 


.\MtSl.MlM>  1 


s.    Dt-Mrilio   the   circu> 


H). 


1) 


t'-M  riliv 


raik- 


JO. 


1). 


ri!)c  the  arena 


I'ikIiIj 


M  ,    Who  \M-r;-  llu-  ^'la 


the    pa- 

liator>  ' 


What    ilo  \ou 


think 


\va~.  I 


he  el'fei  t    ol    tlli--e   .uiiUm  inelU^    upo 


tl 


If    peojiie  ' 
^iipjily  tnnu-  irom 


DeMTihe    the    liatii.-..      J.4.    Where    diil    the    witter 


Si,  WIS 


Win  iliil  tin   Romans  liave  >l,i 


tlu  V  m 


t  th 


n 


wliat  I  la>s  ot  i)eopii 


jS.    \\  hat  work  ilid  the\'  iji 


ll 


t  p 

oW  Wl 


iliil 


:(>.    Where  ili'l 
>lave>  helonu  " 


rt-  thev  treated 


Ih 


a\i->  >;ooii 


tor  tlu-  Roiii.in^ 


Wl 


IV  ^     o 


r.  whs   not 


R.iMl    \\  1  AKIM  I) 


\\h\  did  Roini-  hire  -.ojilitT^ 


did  >he  hire  them  ^      Vt     H"w  did   >lu    rai-e  moiuy   to  pay 


What  w,i^   the  elfect  ol'  hiring  soldier-  upon  Rome 


Weil 


When 

them  ' 

Wha! 


;S.     ( ii\  t-  lice  1  au- 


ua^    the    lie^i^ar 

li'-^Har  I  lass 

wa-.    the   nreale>t    caUM-  ^      \c 

compared'     .41.    What    w.i- 


How     did      RolIU- 


mir     to     lia\e      1 


■>  t-ii  Ronii 


ikiu 


Wh 


AJl.C     1-.    tile    \M 


akne>^   ot    Rom 


llu-    >tiirm 


.)j.    Why    did     Rom 


i;     liivi-as  man>   re.i^oii-,  .i  -  >  ou  can. 


{■HAPTKF    IV 

BARBARIANS   DESTROYING   THE    EMPIRE 

Fleeing  from  the  Huns.  Vhv  \Vi>t  'l<>(h>.  a  tritx-  of 
I '  ut'iii^  who  1 1  writ  iiloni:  the  north  hank  of  the  I  )aiuil)r.  near 
t!.r  Hla(  k  Sra.  wiTc  Inin^'  <lri\tii  Miuthwanl  hy  horde-  ot 
-;\.iu'f  IIuii-.  In  the  year  of  ;;>  the  (iolii>.  lanicdowii  to 
t!i<  !)ank  of  the  river  and  htL'.m'ii  the  Roman-  to  let  tliein 
I  'I--  o\(r  into  the  empire  for  >afety  from  their  >a\a.L:e  ene- 

Who  the  Huns  Were.       The  Hun-  were  frightful  little 

i;  •  n  who  -wept  over  the  eountr\-  like  a  whirlwind.  leaxitiLi 

.■nl\   di-truetion  behind  them.      I'heir  hair  w>i-  worn  lon<j 

.."A   tieij   into  a  knot    hehind.       I'heir   no-e-  were  -o  niu<h 

!irni<|    up  that    the   friizhtt'neil    Roman-   f.iiK  ied   the\    had 

"  .'hinu  hut   two  hole-  in  the  middle  of  their  lati'-.      I'he 

'.•til-  -aid  the  Hun-  were  t  hildren  of  witi  he-  and  demon^, 

•''   il  llie\   were  pitz-eyed.  hidiou-  heiiiL'-,  with  laki-  in-tead 

■  ill  (•-,  wearing  "  rat -kin  «  ap-.  armed  with  arrow-  tipjxil 

;'h  hour,  and  !a--o-  <tf  (oril;    eatin.i:.  marketing,  -leepini: 

'       hor-eha',  k,   -o   txrown   into   tlu'   -addle   that    the\    (ouM 

;di\    walk  in  their  huu'e  iioot-"      With  them  wen-  tribe- 

''■>  painted    t!ieir  hn'r  and   -kin   blue,  other-  who  i  arried 

i<  ;d-  made  of  hor-t  -■  hoof-,  and  dei  keil  their  hor-e-  with 

■11, m    -talp-;    and    -Mil   oth.er-.  armed    with    -(ytht-   and 

•    pped    in    ( lo.ik-   of    huiiKM.    -kin.      So    liene    were   the-i' 

•L'e  Hun-  that  nothing  eould  re-i-t  their  wild  >  h;!r;re-. 
The  Goths  at  School.        The  We-t   (..ith-.  or  \i-iL'oth-, 
•  Wire  now  -eekiiiL'  entr.uKe  into  th''  empire,  were  by 


It! 


I 

it 
i! 


.« 


i;  r 


cS        I»\\VN    (>1      \M1;KI(  AN    III^IOKN     IN    UROI'i: 


H\kH\Kl\\>    l)l,>l  K()MN(;     rilK    l.Ml'IkK 


><) 


.  i!itii'ii!   ['.irtliciiun.  tlir  tna^uri'  house  of  drfck  art.  aiiil 
;   !.i  ht  rn  iiri\  fii  mil  with  liitlh  uit  \ .      In  all  1  hi-  (  utitai  t  with 
I;  'Hiaii  Ht(  .  thfv  liad  -rcii  ami  iiariicil  main   thiiii:>. 
Goths  Make  Good  Promises.       riu- W  r-t  (i<>th- lia<l  cmii 

•    '  ivt  <1  ( "liri-tian  nii--i()narif>  an»!  !it(  v)nif.  after  a  fa-liioii. 
i   :!ii~tia!i-.     'i'h(>'  were  iMw  a>kiiiu'  the  (■hri>tiaii  kiiniaii- 

'■  ret  ri\f  them  a-  hnithrr-  aivl  t..  prntcc  t  thtiu  fnim  htiiiu 


I        ■,     1  W  .  I\i'l'l  K     \\1>     111,       li.i-K'-  \-!i     \Ii\-l       ■,.►'. !■■      111!      -ik\ll 

r  tu  jiiiM-  i)y  the  -a\a.ui-  Hun-       The)   [ironii-cil  that   if 

were    permitted    ti;    iDine    air<i--    into   the   etlljiiri'.   thr\ 
'  ,1'i  l)ei  oiiif  peaccahlt    .111(1  loyal    Koiuan-  aini   join    their 

;.    t.;  that   of  tile  emptr.  if 
Thf-  Emperor  Gives  Permission        In-    Roman  emperor. 
-'    lapilil.  -iiiie  the  (la_\        i   < '.  .n-i.uitinc  had   lietn  at 
■  -t.inl  iiioplc.    hesitated    a     atlii     lo    admit     -o    ni'ar    hi^ 


-Ui  h    a    multitude    ot    harharian-. 


loV.iAcr       -lilt*.- 


If 


6o       l)\\\N    Ol     AMl.KU  AN    lli>r<)KN     IN    KIROIM-; 


hv.  ti>t>.  (Inadiil   the  llim^  ami   luiiltd   niun'  -oldii-r-.  lit- 
allusvfd  tlitin  to  <  nine  omt.      Hut  tlu\   wcrf  loncd  tu  ^'i\f 


up  their  anu^ 


im 


1  to  (lili\*T  the  I  hililrcu  o|'  tluir  >  hiritain 


to   the    Koinaii-   to   l)r  fdu(atcil. 
The  Goths  Inside  the  Empire.       M 


mv  (lax-  wtTi'  ron- 


■^Ullli'( 


1  in  jzcttiui,'  tlic  nuiititudi'^ot'  (ioth>  a»  ro--  tlu'  Daiiuhc 


So  i:rtat  \va>  llu'ir 


wliii  h  i-.  at  that  luiint,  oxer  a  inilr  widr 
numhcr  tliat  tho>f  who  wen-  -ft  to  (ouut  tlutn  .lmm  up  in 
dopair.  In(Iu(hn,ii  nun.  wonun.  and  »  hildnii  thi'>-  wtTi- 
-aid  to  \>v  a  million  >tron<,'.  Thtv  jzavc  up  tluir  .  hiMrcn. 
hut  hrihtil  the  (  orrujjt  Konian  ot'lK  iT-  to  Id  thiin  ketj)  tluir 
l)flo\((l  \via|)on-. 

The  Greedy  Roman  Governors  Laiul  \va-  Mt  apart 
tor  'lu'  (iotli-.  hut  food  hail  to  he  turni-hfd  tlutn  tor  a  linu' 
unlil  tlu'\  1  ould  I  ulti\at.'  tluir  laiul  ami  rai-r  a  i  roj).  TTu- 
luii(!>  -cut  h\-  tlu'  tinjuror  to  hu\  thctn  food  were  poikitt-d 
h\  thf  ur<fd\  and  lorrupt  Roman  ir'>\friu>r-  who,  in-tiad. 
-old  tiu'  -tarvin.iz  (.oth-  i\o'j.  tlt,>h  at  ttrrihlc  i)riir-.  Kor 
,t  littlf  ^ood  meat  tlu'\  rharL'rd  the  (itrman>  outra.m'ou- 
-urn-  When  tluir  nu)iu\  wa-  all  uonc,  tlu'  (ioth>  had  to 
M'll  tluir  (hildriu  into  -laxrry  or  -tar\r. 

Whilr  thf  Roman-  were  ot'f  uuard  alon.i:  thf  Danuhc.  thf 
fntirf  nation  of  iia-t  ( ioth- da-hedaf  ro--  tlu-  rivtrhourularx . 
arm-  in  haiul.  and  diniandfd  for  thfm>fl\f>  tlu-  >amf  fa\(>r- 
that    hail    hffU   izrantcd    their  kin-nu-n. 

Goths  and  Romans  at  War  Ihi-  fueouraiifd  tlu'  Wc-t 
(,oth-.  who  rf-olvfd  to  ciulurf  thf  ill  tnatnunt  ol  the  Ro 

)rt  time   thfV  eanu-  to  hlow-  witl'. 


m.m-  no  lonL'fr 


th 


f   Koman  -oh 


hf'-.Mn. 


arnu'il 


In  a  -hort  tune   t!u-y  ea 
lifr-.  thf  w.ir  ( r\-  wa>  rai-fd,  aiul  li^htinu 
(1(  i\atfd   thf    Roman-   and 


niiuht\-   (ifrman- 


tluiii-fKi-  with   thf   Wf.ii)on-  of   thf  -lain.     'Hun 


rt(o\frfii  -o 


nu  ol 


tluir  (hildrfU.  who  told  drfadful  tale 


hou    'hfV  had  hffii  trfati-d,  anil  llu'  maiUlfUfil  dolh.^  ri 


HAkHAkiws  i)i;>ik(»\iN(.  mi.  i.miiki. 


(>\ 


■  I  to  have  rcxctiLic.      I'hcy  \vt  nl  .iImhiI  killing'.  i>luri<l<r- 


iitiL;  .ili\f,   riot 


i   -•.  ,iii<l  i)uriiiii;;.      It    i\  >,iir|   ttuy   Ictt    iioil 

.  .Ml  the  lHM^t>  oi  the  luM.      |{raml.l»>  aiul  tliiikil- 


-ottll 


A     up    whiri' 


I     II. K 


I  l)«iti  fair 


I-  and  urowiiiij 


Risking  All  on 
One    Battle. 

I      pi  for     \alcii-> 

.     I  li  !■  r  t'  (1    h  i  .s 

•  I  -.    (  aiiir    out 

•Ml     hi>    wallfd 


II-.  ami   n 


^ktii 


I  r\  thiuji  u|)on 
'  L-Ttat  piti  lu'd 
''  'ilr  in  tlu-opt'ii, 
1;;,  t)attii-  took 
;  '  •■'  (•    near   AiJri- 

.   '..iplr      !S7-^'- 
i  ','    rlllprror  lo-t. 


iLrht 


nofM' 


luil     hi'lori' 

loiii:  ianns 
lira\  y  >\vor(l> 
ilir      (iothic 


-I  null,   who 
lurncd     on 

Iv"niaii  loot  -oidiiT^.  broke  their  rank-,  and  put  th<in 
'■'  I  wo  third-  ol  the  Ri.nian  arni\  were  -lain,  and 
•  il-  and  oili.  er-  without  nunilter.  Ilniperor  \aK-n-  tied. 
' -li  d,  to  a  near  1)\-  i  ottac'.  The  ( iotli-  -et  lire  to  it  and 
-' 'I  him  and  iii- -tall'  ol"  oii'ner-  bilore  tlie\    knew  thai 


6j       l)\\V\    n|      \M1,KI(  AN    lIl^KiRN     IN    l.l  l«>n. 

tli(\  ii;i(i  ill  tli(ir  li.iiiM-  tlir  Ijuixror  ..|"  Ruin.-,  upnii  \vli..in 
tli.-y  had  .ilu.i\^  l.H.k.d  with  -mil  .iwr  .iml  trar. 

The  Shell  is  Broken.  Irom  ihal  .la>  ihr  tii<l  "i 
llu-  K.nn.m  .  iiij.ir.  \\a-  a-ur.d.  It  \sa-  <.iil\  a  niattrr  >■! 
Vi-ar-.  I'hf  Ttut.m-  had  niatihtd  iIuiumK  i- au'ain-t  the 
Koinaii-  and  liad  won  a  ^'nat  \  i^  tnr\ .  I  h.>  had  d.tfal(d 
and  >lain  the  Rnman  (iii[>iTor  hini>rh  >>-.  the)  had 
kilK-d  ■'  the  niaii-'jod   whom   ihc  world   had  uor-hipi'd   tor 


\l    \K!'       iN       \  I  HI    S 

.rnturics.  and  behold  lu-  dit-d  lils<'  otlur  nim  "  And  it 
\va-  all  >o  «a>>.  What  wa>  tlun-  Kit  now  that  the 
(ii-rnians  duilil  not  do  ^ 

Alaric  Chosen  King.  oilur  trilu-  inwM.l  the  l)anii!« 
on  llu'  iir  and  joined  the  dotli-.  .\iler  a  lew  \iar-  th- 
l,.,ld  Alari.  heianie  their  leader,  and  the  nu.:ht\  lio-l  -Wip! 
down  throuLih  (ireeie.  .\then-  i>ai<i  a  ran-oni  to  he  -i)arr.! 
Hue  ■■  ,\larii  eni.vi'.l  a  Roman  l>ath  and  a  iuii)lit  hantjiu! 
and  tried  to  Ix  have  tor  a  <lay  like  a  Roman  LientKinun. 

Making  Greece  a  Desert  The  (iotli-  -  u  ked  tiu 
>|>lendid  y  \\\v-  oi  ( ■..rinth  an.l  >i.arta.      l'lu>    were  eai^er  i.ir 


isakhaki.wn  i)i>rK()M\i,  rnK  i Miiki;       (. 


\   I      II. K,        'i      -      «■ 


f,,      i)\\\\  Ml    \Mi  ki(  \\  iii-niRN    IN  I.I  Rtti'i: 


L'll'l  .nil!    -iUir    till    piirjili-  .iii'l  line  liin  ii.  .itid.  t»|»ci  i.ill\ . 
tor    tit  li    nil. It-    .iiiil    iiil'i\i(  .itin^  <lriiik-       I  lif    ■-|>l»iiiii  i 
|iii((~  III   -I  iilpturc  .mil  ln.uitiliil  |i.iiiiliii;;-  whitli  tin-  K  ■ 
Ml. Ml-  li.nl     ji.iiiii   III  liir  («rrrk-.  u i  ft    iinw  lr;iini>ir(i  iniir 

II 11  III  iir  lilnkril  li>    t  In    llU'Je  li.lltif  .l\i  -         Nn  fllil  hI  pluil'ii  r 

\v;i~  iliMu  II  ,i\\.i\  in  tin  ir  nvi  .irt  -  \  iii«>,iril>,  uliv  r  ;.'r(i\  i  ^ 
.iiiil  lilt  li.inl-  wtrt  l.iiil  u.i-tf.  (-t.ili-  ut n-  ilf^trti)t  i|  . 
Iiiiililini:-  Imrmil.  .mil  lui  n,  utinnn.  .iml  i  liildn  ii  uiri 
|iliiiitlrri  il.  -Irippiil.  :mil  ilri\tn  nil  in  i-'.mi.'-  to  lit!  nine  >l;i\i  - 
tn  the  li.irlt.iii.m^  I  In  |>.itl;  nt  tin  (mill-  Kn  .inir  liki  ,t 
iji-t  It.  I  lit  I't  w.i-  iinw  nil  t  ncni;.  in  tlif  i  .i-'irn  |i.irl  n!  tin 
tinpirc  tli.it  li.iriil  \.uv  thf  li.irli.iriaii-  in  the  litlil.  Sn  tht  > 
111. in  hill  liitlui  .iiKJ  thitlur.  \vliirt\tr  tlu\  likcil.  lt;i\iii_ 
lit  -t!  It  tiiiii  luliiml 

Marching  on  Rome.  .\larii  \v.i>  at  l,i-t  lit  u  .itctl  liy  tin 
L'i'j  mtii  stilitliii.  .i  (iiriiKin  wlm  w.i-  in  tt>niiii.mi|  <'l  tht 
.iiiiiii-  111  tlif  uc-ttrn  riiipirc.  Rut  .ilt«r  .i  time  .\h  n^ 
Itil  111-  (intliit  tiilii-  Iruiii  (iMiif  .ii-iuml  the  luail  nl  tlii 
.\ilri,ilii  "^iM.  1  lu' tiMili-li  fiiipi  mr  iii  tht  \\  r-t  IkhI  imw  In 
tniiif  ii.ilnu-  III'  hi-  izri-.it  Litiur.il.  ^tilithn.  .iml  ha<l  liiiii 
niiMiliif'!  Winn  .M.iiit  lit  inl  that  Stiliilm  \v.i>  iliail.  In 
111. lit  htil  -tr.iiiiht  tin  Rtmif,  Dttwn  thrmmh  It.il\  In-  pa— ni 
wit  ''nil  t  nititiiii;  .111  t  iittny.  .mil  -.it  tluun  litttite  thf  wall-  > 'I 
tht  tai>it.il.  I  hr  uiiiiil  t'nr  iinthin'/  cnipirtir  nt  Kuiiu'  w.i- 
-,it't  liihintl  tlu'  w.ill-  til  Ka\(  ima  in  nurtlnrn  ltal\.  and  In 
in.itlt   mi  I'lYi.'t  tti  lulp  hi-  pcnplc  .it  Rnnif. 

Starving  Rome  to  Surrender.  I'nr  t  i,i;lii  humlrrd  yi.ir- 
Rtmic  hail  lint  -it-n  .'  Itirti_'n  tiuiii)  lirliirc  hir  wall-,  llrr 
|uiij»lf  itiuld  h.irtllx  inliiAC  tlu-ir  t\t-.  .\l.irit  did  iii-t  tr\ 
til  -tiirni  t  hr  ]  in  "lid  t  it  \  .  In  i  .lu-i-  lif  h.id  iin  iiiiiinc-  -lu  h  i- 
thf  Riim.m-  u-cd  tn  h.itttr  dnwii  the  w.ill-  nl  i  it  if-.  (Juif '  > 
.\l.iiit  -.It.  Iif  .nil  I  hi-  I  It  it  h-.  v  liliiiL;  Inr  :lu  Rmnaii-  within 
III  -tai\f  ,md  tlii  ,  l-ir  lu'  wmiltl  allnw  im  prnx  i>iiin.-  to  i't 


li\U|{\KI  W-^    KI.-^IUmN  I\(.     Mil     1  MI'IKI 


,'  11  inti>  the  1  il>        \ni|  fti.iin   iliil  -t.ir\r  .iinl  dii        Mi  n 

;.!.li  tiril  li\  liuii'^.r  murilfK  i|  dih-  .iimilii  t  li>r  IkimI 

Romans  still  Proud         \<it  until  liuii'^rr  .uul  ili-t  ,i-c  UaA 

•    i  k.  il  (Iri  .idliil  li.i\<»,   in  ill.   ,  it  \ .  dill  tin    kum.iii-  -iiidiii 

.,  t(  rm-  III  the  li.irK.iri.iM-       \\  In  n  tin    iin--t  n'j«  i-  <^\  tin- 

•,  1  jiiu' Itftotf  .\l.iri«  ,  tht\  lnL'.in  with  |uit\  juiilt   |.i  u.irn 

;iM   in't    to  MLikf  tin'   l\iim,iii~  ili-ptr.iti    li\    li.iitl  or  t!i-- 

■    ■i.iralilf    tiiiti.'inl-.     'liny    told    Al.irii     that     it'    In     <!id, 

■'■.'.    \\\TV  of   the   Roiii.iii-  woiili!   lie  ttrri!>lr;    lic^iili -,  tiny 

!!iiil  Iiitn.   i!p  ir  iiimilicr  w.i^  irn'rinoii-       KiiowiiiL:  tinir 

k  ami -tar\  in^  I  oinlitioii.  Al.irii    !  nmlnd  a'  tlnirlioa-t- 

!ii<l  ^aiil.  ■'   The  ihii  kcr  tin'  ;^r  i>-  tin-  ca-ii  r  it  i-  to  iiniw." 

I '1.  ii  ihfN   a-kid  liim  what  trrni-  lit   would  lakr 

Marie's  Hard  Terms.        ""  diNc  luc  all  \our  ^old.  all  your 

;.ir,  all  your  iin>\al)lr  proiKrly,  ami  all  \oiir  liarliarian 

'vi'>.    or    thf    --ifi't'    ;.'of->    oii,"    >aid    tlir    iirtrdv     Alarii  . 

What   uill   \oii   then  Icavr  u- ^  "      i!ii|uiri'd   the  I  li'jlilrin  d 

k uLiu^.      ■'  \'our  li\c-    '   rij)licd   ihr  hauL.'lit\    lioih. 

Ilu  \    Ixiui^ht   him  oiT.  howc\cr.  with  a  ■>tranu(    ran-  m; 

:  pouml^  ot'  ^old.  ;o.ooo  i)ouml>  oi  -iUcr,  jooo  rol>.  -  ,,\ 

'..  ;ooo  |»if( fs  oi'  -larh't  «  loth,  ami  ;ooo  |>oumi- ol  lu'jipir. 

Ii  I-  l\otiian>  had    to  >trii)   the   ^'o|d   ami    jewel-   iroiu    the 

'    t  II  -  of  their  L'od-  to  rai>e  the  j^reat  raii-oni.       Tla   I'reat 

•  ■uut  ot  pejtper  i)rol»alil\  tou-i-ted  ot  -pile-  ol  all   kimi-. 

'■'  !i  the  Roiiiaiis  u>ed  to  ^ea-oii  tin  ir  food-,  and  w hit  h  the 

'  .  •  tiian-  were  Icarnln;/  to  like. 

Breaking  the  News  to  the  Emperor        An  oili'ir  ru-lud 

'   '    tin     |)re-enee  of    the    worthies-,    eniluror    at     Riveniia 

'  t"ld  him  that  Ronn'  ha<l  j)eri>hed.      ""  What '  "  i  ried  the 

11  ror,    ■■  >he   wa>  leediiuL'  Ironi  m\'  haml    m  hour   auo." 

''     ■>■  1-  ureatly  reliesfd  when  told  that  it  wa^  m»t  hi-  ta\or- 

iieu.  "  Ronia,"  hut  only  the  lajtital  of  his  em|)iri-  that 

M'fi-lnd. 


(I 


MICROCOPY    RESOIUTION    TEST    CHART 

"NSI  ona   ISO   TEST   CHART   No     2 


1.0 


I.I 


ill 

:  4  0 


1-25   ■  1.4 


Z2 

zo 

1.8 


1.6 


^     APPLIED  irA^GE 


6f.       DAWN    OF    A.MKKICW    nislORN'    IN    l.Tkoi'i; 


i\  (.■ 


Uiii  in  111-  ;irni\'.  whu  h 


An  Offer  of  Peace.       Alarir  iz^tt   40.000  Ti'iitmi  -1, 
<ii;t  ot  the  ui\  kcd  diy  ami  cnnillcd  tl 
IK'W  iiumhtTi'd  100,00c  li,L.'!uinL;  nun.      lie  niiuht  hav 
hiniM-ll"  kinu  ..t  Italy  hut   lor  hi.>  dwv  uf  Konic 
not  think  u\  liinixll'  a-  lit   1 


il 


C   IlKldl 


f    (<M!lil 


!>L'  km;.'  <n  that   niajf-tir  (it' 
\vhi(  h  hr  h.id  al!  hi-<  h't'c  ahnost  wor-hipcd.     So  lie  oi'icrrd  [< 


Dcconic  an  o 


II'k  rr  under  the  Iliiijuroi-  at  ('onr-tantinoj 


»lc  and 


to  rule  Italy  under  him.  Hut  ulun  the  ronccited  Kom.in- 
rt'tu-fd  him  [\\i>  honor,  he  cut  ulT  the  food  -upplies  and 
mareiied  on  the  capital  in  earne.'^t. 

Plundering  Rome.  -  .\t  niidnii,dit  one  of  the  uates  was 
()I)eni'd,  prohal.'Iy  !)y  a  (ierman  >lave  within,  and  for  >i.\ 
dre.idlul  da\s  and  ni^ht>  the  routdi  ha.rharian  warriors 
ransacked  everywhere.  .Marie  eomiiiandei!  lu"<  t"<)llower'^  to 
leave  the  {'hri>tian  (hurilio  untouehed.  Iml  the  wealth  of 
the  iili./en>  !ie  uave  them  leave  to  take.  I'he  harhari.m 
o.\(art>  went    I'orth   in   Ioul'   tr.iin-    iiiled    liiLdi   with    eo>ll\- 


lurniture,  ^t»lden  ve->tl>.  and  -ilk 


en  'Mrnuiit>.      Tliex-  Ikk! 


a  tal)K-  of  xilid  tanerald  with  its  three  r 
a  ureal  di-h,  weii,diinua  ton. 
.th 


OW.>    ol    I 


jv.W  pea 


rl-. 


eo\ere<l  w  ith  ^eni.-  ot  India.  an( 


otner 


priceless  spoils.     There  were  loii'j;  column-  of  ca})ti\e: 


loo. 


Marie's  Death.        .Marie   man  lu'd   south   throuirh   Italv 


with  hi>  rich  jilumler.  hut  he  -oon  died, 
turned  the  lour-e  of  a  ri\-er  and  huried  th 


Ili^  de\oted  (ioth 
eir  hero  in  it-  hed 


he\-  huried  him  loxereil  with  mail,  -ittin-  unriLdit 


uiMin 


his  hor-i'.  with  L'old-  an 


•  1    lewi'ls  and  arm-,  that    he  nuLrht 


m.ike  a   worth\-  -howiiiL;;  a.nioUL:  the  otlu' 


r  (lea<l   turoes  u 


OdinV  hall.      .\nd  then  tluy  turn 
hvt\  and  -lew  the  -lave-  who  had  done  t 
niiudit  know  where  .Marie  lies  ;  a 


leil  hac  k  the  rixir  into  it 


le  work,  t  hat  no  man 
kn 


\u:  no  man  doe-  know  to  thi- 


.!av 


\i[vv   the  death  of  their  kinu.    the   We-t   (Joths   t 


urneii 


■WiM 


jiff^mt^ss^msmmmmj^^'mmm. 


"III. ' . 


KARHAkIWs    I)|.>Ik()\  I\(.    tiik    i;.M|'iK|.;  (, 


7 


'!i!i  ,111(1  niarc  lu'(!  into  Caul  and  later  into  Spain.  fmhtinL'. 

:^  I  hey   went,   with   (lilTfrnit    (nriran    trih.s  and   hcariiit^r 

.'.iih  ttuni  the  tr(a>uri>  ni  ]<nmv.     'V\ny  inin.tilcd  with  thr 

l'."!nani/ad  inhabitant^  of  Spain  and  hcxaine  ihi-  fore!  at  hers 

"i   ihe  nio(hTn  S|)aniard>. 

Many  Tribes  Sweep  over  the  Rhine.  Whih'  the  (ioths 
^\.  r.  mariliiuL'  through  thi  empire.  ]'iunderin.u' a-  the\-  wi'iit. 


'I'lil      'rMMIi    lit     |:mpi   KOK     llvliKMS      •,  I      K.,\|l. 

'■'!''!■    Irihes,  nuK  h    inort-    l)arharou>.   >warnied    a(  ro>-.    the 

"■''iiie  hounihiry.     Whole  nation-  canie.    -men.  women,  and 

'  iildrtti.  hor-s(>.  cattle  and  do,!.v-,  hai;  and  haL',!.'a'j-e.      M\inL,^ 

•I  ilieir  Hoeks  and  hiTd-  and  ^^indin^r  their  torn  in  hand- 

iii-.  ihe\-  roamed  wherever  they  liked,  huntin,^  and  ni\a<,'- 

■  -'■  and  hurnin,^. 

The  Savage  Vandals.  The  nv>-t  re-kle—  d.-tniver-.  of 
n  were  the  Vandal-.  Whenever  we  now  wi>h  to  -peak  of 
1'  ked  de-truetion  ..f  j.roperty,  we  eall  it  vand.di>m.     The 


i  i 


f  I 


■I 


-  '* 


68       DAWN   Ol    AMKkK.W    IIIS'IORV    IN    EUROPE 


X'.mdal-  were  fillnl  witli  Ui.iidcr  at  the  >i,eht  that  thfv  hr- 
lu'ld  in  the  line  (itii>  (if  davil.  'I'lu}  did  not  undtTstaml 
tlK'  art  and  the  Ixaulit'ul  architcc  turr  that  they  saw  on  all 
sidis.  'I'ht-^c  \'andal>  had  al\va}>  li\cd  in  rude  hut.>  or 
roamed  the  lore-t.  What  u>e  had  they  for  the  maj^nitkent 
teni|»U-^,  liatli^.  and  nian-~ion>,  lilhd  with  treasure^  of  art  ;•' 
So  thi'>-  plundered  and  laid  wa>le  whatever  thi'y  >aw. 
I'ri(i'le>^  >tatue^  and  inia^e>  of  the  Roman  ;,'ods  were 
stripped  of  thiir  L'old  and  jewels  and  then  broken  to  pieee> 
with  huue  hattle  axe-. 

One  (ierman  warrior  was  waitin<;  in  the  anteehamher 
of  a  spleiitliil  hou-e.  when  he  wa>  a.stonished  lu  see  ducks 
apparentl\  -wimniinir  on  tlu-  floor  of  the  room.  He  lashed 
his  hat  tie  ax  at  the  beautiful  mosaic  to  see  whether  the 
(huks  wiTe  ali\f.  Like  ehililren.  these  wild  jjeople  de- 
stro)-ed    whate\er  attraittd    their  idk'  euriosit\-. 

The  Vandals  in  Africa.  Ihe  \andal-^  ravaged  (iaul 
and  Spain.  <  ro-ed  the  -trait>  of  (iibraltar.  and  overthrew 
Roman  authorit\  in  all  northern  .\friea.  Here  they  set 
up  an  emj)ire  of  their  own  with  ("arthagi'  as  their  capital. 

The  Pirate  Vandals.  These  \andals.  who  had  scarcely 
caught  >i<,dit  o|  the  >ea  t'or  .ueneration>,  now  xnm  became 
bold  and  dariuir  pirate-,  -preadin^'  terror  alonu  the  entire 
Mediterranean  (oa-t.  When  their  kader.  (laiseric.  wa- 
once  -ettinu  out  on  a  plumlerini:  exjx-dition.  hi'  was  asked 
b>  his  pilot  whi(  h  way  to  steir.  "  Wherever  there  are 
IK'ople  with  whom  (iod  is  angr}."  replied  the  X'andal  caj)- 
tain. 

Vandals  Looting  Rome.  On  one  (h  casion  thev  made  a 
de-trui  a\i-  raid  on  the  city  of  Rome.  I'dr  two  weeks  thev 
hunted  out  valuables  and  plundered  the  eitv.  Tlu-x-  earrie.! 
off  whatexiT  ^oods  and  j)riHiou>  >j)oils  fhe\-  (ould  la_\'  their 
hand>    on.      liut,    like    the    (ioths.    thev    did    not    destnu 


i::^    ' 


^ut^<^msi^^[^3'  .-^^.:^v 


HAKHAKI.WS    I)i:sTk(  )VI\(i    TIIK    K.MI'IKK  (n) 


.J 


-I 
I 


•I 


i 


i 


■  E! 


laaaai 


I  *>■  - "  ,i«-i'j 


DAWN    ()!•    A.MKklC.W    lilMORV    IN    KIKOPK 


tile  l)uil(liniis.  They  ook  away  with  thcni  Inindrcds  of 
Roman  « iti/tn>  to  scrxc  thcni  as  >la\r>.  \\"c  (an  mh-  how 
low  Rome  liad  -imk,  when  wr  arc  told  that  all  thi-  hap- 
IHiud  without  tlu'  Romans  striking  a  >in.t,dc'  blow  in  their 
own  ditcnsr. 

The  Franks.  Another  (icrman  tribe,  ot'  wliom  we  shall 
later  hi'ar  nun  h,  were  the  l''rank>,  who  ,ira\<'  their  name  to 
modern  l-'rancc  The  I'Vanks  for  a  lonj^  time  liad  homes  on 
both  >ide>  of  the  lower  Rhine.  'I'he>'  wire  ruder  and  more 
barbarou>  than  the  (ioth>.  for  tluy  liad  not  yet  receixcd 
the  gentle  me»a^e  of  (■hri>tianit w  .\  half  century  after 
Alarie  had  ransacked  Ronu\  the  l-'ranks  be<,'an  to  add  to 
their  territory  by  s])readin<i;  themselves  out  slowly  o\er 
northern  (iaul.  These  wild  warriors  wroujiht  havoc  wher- 
ever they  went.  Other  tribes  who  came  into  the  Roman 
empire  during  these  dark  days  were  the  Lombard>,  the 
Mast  Cloths,  the  Hurgundians.  and  the  Sue\i. 

Slipping  Back  into  Barbarism.  From  tlic'  lifth  century 
on  for  three  hundred  xears.  the  (i\  ilized  world  was  slij)i)inf: 
back  into  barbarism.  The  formerly  cixilized  lands  were' 
])lundcTed  time  after  time  by  fresh.  ne\cT-endin^  horde- 
of  barbarians.  I-'.ac  h  raid  destroyed  more  of  the  little  ^^ood 
that  was  left,  and  human  society  seemed  hopelessl\-  wrecked. 

The  Country  Districts  Ruined.  Ihe  destruction  wa> 
complete  in  the  rural  districts.  \'illas.  pillajied  time  and 
afiain,  were  at  last  abandoned.  'I'he  paths  and  walks  were 
•frown  uj)  with  thorns  and  briers,  the  doors  were  wrenched 
from  their  hinges,  and  the  roofs  were  left  open  to  the  sky. 
Houses  and  mills  were  in  ruins. 

Melds.   (Mice   fair  with   <irowin,ii  crops,   were   now  over- 
irr,i\.v;-i  with,  forcsts  Of  h.ad  !):isseci  brick  int(>  marsh  (>r  d'.sert 
There  was  no  live  stock  to  be  seen       no  ho,<;s.  sheep,  cowr-. 


or   horse: 


There   was   iiot   even   seed    corn    left    bv   th( 


H.\R[{\KI.\NS    DKSTROVINC    Tll|;    K.M.iKK  - , 

i>iun<l.-aTs,  with  which  to  start  the  raiM"n^  of  (Tops  a.i^ain. 
1  he  wri-t(hLM|  inhabitants  took  to  hunting  and  ti>hiii,u, 
ii\in^  nu-anwhilc  in  the  wood^  or  .  avt's.  hi  soinc  plaiis 
iH    human    hiin^>    had    cnUnly    (h>aj)pcarfd.    and    >htTp 


Ki  i\>  (IF   nu    Ki)\i\s   I'dri  M. 
("oniparc  with  Itu- 1  ut  on  |>  (h;. 

:ni-ht  he  s.rn  runninj,'  wild  and  wheat  sprin^in-,'  up  sclf- 

-'Wll, 

The  Cities  Wrecked.  Thi-rc  wt-rt-  viihi-,a's  and  towns 

ilnio-t    wholly    in   ashes,    with    no   inhabitants    but    dojrs. 

'  !t>   alter  city  was  taken  and  wrecked,  now  by  (loth  and 

■  "w  by  \'andal  or  Lombard.     The  lity  of  Treves  in  (iaul 

•a-  h.ur  times  looted  by  different  barbarian  tribe>.    ''When 

''1.    poj)ulati()n  was  half  destroyed  by  lire  and  sword,  the 

:'  "T  dyin<r  of  famine,  corpses  of  men  and  women  lyinj,' 

"Hit  the  streets  breeding'  pestilence,  while  dogs  devoured 

'h'-m.  the  few  Roman  nobles  who  were  left  c(jmfoited  them- 

-  iNc-  by  sending  lo  the    figurehead  emperor    to  beg  for 


I  ■■ 


fl 
r 


i  f 


11 


SI 

m 


iM 


1)\\\\   <)l     AMl.KU  \\    Ill>|(»in    IN    Kl  koi'i; 


;.Mnn'>."  riu-  wrclilitil  judplc  who  had  ex  aped  (K'atli 
from  the  harhariaii-  wcrt-  ><)<>ii  -wept  .i\\a>  in  touiUk'-- 
nllInl)(■r■^  1)V  the  >tar\ati()ii  and  di>fa.>c  that  >talkc'd  dmt 
till'  land. 

Rome   a   Den   of   Thieves.       .\   third    tiinr    Ko 


ran-a(  k( 


k( 


nu'  was 
ami  pliiii(Krcd,  until  nothini^  wa-^  left  hut 
ti\cr  haunted  ruins.  'Ihe  towerinj:  wall-  of  this  onic 
;:luri()U>  lapital  were  full  of  .u'reat  hole- and  ^Mp>.  Urokt-n- 
down  a(|Ut-du(t>  appeared  liere  and  theri',  and  the  ])eople 
drank  from  ihi'  mudd>  Tiher.  heeau-e  not  one  of  her  xnrc 
of  aqueduets  remained  whok'.  UtT  nohle  and  Inautiful 
statues,    her   niaje>tie    jjalans    and    lihraries    ami    ti'mples 

when'  were  the>  ?  The  >plendid  \illa>  alon^'  the  Tiber 
wi're  uoiie.  the  frei'>  burned  or  eut  down,  thi-  terraces  had 
slipped  awav  into  the  ri\er.  and  tlie  muu'nifuent  tomh- 
alonir  the  .\])pian  Way  were  broken  and  fallin<i  to  jneee-. 
Law  and  order  were  ,uone.  and  Komi'  had  become  a  den  of 
thie\cs  and  robbers.  Men  were  brawling  in  the  streets, 
ill  elad  and  ^ava,^e.  armed  with  >word  and  knife  and  club. 
Children  were  ruiuiing  the-  streets  wild  and  untaught,  and 
were  growing  u[)  to  be  tieree  and  ignorant  like  their  lathers. 

Commerce  and  Travel  cut  Off.  Tlu  roads  fell  out  of 
repair,  and  the  bridges  were  torn  down.  Travel  and  com- 
merce were  almost  eiitirel}'  stt)i)ped  except  along  the  Medi 
terranean  coasts,  where  a  few  >hi!)s  dared  to  ply  in  spite  o! 
the  swarm>  of  pirates.  Coninumieation.  not  only  between 
inland  ^itie^  and  countries,  but  even  between  neighboring 
towns,  was  broken  off.  Highway  rol'ber^were  in  hiding 
evervwhere.  Unable  to  get  provi-ion-  from  abroad,  the 
people  were  left  to  feed  and  clothe  theni>elves  by  their 
own  toil. 

Knowledge  and  Skill  Disappear.  Much  of  skill  in 
making  things  wa>  forgotten  because  the  people,  who  were 


inKIJ\Kl\.\>    I)K>TK()MN(.     IllK    KMI'IkK 


If 


7}        DAWN    nl     AMI-.KK   \\    lll^|(»K^     l\    IJ  Kol'l, 

slii)piii^  hack  into  l),irl)ari>m,  iio  loii^'tr  (and  for  the  (on- 
\(uitiu(>  and  luxuric--  that  t  ivili/rd  |)<t>|)lc  ntcil.  Tin  ri 
\va>  no  loii.L'tr  <\\\\  >kill  in  art,  !)iiil(liiijz.  or  (Ki  oratiiij^,  iicr 
(■\(ii  a  lo\c  tor  IxautituI  tiling--. 

Ill  the  |)alnu    day-  of   kotiif.  indu-tr\    had  hitii  jiurfly 
doiii(~ti(  ;  tliat   i-.  all  iiuiiuifai  turtd  artiilc-  that   wire  not 
l)rou^ht    from    abroad    were    made    in    the    hoint-.      Then 
ucrr  no  fai  topics.      In  tlic  mansion-  ot  no!)lf>,  and  ('\fn  in 
the  palate-  of  kin;;>  and  ciniHror-.  wonuii  and  xrl   work 
men  Wire  iinplosfd  t<)  nianufac  tare  the  loar-c  -tull-^  with 
whit  h     they    dothfd     thcnisfixc-    and     their     liou-thold- 
Thi'sc  nian-ion>  had  hccn  nian\-  time-  looted  l>\    the  har 
harians,   and    the   workim-n    ha<l    heen   driven    to    the    four 
wind-.     Thus  -kill  in  all  the-e  handiiraft-  wa-  lo-t,  and  all 
inanufattur(.'d  artit  le-  hi'eanie  rude  and  harharou-  like  the 
jH'o|)le. 

Schools  and  Learning  Vanish 


.\o  oiu'  wa-  now  inter 


c-sted  in  learninji.  In  the  wild  da\-  tif  the  1-ranki-h.  the 
liothic,  and  the  I.onihard  kin.u-.  men  had  neither  tiini-  nor 
disire  for  -irious  thought  and  -tud\.  inut  h  le--  for  writing' 
books.  Wliat  writing  the\  did  wa-  for  the  inmieiliate  tall- 
of  the  da\-.  Tlu-  abilit\  to  -|teak  anti  write  the  (ireek  lan- 
guajic  wa>  entiri'ly  forj^ottc-n. 

V.wn  the  knowledjie  of  l.atin  literature  -ank  into  a 
darkni'ss  that  was  to  la-t  for  inan\  hundred  _\ear-.  and 
s])oken  Latin  wa-  e\iT\  where  lo-t  -a\i'  ainong  the  inonk- 
and  priests,  who  u-ed  it  in  tlu'  -erxiit  -  of  the  chureh.  All 
-ehools  disaj)peare<l  except  tho-e  of  the  mona.-tery.  Men's 
mind-  were  absorbed  by  the  calamitie-  about  them.  All 
])ower  '  11  into  the  hand-  of  the  rude  and  i^morant  barbarian 
criieiuims.  i  luir  no  u  .^s  iiinor.ini  warrinr-  ncianK"  Wn 
ureat  landowners  and  the  rulinjz  dass.  The  n'nturies  that 
I'ollowed    were   -o   full  of   iirnorante,   -ulferiii}:,   and   blodd- 


UAkHAKiw^  i)i;>iKi(\  i\(.   I  hi:  imi-iki; 


/  ■> 


l!((|  that    they  were  ( a!lt«l  the  I)ark   A;:*'-.      Hut   .lark  a- 
ilir  tiiiit-  Wire,  tluA  wtTf  tlif  lortruiiiuT  ol  httttr  ila\x. 


(.ti  i:>ri().\s 

illl      Ul^l     (ii'lHS  I.     Ullci     Wert      llu-    \\t>t     (i()!ll>'  Wll.ll 

j.r.'ini^f-.  ilid    llit>    in.ikf  '      v    How    did    ihc    Ktmiaii-.   treat    them" 
i      Wh.il  i.iiutd  u.ir  1)1  I  utiii  llu  (i(itli-<  aiid   the   Koniaiisr'       s-     ''<' 
.  nlii     \larii   >    ail\aiiif       (>     What    wcrr   ii>    r<->ultM,^      7.    I)l^«Tilll■ 
lilt    iiiariii  til  kiimf.      s.    I  )(>.(  rilic  llif  tall  i<i   konu',     ij.    W  lure  did 
till    ( i(iih>  ^;n  in'\t  ' 

'I  Ml     \\M)\i>         10.    Willi    Win-    the    \aiiilal>'      11.    W  lure    did 

;'ir\     make    iii\a^inii>^      1 .'      Ki-,ult^'      1;     ('iim|iarf    tin-    \aiiii.il>. 

I'll  the  (ii)tli>.      14.    What  utIuT  liarli,irian>  uiri.'  invading  at   this 

I  Hi    I  K\\K>        i  ,.    Will)  were  the  rrank>:^      1^1.    VVhtrc  did  thiv 

;!>!   '      17      \\<>\\     did     tht\     (i)m|)arc     with     the    othir      r.uti)ii>  ^ 

^     Wh>     did    tlit\     iiuadc    Konir  ^      lu.    Wlurc    did    t!u\     sitllc' 

Wlial    was  happciiin^r  ill  liritaiiK-'      -'i.    What  urrc  the  rcsull^  ol' 

thr^i    liarliariaii  iiuasioii>.^      ::.    Show    the  clttt  t  nt  thi>f   iiuasiiiii> 

■■[hhi   luninuTci'.    silioi)l>    and    Itaniiii^.    and     ii[m»ii    the    lan^;uaKe. 

,     What  piriod  was  callfd  thr  Dark  A^is  '     -'4-    •'^uni  up  what  you 

iiii.k  Wire  ihc  lausis  u!  tlie  Dark  A^s. 


If  I 

h; 
11- 

lit 


w 


I  ^ 


t 


I 


iM.- 


f.i 


(  n.\i'ri;i<  v 

THE   TEUTONS    AT    SCHOOL   IN    THE    EMPIRE 

What  was  Spared  I  lie  u.iinlcriii;^'  (uTmaii  (<tii(|urr(tr> 
did  iidt  1)\  ;iii\  mean-  -lainp  out  Knitiaii  ( i\  ili/atiuii  f\cr\ 
\v1h  i(  .  It  i-  trill  that  nm-t  ili-tri(t-  ol  the  tinpirc  v.tTt 
t'lriud  liaik  into  (h-trt-  and  -uanij)-.  atid  hutidr(iU  ol 
iiiai^iulH  (lit  litic^  \\(rc  wiped  oil  llir  larth.  lUit  tlurc 
Wire  iiirii(r>  and  mit  i>|  tlu-wa_\  di^triit-  that  cvtajji-d  tht 
plimdrrcr^  almn-t  tiitiicl).  A  tiu  widely  ^i  attind  (itie> 
were  al>n  >l)ared.  And  -iiue  tlie  (itTnian>.  hetaii-i'  ol 
tluir  wild,  r<)\iii^  nature,  i(  fu-ed  tu  livi-  in  tities,  tlu-  few 
tttwn^  tnat  «Maped  weii'  Kit  to  theni>el\e>.  In  the>e 
towii>  tlu'  j)eople  kej)t  Up  iiuK  h  ot  tlu'  Koiiuin  nianiuTs, 
(■u>toni>,  lanjiua^'e,  and  law>.  '1  lieM-  few  <enter>  o!  Roniaii 
life  later  taught  the  rou^di  (iernian^  many  (i\ili/.i'd  habit> 
and  art>,  as  well  a-  the  Koman>"  mode  of  <jo\(Tnin^  eities. 
The  (hunhe-  and  moiia-terie-.  Iteinir  lar^i'l_\  -pared,  also 
MTXt'd  to  shelter  man\'  L'ood  thinj,;s.  until  the  barbarians 
Were  ready  lo  aicept  them. 

What  the  Teutons  Added.  'Hie  (iermans.  who  were  to 
beuin  where  the  R«)man>  left  off  ami  rarr}  on  the  world's 
work,  brought  new  blood  into  tlu'  d_\in.i,'  empire.  IJko  a 
youthful  nation,  thi\-  refre-hed  the  Latin>  with  new  hope> 
and  idea>.  They  had  a  higher  re-pe(  t  t'or  woman;  thi'\ 
refu-ed   to  obt'\-  law>  uiiUss  the\    had   a   xoiee  in  makinj: 

«1,    ..,,         t'..,.     ♦1,,...     1...K I      *l,-.*      ..»,..     *".. .»!    Ill      \»"i^-      MC      (r,ij./l      -1^ 

I  :  :v  : : : .     :*  •:      i ;  :v   •.      :  )\  :  :v  •.  v  ii     t  : :.:  i    '  ':i\      t  :  •  •,  :  i  tu  1 1     **  m  '    n  -    ^'  ••  *  •    •• 

another,  not  e.\(e])tini;  t'\en  the  kini:.     The  (iermans  had 
t'u'  mu>ele>  and  brains  ami  pUn  k  to  do  j^'reat  thi 


nus. 


All 


riaroN^  .\i  school  in   iiii:  lmi'Iki; 


77 


liuA  ii<  filrd  were  ^ood  trai  lnr>  ;mil  time  to  liart\       So  tin  \ 
_',t\c  .1  lualtliiir  tdiif  tn  -«ui(ty.      Ihuu^'h  Kum.m  lilr  liad 

!>  1  liiicil  to  ;i  \ir\   low  111. irk.  tin-  (iirm.in^  liil|>((l  to  ^t.irt 
ii   aiii'W. 
Ten   Latins    to    One    Teuton.        Vhr    liar!tariaii>    wtro 

pit  ail  out  uiitsinly  o\tr  the  fiiipirc  thinly  in  >omf  |)l.nr> 
,;!ii|  thi(kl\  in  othfr>.  while  the  L;rtal  in,i--  ot'  thr  luniilc 
ainKr  their  lonlrol  remained  Latin  a^  it  had  he*  ii  het'ore. 
Ill  iiii>^t  part^  of  the  empire  there  ua--  not  more  than  one 
( .niiian  to  t-x  ery  ten  or  i'\en  lifteen  Latin•^,  hut  the  >u|)erior 
loiiraire  and  li;,'htin^  power  t)t  tlie  Teutons  en.ihled  them  to 
ki  (  p  the  uppi'r  hand. 

Seizing  Upon  Roman  Lands.  Some  harharians,  like 
till'  l'.a>t  (iolii>  and  L()ml)ard>  in  ltal\,  took  hut  one  third 
ni  ihe  land.  K'avin^'  the  re-t  »o  the  I.atin-<;  hut  the  Wi'^t 
(luth^and  liur^'undian>  in  Spain  and  ( iaul  took  two  thirds. 
'Mher  tril)e>  had  no  li.xed  rule,  hut  >imply  drow  out  the 
lirLTer  Latin  landholder>  and  took  tluir  e-tates.  After 
>.  ar-.  of  war  and  >trife.  the  two  peoples  >ettled  down  peace- 
I'.illw  -ide  hy  >ide. 

The  Christian  Church  Well  Established.  The  Christian 
r-  liiiion  wa--  thorou^dily  rooted  in  tlu'  emi)ire  lon^  before  tlu' 

!  ruloii>  (ame.  The  Romans,  both  the  rit  h  and  tlu-  poor. 
!lie  lu'i^h  and  the  low.  had  eonu'  to  respect  and   tru.-^t   the 

hiiri  h  with  it>  un>eiri>h  and  noble-minded  eli-r^y.  The 
I  lirkstian  bishojis  and  prie>ts  had  already  ^'ained  nnu  h 
;i"\ver  in  moral  and  >oeial  life.  So  nuu  h  power  had  the>, 
■'uil  ihey  had  put  a  >to])  to  the  ^reat  jiladiatorial  ^'ames, 

' iiiih  had  been  .si'  dear  to  the  hearts  of  all  the  Romans. 
i  !ie  I  luireh  had  also  done  away  with  suicide  and  with  the 

•■  ■■^■■*-   ervK-llies  of  shiwry  in   the  en-ijjire. 
Ihe  Emperor  Becomes  Weak.       As  the  empire  declined 

iid  beeame  at  last  too  weak  to  pre>ervc  order  in  thcst;  wild 


t'i 


i 


! 


'iS^ 


t^ttt 


^ 


78        D.WVX   OF   AMKKICW    HIsroRY    IN    KIROPE 

time-,  ihf  burden  of  lontrollin-:  evil  men.  and  of  stoppincj, 
so  far  a>  they  ini.udu.  ihr  (•ndK'»  r()l)l)iii,u'.  (juarrclinj,'.  and 
l)lood>lu'd,  fell  more  and  more  upon  the  prie>ts.  In  thi> 
\va\-,  nuuh  of  the  powiT  that  fornurly  re>ted  in  the  hands 
of  the  emj)eror  and  his  uovernnunt  now  fell  lo  tht'  Christian 
l)i>hoi)s  and  i)rie>t>;    for.  amid  llu-  va-l  ruins  of  that  ;.;reat 

enii)ire,  the  ehun  h  alone  >t 1  ireet  and  stronj.;.      Churches 

were  ^ometinus  broken  into  and  i)lundere(l.  and  their 
ministers  put  to  the  >\vord.  Still  the  Christian  leaders 
with  noble  eoura;re  fa*  i-d  thi-  wild  barbarian-,  holdinj;  out 
the  "  li.iiht  of  lieavt'n,"  while  the  air  \va>  filktl  witii  .^torm 
and  darkne-.>.  ami  the  land  with  (  ruelty  and  bloodshed. 

Standing  in  the  Emperors  Place.  .\nother  thin,<;  that 
made  the  (  hunh  -trontr.  in  the-e  wild  da\<.  was  the  kind 
of  nii'n  wlio  weri'  cho-en  for  it>  leaders  noble. uns' "h.sh, 
},fo(lly  men.  who  wtTt'  ,iri\in.U  tluir  lives  in  kindly  mt\  ice 
to  othiTs.  The  barbarian-,  who  were  everywhire  robbing 
and  -ei/in.^  upon  ^ood>  and  Iand>.  >aw  all  ;\boul  them  the 
churchmen,  taking'  none  of  the  rich  plunder.  The)  saw 
that  the  i)riests  did  not  li\e  for  the  things  of  this  world,  and 
they  lould  not  help  admiriu,^  and  j,nvin<i  ear  to  them. 
Another  tiling  that  added  to  thi-  inlluence  of  the  clerjzy  was 
the  fact  tliat  they  wert'  ju'rmaiu'nt  in  otVice.  Some  of  the 
most  remarkable  bi>hoi)-  held  their  jxiwer  for  very  lon^ 
periods  of  time,  for  fifty  or  I'veii  si.\t>-  years,  while  rapid 
(han.ues  were  ^oini:  on  all  about  them.  And  so  when  the 
bishops  -poke,   the   i)eopIe  ^a\e   heed. 

Something  Stronger  Than  the  Battle-Ax.  —  The  roueh 
charac  tirs  of  tho-e  >a\atie  times  had  \ery  little  respect  for 
anythin'j;  save  the  keen  sword  or  the  huize  battle-ax.  Whm 
ru<it"  barbaiiali  I'liefs.  likv  C  lo\i.-.  .-a\\'  sonuliilii;;  stroiv.'vr 
than  force  and  greater  than  kin-:<,  they  were  bewildered 
and  awed  into  respect.     The  church  was  a  different  power 


,Sak&idkm^^^iM.,.mi^^ma^tsi^^^ 


n.LTONS    .\r   SCHOOL    I.N     IHK    KMIiRK 


79 


ir^m  an 


y  that   till')-  ha'!  vwr  nu-t  —  a  ik)\vit  that  had  in 


lir-a.\c>  and  \c-t  was  not  atraid  « 


if  th 


t'ir> 


Bishops  Awe  the  Barbarians.  Thi-  wild  (Icrmans 
"lud  upitn  thf  hi>h()j)  a>  a  puri'.  pcatfahk',  just,  and  hraw 
•  in.  IK'  had  l)<)unillfss  learning.  lH'>idf>  a  room  full  nf 
M'k-   and   a    inap   of    llu-   whole   world.      He   could    ri'ad. 

n  and.  jiirhap-.  (Irrck.     Thvy 


-He 


md  ci] 


i])hiT,  talk  Lati 


.1, ■'.(■( 


1  at   his  wonderful  dress  and   li>teni"d   to  his  >tr; 


mue 


What   magical   or   supernatural   power   mitrht   he 


.lumt- 
iMl   have.-' 

Things  New  and  Strange.       'rhe\-  entered  the  churches. 
tri milling,  and  stared  at  the  arts  new  to  them,  while  the_\- 
kindly  taught  and  fed  I)y  the  hishojjs  and  priest>.    They 


.(T( 


in  wonder  al  the  fresc  cies  and  carxinirs 


Th 


e  liishoj) 


preaclH'<l  to  the  king  and  hi>  men,  hold,  brave  sermons  in 
t!ir  presence  of  the  stone  cot'tln  of  the  saint,  for  c'very 
'Virch  held  the  remains  of  some  hol\'  life.  He  told  thi'm 
t  .  ron>ider  in  whose  i)resence  they  were  and  to  cast  out  the 
-r\in  deadl}'  sins.  He  said.  "  This  saint,  asleep  but  e\er 
!\\\:ke.  (annot  abide  those  who  rob  the  or[>han  and  the 
.'.  i'low  ;  he  will  watch  them  like  an  iMgli'  in  the  sky  and  track 
Mupi  like  a  wolf  of  the  wood  tili  he  j)unishes  them  with  a 
Lii',',1  (!e^truction."' 

The  Bishop's  Sermon  Strikes  Home.  -The  courage  of 
t'u-  liishop.  who  feared  not  to  speak  bravely  and  j)lainly 
•  '>en  to  these  savage  warriors,  made  the  strong  men  blush 

!i'i  tremt)le. 

"  Though   the   ci>at   of   mail   ne\er  leaves   my  breast." 
-  :i'  the  king  of  the  (loths.  "  and  though  my  hand  is  ever 

■  ihe  bra/en  hilt  of  my  sword  and  the  iron  ^niards  my  side. 
'  ';.!\  (■  ton.rid  a  oMin  who.  for  a.!!  m\'  a-rm-or.  ca.n  va.noui^h  me 

■'!i  hi-  word>.  which    pierce  like  an    arrow   to    my  \ery 
■    art.'" 


■  h 


^1 


lU: 


dH 


"■■'^  IhUli'l    '-  ij    . 


:/*■„=. 


CV'K- 


80        DAWN    or    AMF.RK  \\    HISTORY    iv    ';rKOPK 

Barbarians  Accept  the  Church.  So  tlic  wild  k\n<i  ami 
hi>  wilil  warrior-  hc>ilatc(i.  Thry  could  t;n  c  \\r<h  and 
blood  ;  i)Ut  who  could  face  the  terrible  torturo  of  an  aii'^'r\ 
(iod?  Hein^  men  of  wicked  live-,  their  con-cj,  luc-  mad. 
them     (oward-.     "  'Ihere     mu-t     >urel\-     be."'     thiv     >aiii. 


.-A-t  *»  ^kw^^Mrf  L » j/y       J 

1 

iijiciiL|i'rr^«LjQiOiw"  i^ 

v..r=. 
\r--         ■                  ....    .  .  -  ...^ 

"  s(mie  other  power  i^reater  than  the  battle-. i.\.""  Every- 
where they  went  the  barbarian  chief-  met  with  these  same 
fearless  bish^tps.  They  knew  that  they  mu>t  either  accept 
and  make  terms  with  the  church,  or  root  it  out  and  tle-trov 
it.  They  accepted  the  church,  for  the  mo-t  part,  in  all 
countries  of  tht'  empire,  save  in   Hritain. 

Bishops  as  Rulers.  —  In  times  of  war  the  bi-hops  bi 
came  the    nies-entier>    and    peacemakers.     They  were  the 


..,1..    *r--  ■•    •' 

oii;\       u..;-ii".l 


..M..  'I'l,,..-       .,.»ll,..l       ,  Ii\t>ii  t  ..>;         lllKllt        111 


boundaries    without    !"iL!;htinu  :     they    protected    the    weak 
again-t   llic   strong,    the   -l.ivi'   again-t    hi-   cruel    master. 


IKllONS    \V    >l  HOOL    IN     IHi:    KMI'IKK 


Si 


liu A'  taui^lu  'Me  ]>i'<)[)k'  to  li\f  pure  li\c>.     Hi'iim  tlu'  only 

uihirit)'  K'll  (luriiiu  hunilrt,'(l>  oi  \\Ar<  ol  (l;irkiif->  aini 
-iriU',  thr  (iuirih  was  llu'  l)r>t  tracluT  ihal  the  ruuizh  !)ar- 
'■iriaii-  had;  and  it  helped  to  Hit  tluni  up  -lowU  toward 
:  ia-  lt\  rl  ol"  I  i\ili/A-d  li\i!m. 

Germans  Need  the  Latin  Language.  I'lu'  ("nrniaii  >tt 
ll<.r>  (iotli>.  Frank>.  and  Loinharil-^  found  tlirni- 
mKcs  in  thi'  l)Usinr->  of  life  in  dail_\'  (ontart  with  a 
Lalin->i)rakin;^  l)opulation  many  tinu'>  ntort'  nunuTous 
than  thcniM'Ivts.  I'lu-  l\.oinan>.  whom  we  ^h.dl  luTtiittcr 
-ill  l,atin>.  wiTr  al>o  more  lultixatcd  and  li\cil  ui)on  a 
!;i_'lur  plane  than  tlu'ir  (ierman  o\a'rlord>.  If  the  har- 
S.irian-  were  to  rule  oxer  the^e  people.  the\'  mu-t  under- 
-!,ind  -'Oinethin^  of  Latin.  rhi>  wa>  not  the  litiTary 
[,i!in  in  whieh  (";i'^ar  wrote  hi>  matthle>>  history,  and  in 
.',  iiiih  C'ieero  uttered  hi>  famou>  orvitions,  hut  the  Latin  of 
;!ii  -tri'et,  the  Latin  of  the  >oldier>.  farmers,  worknu'ii,  and 
-I  i\e-~,  with  its  vulj^ar  >lanL;  and  outlandi>h  pronuneialion>. 

rile  new  master.-  eould  not   talk  with  the  woodsmen,   the 

.irpriiters.    and    masons   on    their   <,'rt'at    e>tates,    without 

1  ijuaintance  with  their  lan^ua,::;(.-. 

Where  Latin  Aids  the  Germans.       Whenever  the>e  rude 
'  ii-rman  lords  had   need   of  the  ser\i(  e-  of  the  chureh   to 

'  !pli/e  their  children  or  to  l)ur\-  the  di'ad.  the>-  found  thai 
'ii  re.  al>o,  the  onl\-  lanj^uaiie  in  u.>e  was  Latin.      Li  the  i  ourt 

r  i,iw\er's  otTiee,  the  >ame  was  true.  i'hey  >oon  found 
''lit   their  (lerman  di.dect  was  too  harharou-  tor  u-e  evi'ii 

^  lni;-ines>  and  ^'o\ eminent.     Latin  would  not  only  he  a 

.  n  al  aid  to  them  in  i^aininj^  ])owH'r  and  intlui'nee.  hut  they 

'   ".~t  learn  it  or  he  always  looked  upon  a-  foreigner-;. 

Two  Languages  Side  by  Side.       Lor  eenturie>  the  two 

is'jua^es  were  si)oken   >ide  by   >ide.   var>in^   in  <litYe:-enL 

;-triet>.  and  amon.u'  dilfereiit  ela»es  of  peo])le.  each  bor- 


..f- 


li 


I  .V 

It 


82        DAWN    (»l     AMKRK   \\    IlI>IOk\     IN    KlROi'i: 


rowin,!,'  \v(ir(l>  fr(im   the  other.     'I'hc  (iiTin;in>  fdutid   that 
they  had   m>  worcU.  wliatfvcr.  for  many  thiii^>  tliat   lhr\ 


met  with  in  thi>  hi'dur  lil 


(•  ahi) 


ut  th 


I'lii. 


thc-v  IrtcK-  hor 


niwfd  Latin  nainc:>  and  t\|>rt>'-ii)ns. 

Latin  Triumphs.  Tlu-  (()nt(-^^  hcluct'n  the  two  laii- 
j^ua^a-s  went  on  -ileiitly  and  unnotieed.  hut  the  Latin 
.L,'ra(iuaL_\-  took  the  lead.  a>  lieini:  thi-  he-t  >in'le(l  to  the 
l)ul)iie  nee(U.  (iernian  tontinued  tDr  a  ionij  time  the  hiii 
j.;Liaj,H'  ol"  the  lioiiie  and  lire-idt'.  hut  at  lenytli  l-'rank>  aiul 
(ioths  married  Latin  wi\t>.  and  in  thi>  way  Latin  tame 
more  and  more  into  the  iiome-.  A  few  (c-nturie>  blotted 
out  ahno>t  e\-ery  trace  of  tlie  (iernian  (h'aleit--  in  Ilaiv. 
Lranee,  and  Sjjain.     'rhi>  wa>  esi)e(ially  true  in  thi-  titie>. 

Rude  Dialects  Instead  of  Latin.  For  man\ .  main 
yi-ars,  in  faet  for  tcnturier^.  there  was  almost  no  travel  or 
eommern-.  Lac  h  eonniumity  lixed  \-ery  much  to  itself. 
Kaeh  i)ro\iiKc'  or  tovrntry  t)ecame  jjeculiar  in  dress,  in 
customs,  and  even  in  laniiu.iLTe.  The  people  in  different 
countries  of  the  empire  \-er\  gradually  came  to  pronounce 
the  >ame  words  differentlw  and  when  they  aizain  learned  to 
read  and  write.  lhe\  si)elled  the  >ame  words  differentlv. 
Let  us  take  the  Latin  word  ^( hoii.  meanintr  school,  and  see 
how  it  came  to  he  >])elled  in  different  ])arts  of  the  empire 
In  Italy.  s<  hold  came  to  he  >])elled  scnold  ;  in  Spain,  csruclii; 
in  rortu<:al.  csroLi;  and  in  l'"rance.  oolc.  From  the  dil'fer 
ent  ways  these  words  were  ])ronouncc'd  xou  would  liardlv 
dream   that   they  all  came  from    the    Latin   mother  word. 

MoreoNer.  new  words  were  (dined  and  hroujzht  into  use. 
ut  l"ir>t  perhaps  as  slan<,^  just  as  we  are  making  new  word- 
unci  exj^ressions  to-day  :  but  the  slan<i  of  each  proxime  wa>. 
of  course,  utterly  dilYerent  from  that  of  the  others.  Thii- 
many  dialects  frew  u]).  \-er\-  unlike  the  mother  Latin  and 
unlike  one  another.      Thoe  dialec  t>.  as  the  centuries  pa>sed 


Tl.lTDNS    AT   SCHOOL    IN    Till-;    KMl'IRK 


>^.> 


-if 


lil  rail  a])arl  like  >p()kt's  from  the  huh  of  .i  whci'l.  I)itTtr- 
r!it  jiroxiiu  i'-'  <iiul(i  no  lonmT  uii(li.T>tati(i  oiu-  aiiotlu'r'> 
i.iimuaL'i'.  In  Si)ain  tlu'  j)i'o|»K'  tanu-  to  -pi'ak  Si)aiii>h 
^illicit-;  in  Kraiuf.  r'nciuli;  in  Italw  Italian.  So  thf  Ian- 
jiiau'o  of  thfsc  i()untric>  to-day  arc  niodit'u'd  forni>  of  Latin. 
I  ur  tlii~  reason  tlu"  Spanish.  I'Vi-nch.  Italian,  an.i  I*ortu,t,'Uf^c 
!  inLruaLri'-^  arc  calk-d  Romanct'  ton^uo. 

A  Barbarian  Lawsuit.  Ilu-  (iirnian>  ranir  into  tlu- 
i!ii]iirt'.  not  only  a>  armies,  hut  as  trihi-s;  and.  as  they 
^  Itlrd.  tlu  rihfs  or  nation>  hrokc  un  into  clans,  which 
.vrpf  lar^f  l;.oui)s  of  kinsmen.  Outside  the  elan,  or  family 
_'tMup,  there  \va>  no  law  to  ajjpeal  to.  If  men  j,;()t  into  ;i 
iii-i)Ute,  one  \va>-  to  >ettie  it  wa>  hy  wa;,'er  of  hattle;  that 
I-  lo  fit:ht  it  out  fairly,  t'ither  in  >in^le  eomhat  or  with 
ilianipions  who  fou.udit  for  them.  They  helieved  that  (io([ 
w^nild  ^i\(.-  \ietory  to  liie  ri^hl  >ide. 

A  Blood  Feud  .\nother  wax  to  settle  the  trouhU'  was 
iM.i-k  the  (Ian  or  famil\-  to  lake  it  up.  Then  a  hlood  feud 
,:iii~e  hetueen  two  tamilies.  whose  followt-r^  carried  on  :i 
-'>r\  of  warfare  for  year>.  during  which  time,  in  many  in- 
-'.iiue>.  many  were  killed  on  hoth  sides. 

Fines.  Still  another  way  to  settle  dilTiculties  was  hy 
\\\\\i\il  the  wronj^doer.  Fines  were  called  were<ields,  and 
Uure  were  were.uelds  lor  every  kind  of  mi.Mleed.  .\moni; 
ilie  Lomhards,  whose  laws  were  at  la>l  written  in  Latin,  ;i 
r.an  who  murdered  another  was  linetl  qco  j)ieces  of  ^old, 
IT  hlindinu  anothi-r's  eye,  one  wa,>  ihied  as  nuu  h  a.->  if 
•I-  had  killed  his  enemy.  Kach  liml)  had  its  i)ric<-.  A 
■r.'iu  tooth  was  worth  sixteen  coins,  hecause  it  distii,nired 
'\iv  laii',  while  a  hack  tooth  was  worth  hut  c\^h{.  .\  slave's 
■  '"'til   wa.■^   woriii   hut   iour   coins,  tor   ib.e   i);irl)ar!an   laws 

•Tf  ditferent  for  different   classes  of  peojjle.     .\  nohle  or 

'  rnian  wa>  let  off  easilv  for  a  crime  that  would  he  severelv 


III 

H 

il 


iif 

jll 


h 


wm 


84 


DAWN    Ol     AMKklCAN    IIIsroRV    IN    KIKOI'K 


I)uni>lK'(i  if  conimillfd  by  a  pour  man  or  a  slave.  So  a 
man  \va>  al\vay>  liiU'd  Il'>>  for  injury  to  a  >LTi  or  a  shiw  than 
to  a  tret-man. 

Breaking  a  Man's  Head.  To  call  a  man  "  a  la/.y  loon  " 
was  a  serious  ott'ense  anionj^  the  Lombards,  and  tor  thi> 
crime  one  must  either  ajioloj^i/e  and  pay  a  tine  of  Iwehr 
loins.  or.  if  he  still  >aid  it  was  true,  he  must  tij^hl  the  duel. 
To  break  a  man"s  skull  (()>t  twelve  coins,  and  twelve  more 
for  ea(  h  fracture  up  to  three,  after  which  they  were  not 
counted.  Hut  before  the  full  line  was  paid,  a  piece  of  bone 
must  come  out  which  would  make  a  sound  when  thrown 
into  a  shield  twelve  feet  away.  The  line,  or  weregeld, 
for  takinj.,'  a  woman's  life  was  1200  coins,  while  that  for  man 
was  only  (po.  because  he  could  defend  himself  while  she 
could  not. 

Personal  Liberty.  -  The  (iermans  had  so  hi<^h  an  opinion 
of  life  and  liberty  that  they  never  impriM)ned  a  man,  and 
very  rarely  imjutsed  the  penalty  of  death,  no  matter  what 
the  crime  was.     .\  man's  j)erson  was  sacred  amon^'  them. 

Laws  Made  for  a  Certain  Territory.       When  we  Anieri 
cans  p)  from  one  state  or  country  to   another,  we   come 
every  time  under  a  new  system  of  laws,  for  all  laws  to-day 
are  made  for  a  certain  territory  and  limited  to  it.     So  we 
say  our  laws  are  territorial. 

Personal  Laws.  But  the  Teutons,  who  roamed  about 
so  much,  i-ould  not  well  have  territorial  laws.  They  made 
their  laws  oiuv  for  a  lifetime;  and  110  matter  where  the\ 
wer.t,  each  nuui  carried  his  own  laws  with  him  and  e.\i)ected 
to  have  them  respected.  A  man's  laws  were  always  thor-e 
of  the  tribe  into  which  he  was  born.  So  the  (lerman  thought 
that  his  laws  were  ]K'rsonal ;  that  is.  a  i)art  of  himself,  and 
he  could  not  change  them  or  part  with  them  if  he  wanted  ti> 
do  so. 


%|TS5q5^«^|^ 


IKiroNS    AT   SCHOOL    IN     IIH.    KMI'IKI. 


S: 


!ii 


Two  Law  Codes  Side  by  Side.  \\  hilc  hv  ;ihva\ >  i  lainuil 
the  ri.uht  to  1k'  ju(l}.,a'(l  1)\'  hi>  own  l.i\v>,  the  I'lViton  ;;a\«.'  to 
.linr  pi'oplf  tlH'  sanif  ri^ht.  Iht'  lMTiiian>.  wlun  tlu-y 
tiitiTfil  tlic  rnipirc.  st-ttU'd  down  uiidtT  tlu'ir  own  unwritten 
1 IW-.  wliich  they  had  hroui,'ht  Ironi  hi-yond  thi'  Rhinf; 
!>iit  thev  allowc'tl  the  Latin'^  ti>  (ttntinvu'  iukUt  Roman  law■^. 
I'lir  a  lonti,  loni^  time  there  I'xisted  >ide  hy  >ide  tw(t  >ets. 
Mf  (()de>  of  law.  one  lor  Tt'Utons  and  another  for  Latins. 

Owning  Land,  New  to  Germans.  .\o  xioner  had  they 
-I  tiled  than  eaeh  freeman  he^'an  to  own  >ome  himi.  wliieh 
tht  \-  had  lU'ver  thout^lit  of  doinir  in  the  wild  .vood>  of  (ier- 
in:iii\-  They  soon  wishi-d  to  build  and  to  ])1,  t,  to  buy  and 
-<  11,  and  to  make  wills  >(»  that  tluir  ihildren  miuht  inherit 
ttirir  lands.  They  be^an  al>o  to  havi'  (otillitts  about  land 
JKiundariesand  about  live  stork  behtnvMnir  to  one  man  stra\'- 
i:iu'  on  t!ie  land-  of  another.  I-ikewi>t'  in  their  business  deal- 
iiii:>  thev  be^an  to  have  disj)uti>.  Their  own  rudi'  laws 
wnuld  not  eover  any  of  thesi  i  a>e>.  Xo  sueh  di-putes 
had  ever  arisen  in  the  forests  of  (iermany,  bi-cause  (Ik  re 
ilic  people  had  not  owned  land.     What  -hould  they  do? 

Roman  Law  Triumphs. — T!u  >'  >oon  learned  that  the 
Roman  laws,  which  had  come  down  from  centurio  liefore, 
,!!id  which  were  written  in  yreat  books.  co\ered  all  theM- 
i.i-e-,  with  a  fairness  and  justice  that  astoni-hed  the  (ii-r- 
r  .in-.  Thev  found  also  a  class  of  h'arned  nu'n,  or 
li\v\ers.  whose  business  it  was  to  explain  these  laws  and 
i'iily  them  in  the  courts.  They  came  to  .-ee  how  much 
!n  Iter  were  the  laws  of  Rome  for  all  their  new  need-  and 
-'>  tliey  allowed  their  old  Teutonic  laws  to  die  out  jrradu- 
•illy  and  disaj^pear. 

Roman  Law  an  Aid  to  the  Barbarians.  In  thi>  manner 
'lie  j:reat  and  wonderful  system  of  law.  which  was  Rome's 
!'t-t  uift  to  mankind,  lived  on  and  became  the  foundation 


III 


111 
If: 

ti; 


if.. 


II 


i   -Hi 

I- 

m 


S6 


DAWN    OF   AMKRICAN    lIlsTOkV    IN    KlKOfK 


for  the  laws  of  many  nations  to-<lav.  Thtst'  nohlr  laws 
sprrad  abroad  ju^tirc  and  fair  dialing.  'Ihry  l)i'(anu-  a 
mi'^hty  aid  to  thr  (itTnians  in  their  onward  and  ui)v\ard 
stru<,'irl('.  Thr  hot  ti-achi-rs  for  our  rudi-  forefathers  were, 
however,  the  monasteries,  and  of  theni  we  >hall  read  in  the 
next  chapter. 

niKSTlONS 

I.  What  parts  of  tlir  Roman  cnipirt-  were  .-.parod  ?  :.  Why!^ 
S.  Of  wliat  valiif  wtri'  tlic  things  tliat  wcvv  >i)ariil?  4.  What  vahi- 
al)li'  ihiii^s  (till  thr  'IVulons  \>T\nfi  into  the  rmpirc  ■'  v  Mow  was 
the  laiiK'uaKf  (  h:'nKi'il  !■'  f).  How  .lid  the  'IVutotis  and  Latins  (oni 
I).iri'  in  numhiTs  ■'  7.  Why  had  the  'IVutons  siuh  [Miwcr:^  S.  Who 
was  seizing  the  lands  :■'  <).  What  jircat  work  was  Christianity  doinj; 
for  thr  empire;-'  10.  What  was  its  itfect  upon  thr  harharians/ 
11.  Disc  uss  the  [Huiishments  of  this  time.  u.  What  do  thev  show  :■' 
i.i,.  Discuss  the  laws.  14.  Who  made  them?  iq.  Sh(,w  how  the 
Dark  .\j;es  were  a  good  thin^  ;•'  16.  Huw  had  the  church  gained  so 
much  [)owfr  as  it  had  ^ 


CIIAITKR    Vr 


THE    MONASTERIES 


ii^ 


The  Monks  as  Teachers.  Throufih  all  the  (cnturics 
"\  tlir  Dark  A^cs.  whvn  the  criuic  and  barbarous  (ii-rmans 
Win-  \va<,Mn<:  bloody  wars  upon  thi-  Komans  and  upon  one 
anntlur.  fviTylhinj;  seemed  hopelessly  ruined.  The  ti-aeh- 
( r>  who  sa\ed  most  of  the  Roman  skill  and  knowled^^e 
ir.im  utter  de>lru(  tion  until  the  (lirmans  were  ready  to  lake 
tilt  ni  up  were  the  monks. 

Early  Monks  Godly  Men.  The  monks  wanted  none  of 
the  riches  of  this  world.  While  other  men  in  those  dark 
<la\>  wire  killing  and  roljbing  their  neij^hbors,  the  monks 
-ou.uht  fiuiet,  peaceful  phues  away  from  the  wranglinji  and 
the  wickedness,  where  they  mij^ht  live  lives  of  service  to 
(I'id.  They  were  merciful  and  kind,  i)ure  and  temperate; 
and  they  wanted  j)laces  in  which  to  think,  to  work,  and  to 
i'ray.  Thus  there  arose,  liortly  after  the  (iermans  took 
I  "'-session  of  the  empire,  great  monasteries,  whose  high 
avails  shut  out  the  wicked  world. 

Nunneries.  These  monasteries  s])rang  up  rapidly 
'  \irywhere  in  Western  Europe.  Such  a  life  appealed  to 
■'■t>nH'n,  too.  and  so  there  appeared  a  great  many  nunneries 
ill  It.dy  and  in  (iaul.  Both  monasteries  and  nunneries 
■'canie  a  retreat  for  troubled  and  discouraged  souls  who 
'^\tTe  tired  of  the  life  about  them,  and  who  wished  to  get 
'.\ay  from  the  sins  and  temptations  of  the  outside  world. 

St.  Benedict  and  His  Rules.  It  was  St.  Benedict  who 
i'unded  the  order  of   monks  that   became  the  model  for 

«7 


1 1 


ill 


>m 


t- 1 


8cS 


l)\\\\   ()l      \MKK1(   \\    llI>r()K\     I\    KlROI'i; 


all    (iliicr-.     M.    liciifdii  t    ^ui  ( ctiicd    well    hi'c.u-c    nf    lii> 
stri(t  rult -.      Thf  munk-  who  jOiiud  hi>  ordtr  made  tlircr 

^:ri  at  \()W>  ;  al\va_\  >  lo  re- 
main pour,  lu  !i\  (i  lia-tcaiKl 
jiurf  li\(-.  and  i)rtmi|>tK 
and  -tri(  tl\  to  ubi  y  tlu  ii 
•-u|nrinr- 

The  Monk  s  Vow  to  Re 
main  Poor.  Ii\  tlu-  vow 
nf  |»()\irt\  tlu-  ninnk  dcninl 
liiinM-lt  all  |)r(i])(-rty  of  hi- 
(iwii.  Thf  \(r\-  prn  with 
whit  h  lu-  (opii-d  hi>  i)i<)ii- 
IxMtk--  aiul  tlu-  ildthiii^  that 
lu-  won-  l»rlon;:i-(l  not  to 
him,  hut  to  the  nu)nastcry. 

^1     Hi  M  nil  1  V-  ■  .  I  111 

No  matti-r  how  har<l  he 
\vorkt-(l  or  what  projHTtN'  ranu-  hi-eaUM'  of  hi>  i-liorts,  it  all 
wi-m  to  hi>  order. 

Not  Allowed  to  Marry.        The  \ow  of  ( ha>tity  hound  tlu- 
monk  iu'\-i-r  to  marrw  aiul  thus  lu-  wa>  i  ut  off  forc-vcr  from 


tlu-   tu->  ol    honu 


an( 


I  (hildn-n.     In    thi>  wav  all   hi:^ 


labors,  his  ambitions,  weri-  for  hi-'  order. 

Obeying  Their  Abbots.        Idu-  vow  of  obedience 


to  thi 


;i>ter\'.   wa>  inti-nded   also  ti 


abbot,   the  lu-ad   of  the-   mon 

make  the  monk  forget  >elf.      He  no  lon,uer  had  even  a  will  ot 

his  own.  but  he  mu>t  look  alwaxs  to  his  superior,  the  abbot. 


How  the  Monks  Worked. 


St.   Henedie*   made  anotlur 


rule,  that  the  life  t)f  the  monk  should  be  >i)ent  in  work,  for 


hi-   said.    "  To   Work    i>   to  pray 


A   laboring   monk   i- 


troubled  by  oni'  devil  ;  an  idle  monk  by  a  ho>t  of  devils.  ' 
said  another.  K\i-ry  day  >o  nuu  h  time  was  spent  in  prayer, 
and  so  much  in  work  with  the  haiuls.     One  order  divided 


rm;  mows  tiki  is 


89 


l!ii    cl;i\-  in  thi^  way:    :-t  \  en  Imur-  nf  manu.il    lahor.  ^(\tii 
iiMiir-  III  ^l^^•l).  >t\tn  h(iur>  ot   ]ira\tr.  tun  tor  -tud)    ami 
..IK    I'nr  thr  ■'itiL'lc  ilaily  iiual.  uliiih  it>n>i-ti(|  dI  twu  \ii;c 
t  ilili  -  ami  -«>mc  fruit.    'Ihtx  win-  tu  ia-t,  too,  Imi  tiot  mure 
ihiii  thr\   (iiuld  ht'ar.      'I  In-  mlmk^  won-  oiiK    the  plaiiic^l 


t  l"tliiii.i,' :    a  >liirt  t»l    iindyi'd   wool,  wliiih    \va>  (ti\(rc(l,  at 
Work,  with  a  lont,'  Mai)ular\-,  and  at  i  hurc  h  with  a  kiwI. 

Gifts  of  Land  for  an  Abbey.  In  thnx-  <hi>>  it  was 
Hmimht  that  the  uniti'd  j)rayt.T>  uf  monks  (ould  niovt-  thi- 
1<  ilcr  of  Heaven;    or  if  (lod  were  angrx .  thi'  inonk>  need 

'!il>   ]>ra\-  and  all  would  he  well.     'V\n\   touM  ^a\c  a  man 
;roin    all    |»uni>hnient    in    the    nt-xt    world,    no  matter  how 

■  iikt(l  and  sinful  a  life  he  had  li\ed  lierc.     So  print fs  and 
■i"]i\v>  Were  ^lad  lo  buy  the  continual  prayers  of  the  monks 

e>pei  iaii)    -iih c    a 


il    ;.!  1  I      1  > 


I    Kind    to     liiL-     Uiolia>'ui  \ 


1:1. t( 


ti~e  lorest,  a  barren  tract,  or  even  a  dismal  >wamp.  which 
le  the  ^iver  no  poorer,  would  sati-fy  the  monks. 


If- 
:■;■ 


l>1 


I:, 


I 


I 


f-i 


'!i; 


i- 


90       DAWN    (H    AMKklCW    lIlSTOkV    IN    l.l  Roi'i: 


Wheie  Abbeys  were  Built.  A  -.\\;iini>  ua^  (t>n>i(lirt(l 
a  \try  pMxl  \^;\^^•  t<>  l)iiil<l  a  niuiia>tiry.  fur  it  n)ni|Hll((l 
llu'  in(>nk>  to  work  thr  lianli-r  to  rcilaim  it  and  niaki-  it 

tillal)ii-.  Tlu-  harder, 
mon-  painful,  and  un- 
attractivi'  the  work, 
the  hi'ttiT  Miiti'd  it 
,vas  thttu^iht  to  hr  fi>r 
monks,  (iri-at  niona>>- 
li-riis  sprang  u|)  amid 
>\vamp>  and  in  the  un 
broken  fore>ts,  upon 
land  ;,'iven  hy  some 
])i»)usprini  e  or  wealthy 
landowner.  Here  a  site 
having  l)een  chosen  for 
the  monaster)-,  the 
monks  set  about  to 
clear  the  forests  or  to 
drain  the  swamp.  As 
the  years  pa>sed.  more 
and  more  land  wa-> 
thus  prepared  for  wav- 
ing iTopS. 

The  Christian  Colony.  -  Each  Benedictine  monastery 
was  a  little  world  in  itself,  surrounded  and  shut  otT  from  the 
outer  world  by  j)alisades  and  moats  and  turreted  wall- 
Many  were  the  buildings  about  a  cloister,  sometimes  forty 
or  fifty.  There  was  the  abbot's  stately  house  with  it- 
kitchen  and  storerooms;  there  were  the  schools  for  out- 
siders, irnis  lor  the  con\ eiiienee  ui  ira\ elers.  iniirniarRs  lir 
the  afied  and  the  poor  who  came  for  alms,  and  the  di-- 
pensaries,  where  medicines  were  given  free  to  those  who 


I'l  AN    OF    AN    AhUKY. 


TIIK    .M()\Av|IK||> 


<M 


IK  (•  i<(l  tlurn.  Tlurc  wrrc  aUu  tlu-  dniii  ( luirt  h,  the  lil»rar\  , 
.iini  the  W(irk-li(»|)N.  I'hf  \\(»rkimn  h.nl  tluir  own  .iIxmU^^. 
iiiiiilin  l>\-  luili,'«'>  ami  wall>, 

A  Sort  of  Hospital  A  huildinj;  wa^  m  t  apart  lor  tlu" 
Iritiim  of  Mood,  whii  h  playrd  vi  laryr  a  pari  in  {\u-  pra(  titt- 
'.1  iiifdii  inc  in  tlio>c  <lay>.  In  M.mr  niona-tirifs  tlu'  nionk> 
wtrc  l)!c'd  all  round  at  Ntatrd  ptriod-,  (o  tarm-  tluir  iinrulv 
lM~-ion>. 

Different  Kinds  of  Work  of  an  Abbey  Thf  nionk>  in 
an  al)l)t\  nunihcrrd  >rviral  xon-,  oitiii  vww  M'vi-ral  hun- 
dnd.  i;\(ry  man  wa--  cxpntcd  to  sj)t'nd  hi--  lilc  in  doin^ 
L'ood.  WiiattviT  talent  hr  had  lie  u>cd  for  the  ^ood  of  his 
or.hr  and  of  his  frllow-nnn.  In  tluir  dnirch  tluv  nut  to 
.i-k  for  >trfnnth  from  on  hi<ih  to  do  tluir  \vi«rk  a>  Chri.^- 
ti.itn/.rrs  aiul  i  i\  ilizir>  of  mankind.  Thin  tlu  y  went  forth 
tn  Work  at  farming;.  j.;ardi'nin^.  larptntt-rin^'.  writing,  dot  tor- 
iiiL'.  ti-aihing  in  the  m  hooI>.  or  pn-aihinj;  to  the  heathen 
around  llu'in. 

Good  Examples  to  the  District.  The  people  came  from 
lar  and  near  to  ^ape  at  the  l)u>y  workers  and  to  earry  home 
itu  new  idi'as.  So.  wherever  an  ahhey  ai)|)eare(l.  the  sur- 
roundinj,'  country  quiikly  learned  it>  le»<ins  aiul  began  to 
improve. 

The  Germans  Reached  Through  Farming.  It  was 
through  agriculture  that  the  new  and  crude  (iermans  could 
I't  -t  1)1-  lifted  to  a  higher  i)lani-  of  li\'ing.  because  the  (ier- 
inan-  li\ed  at  I'lrst  only  on  farms.  So  the  nu)nks  became 
jiHid  teachers,  by  e.vami)le.  of  how  t<t  raise  the  best  crops, 
ii"W  to  drain  swamps,  build  dikes,  and  how  t(»  breed  better 
'  .ttle.  >heep,  and  hog^.  If  illnes-  broke  out  in  the  com- 
':  ;i:;ity,  the  monks  ha.-tcned  wiiii  liieit  ienu-iiie>;  lor  ihey 
••»ri'  great  healers,  and  distributed  their  medicines  free  to 
all  who  .sought  them. 


ill 
n 


hi 


!? 


'11 


1 1 


? 

'm 

i 

1 

-9 

* 

t- 

0-^ 


DAWN    Oi     AMKRKAN    HISTORY    IN    KlROl'E 


Monastic  Schools.  Thf  school-^  o.nncd.d  with  the 
m..iia>urv  wcTr  of  two  kin.l^:  oiu-  for  tho^f  who  would 
later  join  tin-  onlrr.  an<l  \hv  othi-r  for  the-  ><)ns  of  tlu-  ufi^h- 
lM,rini:  no1.k'>  and  frivmen.  Reading',  writin;,'.  anil  arith- 
nu'ti.'  were  the  ( hiei  Mil)jc(ts  tau-ht.  Pupils  were  >h<>wn 
how  to  imitate  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  by  er..»inK  and 
curvin;;  ihi-ir  lin,L:er>. 

Saving  the  Ancient  Learning.  One  of  the  ehief  labors  ui 
thi'  monk.,  an.l  ihi'  one  for  whi(  h  we  should  thank  them 
mo>t.  wa.  the  .-.'pyinj^  of  old  manu>rrii>t>.  In  thi>  way. 
al..ne,  have  we  c.me  into  po>>e>Mon  of  the  knowled-ie  and 
learnin-  of  the  (ireeks  and  Romans.  I-or  the  bools  ol 
thoM/  earlv  time>.  as  we  know,  were  written  either  upon 
|,ai>yru>  or  upon  parchment,  which  i>  >heep>kin.  'rhe>e 
parchment  roll^  decayed  and  fell  to  pieces;  an.l  if  they  had 
not    been   iopied.  all   the  treasure>  of   Creek   and    Roman 

learninu  would  ha\e 
been  \o>{.  In  every 
mona.-tery  '.here  wa- 
a  library  and  a  writ- 
in.u  table. 

Toilsome  Labor. 
Manv    a    manuscript 
copied    in    the   tenth 
centur\    is    >till  clear 
and    K'-iible.     The 
iireatt'i-t   care  wa- 
taken  in   the  writing 
of  the  words  and  es- 
pecially    in    startint; 
itlcr        Some    coDvist- 
found  iheir  work   s..  tire>ome  that   they  sometimes  wrote 
on  the  margins  that  they  were  glad  that  darkness  had  at 


A   M<iNK    \i    WoKk 


1*  it  111    lit  1 1 1I ! 


f:  -"mi 


■^''^l::W\ 


THK    MONASTKRIES  93 

l.i-t  fallen,  or  that  tlu-  work  was  ended.  Still  it  was  a  joy 
to  many  a  nmnk  to  see  the  library  of  his  monaster^  i^row. 
■^oiiic  inanuscript>  were  hound  in  leather  and  heautifullv 
,i<!<irneil. 

People  Loved  the  Monks.  The  >aintlint»  of  the  true 
I!,' ink  ^a\e  him  a  sacred  character  in  tlu'  eyes  of  the  common 
jHn])k'.  Tluy  looked  up  to  him  as  mi»ionaries  are  looked 
■,i|>  to  to-day.  when  they  do  their  work  wi'll.  When  a  noble 
,ibt)iil  or  a  monk  of  exceptional  ,uoodne.->  died,  he  was 
iii'Hirned  for  by  thousands  who  had  reiei\e(l  from  him  .some 
kindly  service  or  noble  Ksson. 

Honest  Labor.  Another  debt  that  we  owe  the  monks 
i-  lor  teailiinu  the  world  the  duly  and  di^Miity  of  work.  In 
,!ih  ieiit  times  nearly  all  manual  lal)or  was  put  ujutn  >laves. 
li.'th  the  Roman>  and  the  (ireek>  held  themselves  abo\e  it. 
I  he  monk  set  a  noble  e.\ami)le  of  the  duty  of  honest  labor, 
.iiid  the  worlil  to-(lay  is  aciordint.!;  more  and  more  honor  to 
the  man  who  toils. 

Monastery  Self-supporting.  'l'heabl)ol  dixided  the  labor 
.;inoii^  the  monks,  and  all  the  needs  of  the  monastery  were 
-upjilied  on  the  spot.  Mach  was  a  model  farm,  following; 
'he  plan  of  a  Roman  \ilia.  Kvery  monastery  had  its  own 
!.mner.  >hoemaker.  and  >addler.  its  blacksmith  and  worker 
Ml  iriin,  it>  carpenter  and  mason,  sheep  tender  and  farmers. 
I  lie  clothin^^  of  the  monks  was  made  by  their  own  hands, 
iiom  wool  f^rown  upon  the  backs  of  t'.eir  own  sheej).  Some 
i'un  the  yarn,  others  wove  the  (loth,  and  >till  others  dyed 
i'  the  desired  color;  then  it  was  at  la>t  ready  for  the  tailor. 
I  he  wheat  and  other  trrain  were  ^rown  u])on  their  own 
iiuds  and   ground   at   their  own   mill.     They    made   wine 

irir  own  beer.     In  this  way  skill  in  the  different  trades  was 
pt  alive  through  the  Dark  -Xges. 


tjj 
III 


!fi 


9A 


DAWN    or    AMKKICAN'    HISTOKV    IX    KlKOl'i: 


Commerce.  'Vhv  monks  somi-tinus  had  a  surplus  ..i 
pPHlu(t>.  whidi  it  \va>  thoujiht  hc-sl  to  >c\\.  In  >omr 
casr>  thfv  nvviWd  to  purchaM-  raw  materials  for  their  in 
(lu>try.  And  so  they  ( ame  into  comnK  '-  ial  relation  with 
the  outside  world.  Wine  and  wo(.len  >tuft>  were  >olil  and 
sent  to  other  i  itie>.  In  this  way  new  arts  and  new  knowl- 
edge were  brought  in. 

Good  Roads  Needed.  The  monasteries  came  to  take 
an  interest  in  roacU,  and  >ome  reli.uious  house.-  were  founded 
for  the  veryi)uri)o>eof  rei)airin):road>and  rehuildin.iihrid.ue-. 
Such  work  was  eon>idered  i)iou>.  Lar.^e  al)l)ey>  on  M)me 
rivers  had  .ureat  number^  of  (arryin.t^  ve»el>.  while  the 
peasants  on  their  e>tate>  were  reijuired  to  furni>h  o.xen  and 
wagons  for  land  trar  /ortation.  The  monasteries  otteii 
built  up  a  prosperous  trade  ami  became  wealthy.  Later 
they  were  the  ehief  objects  of  the  plunderin-,'  raid>  of  the 
Danes  and  Northmen. 

Monks  Kept  Art  Alive.  The  monks  not  only  taught 
l)etter  methods  of  atirit  ulture.  and  kept  alive  aiuient  learn- 
ing; but  they  preserved  some  intenst  in  the  tine  art-, 
although  their  drawirn^  c(m>isted  of  little  more  than 
childish  scrawls.  They  al^*>  composed  h>nins  that  the 
church  will  never  cease  to  -in,-:.  They  were  the  leader>  and 
•Hiides  in  all  -ood  things,  until  the  (iermans  were  natly  to 
take  up  the  work  and  carry  it  on. 

A  Remarkable  Monk.  Some  monks  wer.-  skilltul  m 
doing  many  things.  In  the  time  of  Charles  the  Fat  ot 
France,  a  certain  moi\k.  Totilo  by  name,  wa-  faniou>  a>  a 
preacher  .md  teacher,  a  poet  and  a  mu>ical  composer,  and 
vet  was  able  to  turn  his  hand  to  painting.  sculi)ture,  or 

-  ..111!  ..  „  1 


architecture 


Charier  i.ur>eil  incisc  wnu  ii 


mac: 


■jl    ri':'*' 


of  such  a  brilliant  man.  because  he  wo 
him  as  an  ornament  to  his  court. 


uld  like  to  have  h; 


'I-  ,  ^■<;:r»Y'f|,; 


'i^», ««,:". 


njw  ■vy'.-.    ■"  '5lE 


IHK    MONASIKRIKS 


05 


Teaching  Everything.  Thi-  monk  knew  hi-  Hil)lc  well. 
mi  lu'  taii,L;ht  it  to  tin-  |)copK'.  I'ho-c  who  K'ariud  to  read 
.it  tlic  al)l)c\'  Ifariuil  to  read  thrir  I^ihlo.  Thox'  who 
luAcr  k'ariicd  to  ri'ai!,  the  niouk  tau;;ht  hy  st'rinon.>  and 
piiturc-.  riu'  Hihlt'  was  not  forhiddi'n  to  thi'  pcoj)!*.'  till 
!,it(i  (cutiirio  wluii  till'  church  and  <  kr;^')-  wire  lontipl. 
Ill  ,1   word   tin-  old   monk   mi-->iorKir\    tau^l-.t    all   ''at    he 


ktit  w  U   all  who  would  Irarn.      In  ri'turn  he  wa-  loved  and 
:'r-pr(  trd  1)}'  thf  rou^h  peopU'  ot"  his  d;i\'. 

Shelter    Towns.       I'lidcr    the    shadow    of    monasteries 

t'lwn-  >pran.<:  uj).  and   in   these  town>   were    taken   n:any 

■!tp-  toward  freedom  for  the  lahorinti  i  lasses. 

Becoming    Wealthy.        The    monasteries    gradually    he- 

niie  the  <rreat  landowners,  and  the    ahhot-    hec  ami'  very 

:  II  t\\'i 'rt  M 1  f  ^n#i    n--i\-    !»-»    II-1..J,  li    <K..    I..«..^    _, 4     ..11*  I 

'  ., ,.      r.  ■■  -     , . ;    ,,....;.    t  . ..     ;.;  [.V  .    ^  i;rr;ij  .i    , ;  1 J !  K  u :  ■   o !  J 

I  lined  land  wa>  h>-  ptTsuadint:  dinners  and    weak   persons 
:  '  M-rure  the  safety  of  their  souls  in  the  next  world  l)\  lea\- 


H, 


it, 

!  J  I 


l!  1 


it 


iP 


!  •4' 


f/)        DAWN    or    AMKKICW    HISTORY    IN    EUROPE 


inj,'  land  Id  the  monasteries  in  return  for  the  prayers  and 
masses  of  the  monks.  Manv  pious  men  and  women  left 
},nfts  to  their  favorite  al)l)e\>.  and  since  an  abbey  had  no 
children  amon^  whom  to  divide  its  wealth,  it  never  lost  any 
of  it.  and  more  money  was  always  coming  in. 

Spoiled  by  Riches.  The  monasteries  came,  in  later 
times,  to  own  boundless  forests  and  vast  fertile  tracts  on 
which  farmers  liked  to  live.  i)ecau>e  of  the  low  rents  that 
thev  were  allowi'd  to  pay  to  the  abbots.  So  the  abbots 
became  ver\-  wealth)-,  and  with  riches  came  all  the  com- 
forts and  luxuries  that  money  would  buy.  The  monks 
no  longer  toiled  in  thi'  fields,  for  the  land  was  rented  to 
farmers.  Instead  of  a  dark,  cheerless  cell  and  hours  of 
labor  with  the  i)en.  the  monks  now  lived  lives  of  ease. 
Naturally  they  came  to  be  wicked  and  i()rruj)t. 

Abbeys  Refuse  to  Pay  Taxes  Destroyed.  The  mcr 
asteries  claimed  to  be  independent  of  every  j)ower  exct 
that  of  the  churt  h.  so  they  would  not  pay  any  ta.xes  to  the 
new  governments  that  arose  on  the  ruins  of  the  empire. 
.\fter  several  centuries,  these  abbeys,  with  their  lazy  and 
worthless  monks,  had  ceased  to  serve  any  good  purpose  ; 
and  since  the  governments  needed  taxes  from  the  wide- 
extended  lands  of  the  abbeys,  these  were  at  last  destroyed- 
and  thi'ir  lands  were  taken  by  the  states.  Ruins  of  them 
may  be  seen  everywhere  in  luirope  to-day. 

Four  Friends  of  the  Teutons.  We  have  read  about 
four  great  helps  that  assisted  in  raising  our  (ierman  fore- 
fathers to  the  level  of  the  (ireeks  and  Romans.  ( i)  There 
was  the  s[)lendid  Latin  language,  which  enabled  the  (ier- 
nians   to   talk   with   the   more   civilized   Latins.     Through 


iius  tiieir  i)aii>aioU>  ryes  were  oj)cm(i 
{2}  The  matchl 


iv  nc 


Kiea-. 


ess  s\'s 


tem  of  Roman  laws  did  much  to  quiel 
disjjutes  and  to  bring  about  peace,  to  encourage  the  Cierman^ 


mi  :M^m^Ti 


THK    M()N.\STKkIi;S 


97 


to  ((.'[.isf  fijihtin^'  and  to  sottlf  down  to  quiet  farm  litV. 
;i  The  monks  kept  alive  knowledge  and  (rafts  and  turned 
tlust'  },'()od  things  over  to  the  Oermans  when  they  were  ready 
to  learn.  (4)  The  ehun  h.  with  its  noble  bishops  and  priests. 
was  the  greatest  aid  ol  all.  It  cheeked  the  wild  life  and 
habits  of  the  (iermans,  taught  peaee  and  kindness,  and  held 
<iut  the  rewards  of  heaven  to  those  who  lived  righteous 
li\e>. 

QUESTIONS 

1  Disi  rihf  the  monasti  ries.  2.  W  lurr  were  thiy  l)uilt  :•'  .^  Why  ? 
;  What  proptTty  had  tht-y  ^  5.  How  did  they  «;iiii  preat  rK)\MT  ? 
h  WiKit  rules  Kovcrned  the  nio.iks'  livis?  7.  What  work  did  the 
iiMiik>  lio:-'  S,  How  (hd  thcydress:^  ().  What  was  their  attitude 
tuward  work?  10.  Desirihe  their  :hoois.  11.  How  did  thiy  iii- 
ihn  lu f  Kjmnierce  ?  i  2.  What  was  their  iiillueii'.e  uim)ii  the  Teutons ? 
I  ^.  What  great  wealth  did  the  monasteries  acquire  :■'  14.  Mow:-' 
1;.  What  was  the  result?  16.  What  brought  alx)ut  the  destrue- 
ii(jii  of  the  monaslcries? 


lU 


!i' 


f  a 


III 


H 


CHAITKR    Vri 
ENGLAND    AND   THE   SAXONS 

England  Robbed  of  Her  Strength.  Ka^Mand.  as  you 
ri-numl)iT.  was  al-D  a  i)art  ot"  ihf  Konian  i-nipin •;  Itt  us  s(r 
what  'ia])])ciu'(l  there  when  Roire  tell.  Tlie  Roman  ^ov- 
iriinient.  l"or  year^,  had  been  eiilistin<i  llie  youn.u  men  ol' 
Mn^land  in  her  li',t:ions.  riu\-  wire  sent  to  the  Rhine 
Danube  boundary  or  elsewhere,  and  never  eame  bark. 
This  rol)bed  the  inland  of  its  l)e>t  blood  and  its  ti<,duin^ 
strength.  'I'he  le>,Mon>  >talioned  in  Mn.^land  probabK'  had 
bet'n  enlisted  in  (iaul,  Si)ain.  or  Africa. 

Wild  Picts  Scale  the  Wall.  Wlun  the  (ioths  and 
Vandals  burst  over  the  Rhine-Danube  l)oun(hiry,  Rome 
hastily  called  away  from  Kn.^land  every  -oldier  to  help 
turn  baik  the  tide  of  l)arl)arian>  from  the  eai)ital.  Thi- 
left  Knirland  at  the  nun  y  of  the  wild  Riets  and  Scots,  who 
fjuieklv  (limbed  over  the  lioman  wall,  which  extended 
at  TOSS  I-ai,>iland.  and  be.uan  to  loot  and  burn,  uneheeked. 
'I'he  Romani/ed  Britons  lould  not  hi>ld  their  own  betau>e 
thev  had  dei)i'nded  so  loni;  u])on  tlu-  Roman  legitius. 
Moreover,  they  could  not  act  tot,'ether  because  ol 
jealousy. 

The  Britons  Ask  the  Romans  for  Help.  Tlie  Briton- 
tinaltv  wrote  to  the  Roman  .ueneral.  .Ttius,  be.L:,ii;in,<f  him 
to  eome  back  and  help  them  airainst  the  wild  Picts  and 
Scots.       rhi>  wa>  their  me»a'4i- . 

"  To  .i.tius,  thrice  con-^ul.  the  groans  of  the  Britc)n>. 
The  l)arbarian>  dri\e  us  to  the  >ea,  the  sea  drives  us  back  t.' 


T"»*-*- 


^^^2_2iJl 


■  (jgiPmiffFl'     .   Y' 


r.\{.L.\\|)    AM)     I  ill.    >\\()NS 


0(> 


1 


I 


tiif  harl)ariaii>;  hflwct'ii  thfiii  wt-  arc  expoMd  to  two  kinds 
Ml  ilcath  :   \vi'  arc  fithtT  r>laiii  or  drouiu'd.'" 

Hut  .lUiu>  had  lii>  haiid>  lull  with  li;,ditiim  the  (ioths 
and  \'amlal>,  and  he  turned  a  deal"  I'ar  to  the  pra^ir  of  the 
Hritoii>. 

Barbarians  in  Front  and  Rear.  The  liriton--  win-  aUo 
.ilt.ukfd  aloii^  the  (■oa>ts.  I'he  North  Sea  and  tlu-  V.ivj,- 
ii-h  ("haiuiel  swarmed  with  fieathen  Sa.\on  pirate>.  I'he 
>i\on>  were  Teutons  al>o.  and  the  tno>t  ( ruel  of  all  the 
iiiTiiian  tribes.  'I'hey  had  li\-e<l  around  the  Haltie,  far 
!>'  ni  the  enijjirt'.  and  hail  reeei\ed  noiu'  of  it>  m'title  and 
1  iv  ili/iiiLj  intluenee.  The  Sa.xon  pirates  >ported  about  in 
the  .\orlh  Sea  in  lar^e.  llat  bottomed  boats.  Thisi'  wi-re 
ir.imed  of  li^ht  timber  with  >idts  and  u])per  works  of  wit  ker, 
i>i\ereii  with  slron.Lj  hides  to  keej)  out  the  waxc-.  liei  ause 
the  boat>  were  .-^o  lii^ht  and  could  ply  on  sui  h  >hallow 
water,  the  bold  pirates  easily  proceeded  far  up  llu'  >maller 
ii\er-.  Then  stealing  a  _\'oke  of  oxen,  tiny  transported  the 
iiu'lit  boat>  by  oxcart  to  the  headwatersof  another  river. driv- 
inir  otT  cattle  and  carryin,^  away  rich  |)lunder  as  they  went. 

Saxon  Sea  Rovers  Love  the  Sea.  Ihey  were  skillful 
-tilor-.  much  at  home  upon  the  sea.  The  poorest  of  their 
-lilor--  could  handle  an  oar,  rear  a  sail,  or  act  as  caj)lain  of 
!  \e-M'l.  Thc'^e  savaj^e  Saxons  rejoiced  in  the  apjx'arancc 
'I  I  tempot.  because  it  concealed  their  own  mo\ement>, 
ind.  .it  the-  same  time,  >cattered  the  lleel'^  of  their  enemy. 

Rob,  Burn,  and  Escape.  In  their  swift  barks  they 
-Ai.nped  down  upon  any  uniruarded  district  \ery  >uddenly. 
!;id  were  off  >wiftly  l)efore  an  army  (ould  be  summonecl. 
1  111-  next  day  they  appeared  in  another  di>tricl  far  away, 
■irmn^,  ^la\i^t^^  .iin'l  jduiideriii^.  Cialiieiiiij;  liieir  .Npoil 
i'on  the  >hore.  they  >acrificed  to  Odin  a  tenth  of  their  cap- 
':^e>.  .-slaughtered  the  stolen  cattle  and  hoi:>,  and  vanished 


■ 

I. 


t, 

ill 


a 


n 


Hi 


mi 


lOO     DAWN    <»|     XMl.KK  AN    II1^■I()K^    IN    Klkoi'i: 


ill  -;ifit\ .  Ill  thi-  nianmr  tli(\  urrori/cd  tin-  entire  British 
(•()a>t  (liirin;^  the  whole  of  tiie  svininier  mu^ou.  disappearinj,' 
u|)oii  the  a|)|)roa(h  ot"  winter  to  return  with  the  hinl>  in 
the  >i)rin'j. 

The   Saxons  Come  to  Stay.       Ai'ttr  a  tinu'  the  Saxons 
no    lonucr   in\a<h<l    the    i-laml    for    mere    plunihT.      They 
now    >oUL'ht    to    i^'et    a    permanent    footiiol'l    in    the    hunl 
Thes'  Iniilt  >tron,uhol(i>.  in  wiiit  h  thi\  (ollerted  their  l)oot> 


■\smS    Mill- 


and  from  which  tliex'  made  da>hes  farther  inhmd.  A<:ainst 
suth  >warm<  of  >pei'(ly  and  warUke  jtirates,  the  British 
cliiefs  could  iU^  i)ut  littU'.  e^ix  i  iallx'  a>  they  did  not  act 
togethr.  hut  were  often  t'tiLra^ed  in  petty  (juarrels  anions 
tlu-mseh  t's. 

An  Old  Legend  At  hi<t,  according  to  a  legend.  \'orti- 
Uern.  kinii;  of  Kent,  who  had  rai>ed  himself  al)ove  other 
Ikilish  (  hiefs  hy  hir  hra\er\-  and  wisdom.  l\it  upon  a  shrewd 
plan,  .-^ini'e  xhv  i'icts  lrout)ied  him  i)>  land  and  the  Sa.\oii-- 
l)v  sea,  X'ortigern  said  to  him>elf.  "  I  shall  do  well  if  I  can 
set  thoe  rol)bers  the  one  a'^ain>t  the  other."     So  in  449  he 


KNdl.WI)    AM)     im,    s\.\()\s 


lor 


.  ,ill(  <1  in  IIon^n">t  and  nor>a.  luo  (  hiff>  of  tlu'  Saxon  piratf^. 
iinl  i)r<)nii>i(l  lo  j^iw  tluin  the  iMand  of  Thanrt,  mar  tlu- 
niouth  of  till-  Thanu-s,  if  thry  would  lu'lj)  to  dri\f  out  the 
'.\iM  I'icts.  Ilfn^'ist  and  Horsa  gladly  laiiic  in  tlinr  >hi|)s. 
i  lu\-  at  once   pushed   hack    the    I'iit-,   and   >cttk'd    upon 

ilKUU't. 

Too  Many  Friends.  —  For  some  year^  they  were  conti-nt. 
Ihrn  tlu-\-  -tilt  word  to  their  kinsnii'ii,  the  An;,'lis,  telling 
thi  111  uf  the  worthk'^sne.-s  of  tlie  Mriton->  and  of  the  ridinos 
"t  their  lands.  At  that  there  tame  >warni'>  of  Ani,'U->  and 
J!ile>.  offering  to  ti.ulit  t'or  tlu'  Iiriton>  and  to  take  land  for 
ih.ir  pay.  Their  otTer  wa->  refused,  hecau-e  the  liritons 
li.i'l  l)e.i,'un  to  fear  them  more  than  the  l'iit>.  'The  new- 
loiner-.  therefori'.  angry  at  hein},'  refused,  attacked  the 
IWiton>  theniM'Kes. 

The  Fathedand.  The  .\ngles  and  Saxons  tame  from 
llie  wild  lialtic  >hores.  which  were  over.grown  with  hi^  tim- 
tn  r  and  thiik  scrub  (h)wn  to  the  water'>  edt'e.  'I'lu'ir  far- 
it  h  hin-,'  woodlands  were  broken  only  hy  shallow  lake>  and 
iliick  swamps,  with  mattered  i  learings  and  barbarian  tamp>. 
I  tie  only  highways  were  the  rivers. 

England  a  Golden  Land  to  the  Teutons.  1  he  count rv 
;ipon  wliiih  they  now  had  >el  their  eyes  and  heart-  was 
iirLTcIy  clean-d  of  fort.->ts  and  xielded  good  crop>.  Along 
;'ir  rivers  were  long  nii'adows.  bordered  by  line  hill  {)a>ture> 
■vith  herds  of  catt'e  and  llocks  of  sheep  of  many  breeds. 
I  liere  were  herb  gardens  and  orchards  and  vineyard-  about 
'i'.t  hou-es.  and  broad  wheat  field-  of  many  acre-,  produc - 
m-  more  grain  than  the  i-Iand  could  u-e.  The  land  was 
'illed  with  improved    Roman   tool-       ii.m-coltered  plows, 


Itl 


"H  hoi's.  picks,  anil  spade 


liere  were  ironwork 


s,  mmes  ot   tin  and  lea( 


quarrie: 


II 


If 


iterie.-.  brick  and  tile  kilns,  ami  glas>works.     Scattered 


m 


'M 


f ' 


lo; 


I)  WW    nl     AMI  RK  AN    lll^^(»k^     IN    laRKl'K 


.\tr  tlif  land  were  in. ire  th.in  ihirtv  wallid  t(i\vn>  and  many 


niililary  t  ainj)->  i>r  -tati 


(in- 


lll-f    \Vt 


re  knit  tnm-tlur  1)\ 


L't  l<  X  I 


\Vf 


:ta( 


lid,   .-tone  inailr    i"tiail>.    si-r\  ii calilc 


tlu 


WAV  thr<iii;;h  lor  nun.  hi»r>t'->.  an< 


he   ri\ir-  wiTr 


1  w 


,i<'«»n~ 


t)riil;iril.  nr  wlurc  I'onlahK'.  tiny  wiTc 
stake!  and  >t.)nc  Inddtd.  Ah.n^'  \\n-  road-  wvrv  farm- 
hoUM-<  or  Roman  villas  with  tluir  larm>  tilKd  t-y  >la\f  or 


scrl 


ahor. 


he  port-  and   harbor-  wvrv  > 


;itr  .md  (  on\  t-n 


lent,  and  a  ( on-tant  Irailc  was  (  arrird  on  with  the  t  ontimnt 
durin''  thr  -ummt-r   month>.      The    Briton-  -< 


and 


out    ^rain,    metal,   jit,    -la\c-.    hound 
an\-  won<lrr  that    I'.iij^land  appt  Ti'i 


and 


tior-i' 


1  liki 


a  iroidrn  kuu 


-cnt 
I-  il 

I  t.. 


thr  wild 


.111(1 


a\'aL'r 


uton- 


The  Saxons  Advance  Slowly.        Tin   Juti-.  Anirl.-,  an 
>t  uiiitrd.  l)u't  ware  hriikm  into  manv  lril»- 


S.ixon-  wtri'  n 


Vdi. 


h  acting  lor  it-i' 


'11 


uir  ad\ani(,-  wa>  thcrtforc  -low 


with    manv    \iitorit-   and    many    dcl'iat-.    tor    the    Briton- 
di-putid   i'\rr\    toot   of  jzroun( 


lu'\-  would   not   tanu'lv 


■-uitmi 


t   to  l)c  >la\is  to  thi-  will!  Saxon- 


1! 


u'  >wor(l  \va> 


barr  for  a  hundred  and  lifty  year-.  But  the  barbarian-, 
thou.uh  often  defi'ated.  lu-ver  ri'tre;iti'd  far.  Little  by  little 
the  land  wa-  taken.     'I'lie  Briton-  fou.i:ht  behind  the  wall- 


of  their  town-  imtil  the  Saxon-  laid  wa 


-te  the  land,  (Ut  o 


..  and  -tarved  them  out.  .\-  the  i.umtry  wa 
the  iiu'mw  one  road  after  another  was  bloi  ki'' 
vea-id.     Thus  the  trade,  whieh  alone  kept  th 


all  supplie: 

oxcrrun  b) 

and  tratlu 

citv   petipU'   from    -tar\in 


U.    wa>   intirely   stoppei 
food   -ui)plie-  Were  eut   off,   the  lities  melted  av 


Wl 


len 


men  wen 


t  to  loin  thi'  armv  of  defen-e.  wliile  the  women  am 


children    foil.. wed   afoot,   traveling'  by   ni'^ht   and   pn 
throutih  tlu'  wood-  to  escape  thi-  li.-rce  Tent 


.babh 


ons. 


What  Became  of  the  Britons. 


The  Saxons  did  not  dt 


man( 


1  or.e-third  or  two-thirds  of  the  land,  as  did  the  Goth^ 


I.NCLAM)    \\|)    nil.    s\\n\> 


.III 
he 
\s  i 

u 


I'l  l"raiik-<  on  tlu'  loutiiuiit .  hut  thi\  i.«.k  it  .ill  Wh.it 
H  inic  <>|  the  I<(im;iiii/.ril  hritoii-  ..r  \\  cMi  ui-  ili.  i\nt  kiu.w 
illi  1  trtaiiilw  Xn  rctt.rtiv  i,\  tho-c  .l.irk  (Li\-  air  Icit  to 
u-  no  l)ook■^.  no  writing'-.  >a\c  >ut  h  a  hri.  t  fait  aliout  a 
iMttlc  a-.  "  I  lurr  \va>  not  a  Hritoii  lilt."  Jn^t  what  hap 
]>■  n.d  will  n«\tT  hi-  known.  In  thr  ta-tcrn  jnirt  ot'  lamland 
the  Briton-  wvn-  ijfohahly  ncarlx  all  killcl  oil',  whil.  larthcr 
wi^t  there  was  |)erhai)-  a  sprjnklitm  ot'  lliem  lei'i.  Iho-e 
whu  wer»'  -pared  were  ina<le  >la\e-.       The)   lie(  anie  the  oiil\ 


Willi  wer»'  -parei 
li  ,11  her-  left  to  the  >ava.L;« 
>,i\oii-.  There  are  -i,t,'n> 
lh.it  .-onie  of  the  Hritoii.- 
were  ilri\  in  to  tlu'  ea\e-  of 
N'lirk-hirc  for  -helter  from 
the  lieri  e  iiuailcr-.  ( )ne  of 
thi-e  (  a\  e-  contain-  hones. 
Ihni-ihold  ini])lenient-.  and 
"llur  tr.ii  e-  of  the  Hritoii-. 
The  Saxons  Make  a 
Clean  Sweep.  Ihe  An;:les 
;'.nd  Sa.xon.s.  fri'-h  from  tlu" 
-'a  and  pirate  life,  or  from 


'I'm    S\Mi\    luiii    \si.  U I  \i',.s. 


3 

I 


-'a  anil  pirate  lite,  or  trom 

'he  Meak  tlat-  and  -and  hill- of  Denmark,  knew  nothinu'  of 
ilie  irreat  Roman  i  i\  ili/atioii.  nothin.i;  of  iit\-  life,  iiothinj: 
'■!  Roman  law.  The)-  knew  iiothin.i,'  of  Chri-tiaiiit  \ .  the 
l\"inan  religion,  and  the)'  had  neitlur  re\  ereiue  nor  re-pei  t 
!  r  it.  So,  wherever  thcv  <^u\  a  foothold,  tho-e  heathen 
"^  ;\on- made  a  ( lean -Weep  of  e\erythin,LC.  Xot  oiiK  did  tlu 
oiiton-  di-a])pear.  e.\(ept  tho-e  who  were  made  -la\e-.  hut 

■'rythin.u  the  Romans  had  huilt  iij)  peri-hed  !)>■  lire  and 
■■■"'rd.     lireat  ritie-  one  1)\-  one  were  stormed,  tin-d.  and 

'i.sndoned.     W'hi-re  were  once  splendid   eities.   were   now 
'■■   Hell  towers,  de-ei  rated  altar.-,  broken  wall.-;    and  the  un- 


11' 


ft 


io|    i)\\\\  oi    wii  ki(  w  iii^inin    i\  II  koi'i: 


liiiriiil  li.iiiit  -  .i|  ilic  -hill  wtii-  lilt  I"  tlif  wilil  luM'-t^  and 
liiril-. 

London  a  Shell.        "   Tlu  r.'  w,i-  in.tliint:  1(  tt   in  the  lity 

nf     1, olid, .11    <\M|(I     ttlr    ilt-crtnl     llumi-,     tile    iluirilir-,     ill. 

luriiiii  till'  hriiljt  ,  .mil  the  u.ill.  In  the  i>Mrt  and  hrli-w 
tin-  litiil;^'!  till  re  \\rr<-  ii"  -hi]'--  ><u  ihf  wliarl  thrrr  wen-  Ux 
^'11.  i(K.  in  the  in.irkit  |il,i<  i-  then  w.i-  im  tradr,  in  the  ■^trttl- 
tlurr  Wire  n.  pruidc  1  he  dt-trtfd  (it\.  all  day  luirj 
prt-riitrd  the  a|  ij  )i  aiaiu  f  t<\  a  (il\  at  -unri-i',  u  lun  tlir 
l.ilk  arc  a-lti|.  in  tluir  |ua'  dul  1hi|>  And.  a~  with  Koiitlnii. 
-..  'Ailli  .iilur  tuwn-.    tlus    um    iviiiud  and  dt-crti'd  ;    all 

u\rr    till-   ((>unti\    t!i(-c    niiii>   ^t I    duttid    alxmt.      Here 

and    llitif.    ptrha])-.    a    tnwii    -ur\i\td."      Hut    the   i.topli 
wliii  kiuu  lii>\v  to  li\i-  in  litir-  wtrc  nuulurc  ti)  lie  -ci'ii. 

Destruction  in  the  Country.  Ilu  niai^nini  i  nt  villa- 
in the  i(Hintr\  ware  l>urncd  iluwii.  the  ^pKiidid  network  "i 
stoiir  made  luLdnvay-.  whii  li  liail  niadr  it  jio^-ihlf  tor  all 
I'.nilland  ti>  reat  h  the  unitinrnt  with  \aluai)K'  >lrtani--  ni 
tr.Hlc.  Wire  lu^lrited.  The  hrid^'r-  wvrc  down  and  trailt 
and  tra\(l  wire  tlui-  tut  <>tY.  'r(iwn>  and  (itie^,  it  any  had 
hiTii  -])ar(d  from  Saxoii  lire  and  ^word.  now  i  runil)k'(l  awa\ 
lor  laik  (tl"  trade.  The  ironwork-,  the  v^'v  t'or  tip.  ;'nd 
lead,  the  ((iiarrie--.  jitHterie-.  hriik  .md  tile  kilns,  and  ^la  — 
wiirk>  wi-re  -ileiit  and  in  ruin-.  The  herh  garden-,  or 
(hard-,  ami  \ineyard-  were  laid  wa-te. 

The    Language    Disappears.        The    Saxon-    rooted    out 
and  de>tro\'i<l  the  Wel-h  lan,^ua.t:l■  of  the  lower  rural  ju'djile. 
and  the  Latin  of  the  \illa-.  town-,  and  litii-       lioth  Ian 
^ua^s  were  for(.i;j;n  to  the  Saxon-,  who  hati.l  them  ecjually. 
Law-  and  -ehool-  were  .-wept  away  utterly. 

Christianity  Gone.  The  pauan  Saxon-  were  also  beiu 
on  drivinu  away  all  trace-  of  ("hri-tkinitw  Ciotlis  and 
Frank>  on  the  lontineiit  had  bowed  before  Chri-tian  bishop> 


,^,-^^ 


lAci.wii   \\i>   nil    N\\(>\- 


IO-1 


!iii!    li.nl    rr>iM(tt(!    ("Iiri-ti.m    i  hurt  lie-       iJut     ilu-    lurtc 

\!i'_'l«-  .irid  >,i\<u\>  iMtdl  (■liri-ti,init_\  .t-  nuu  h  ,i-  iIha  did 
ill.  Hrit.iii-,  .itid  !ln\  n  -<i|\fd  l>>  dri\t  Imtii  trum  th,  l.md 
iliii  u.i-  ti)  lie  tluir  htiinr  I  he  r.  liuidi  ip1  (  Kliii  .iml  JliMr 
'.'■"I.  till-  |il.i(c  'it  tlic  nli'.'itiii  111'  Chri-t,  .111. 1  tin-  tmiiilrN 
'■)■■■  ,iMit   ,1  lir.it  Inn  1  iiuiit  r\  . 

In  ttir  di.itli  .-I  ( 'hri-li,iiiit  \  llurc  w.i-  li  it  im  lirid'jr  l<ir 
!  Ill  *^.i\tiii-.  inin  (  i\  ili/(  1  lilf.  iiu  |>rir-t  tu  .k  1  ,t-  u"  lirtwt  t  ti. 
ii.i  innnk-  III  -Imw  1h  llrr  ua\  >  nl  Ii\  iiiu'.  Tlir  \  1  r\  i|.i\  ^  nf 
Mil  uick  Win-  rrii.imrd  .ilUr  the  tu.illnii  i^nd-:  jlir  :^itn\ 
.!,!>.  ihi-  Ml  11  111'-  i\.\\  .    Iiu'-  d,i\  ,  W'.idt  n'-  il,i\      rimr-.  d.i\  , 

Mid  i'rii:u'>  d.i\.  riiii-  tiif  \iiL.'li>  S,i\Mri-  Ihi  :tni(  tlir  <.iic 
puri  and  uninixnl  (nriu.iii  n.ilion  thai  aiu-c  u|>iiii  tlir 
A  riM  k  111  R(»nu'. 

How  the  Angles  and  Saxons  Settled  IIh  Saxmi- 
h  ilid    iitir>   and    wailed    plait-.       I  lii\    |irrlirrrd    tu   -rttlr 

i|Min  (  liariiiL'-  ind  hunu-tcad-  otten  lar  a])art,  a-  i1h\- 
hid  diiiif  in  thr  wild-  -if  (icrman)  .  Ihi-  -latttrtd  farm 
liti  kept  tlit-m  lnr  many.  maii>  \i'ar-  I'rnm  unitinu'  tu  lurm 
■111-  ;  ■uplc.  riuTf  were  the  I",a-t  SaMHi-  nl'  M— ex.  the 
MiddK'  Sax.in-  ut'  Middic-cx.  and  tin-  Wi -I  Saxmi-  uj' 
\\i~-rx.  Thr  Aiiu'lt-  al-ii  Win-  di\idi(|  intn  -iMial  iia 
!i"ii-,  (Ml  1;  wiili  it-  -fj)aratr  tirrituf^-  ipd  kiiiLT.  Su  wluii. 
i'ur  hundred  >far-  later,  they  were  attarked  hy  the  I)aiie-. 
'ii'  Anu'lii-Sa.xon  natimi-  were  nut  united  and  we  e.iii  ea-il\- 

■;ii-'e  what  happened. 

The  Casting  of  Lots.  'I'he  (ierman-  di\ided  the  land 
•'!    i.iiL'land    hy    c.i-tini:    iuN,      A    -treti  h    i>i   euuntrx    w:i- 

!i\ided  into  panel-  aieurdini:  to  the  numlur  u|'  \illa-.  ur 

-'.lie-,  and  the-e  were  u'i\tn  uut  hy  dr.iwini:  lot-,  .\ruund 
■  :i  ruin-  111  a  Human  i  ii\-  tiure  were  ])riit)ai)iy  .1  numix  r  ut 
I  i-  .\  harharian  nuhk'  ur  thane  luuk  -excral,  while  a 
■':;.dl  knul  u!   hrutluT-  ur  kin-nien.  drew  hut  uik'. 


'•f| 


^f 


I 


^^-J^niwM 


III  I 


loli     ii\\\N    nl     AMlkK  AN    IllMDKN     IN    KlRol'I'; 


The  Roman  Villa.  Hviildiiiu-.  il"  not  liuriicd  (inwn  in 
the  raii|>  idirrdinu'  tlu'  -clt  liTiUllt .  wcfc  U-lially  Kit  lu 
l.ill  iiiid  (Iriaw  S.iinctinu-  lhr>'  wrrc  pulled  d<i\vn.  and 
the  iiiatiriai  u-cd  to  huild  np  a  i>i,ir-'t>-  "V  \n  r(])air  a  r(>a<l. 
In  a  Uw  (  a>(.v--  thc\  ina>  ha\i-  bcrn  lakiii  i>\vv  a-  thi.'  dwcllinL; 
ol  a  SaxMii  xttKr.  riui>  tlnrc  \va-  Ki"t  -rarvl>-  a  tract.'  (il 
Rom. ill  ( i\  ili/ation,  -a\c  hrrc  and  there  a  heap  nl  ruin.>. 

England  Becomes  a  Heathen  Land.  We  h.ive  read 
how  the  hiathen  Sa.xon- uUerl_\(le-tro>-e(l  all  cnurehe- aiu! 
abl)e\>  in  lirilain  wiped  ( 'hri-t ianil >'  away,  and  hrou^ht 
in  tln'  reli.uion  <'l  Thor  and  ()ilin.  We  renieinher  how  the 
ju-t  law>  ol  Rome  were  put  a-ide.  and  tlu'  splendid  Latin 
lan.iiuaue  and  literature  were  lo~t .  Much  of  the  knowledire 
ol  rai-iiiL;  erop-~  wa>  lor^otten.  The  >kill  in  building',  the 
hlowiim  ot'  .Lda,->,  ami  the  work  in  nietal>  and  handieraft 
lAiTNthinu'  that  a  thou-and  >ear>  ot"  (  i\ili/ed  lil'e  had 
(U\(loped  wa>  -wejU  awa_\  ;  ami  Britain  i)i'canu'  the 
heallun  lami  of  the  Sa.xon-.  The  eountry  was  named 
Knii;land  alter  the  An-le-.  and  the  lanuuaj^e.  An.i^lo-Saxon. 
heianu'  tlie  mother  of  our  I-'ntzhMi  -iteeih. 

The  English  a  Pure  Teutonic  People.  -  The  .Xnule-.  ami 
Sa.\on>  tran-ferred  to  tluir  new  i.-land  homi'  the  rude  law> 
and  eu^tom-~,  the  lan;^u.i,iie  and  religion  of  the  Clerman 
wilderne— .  Xo  triiie  of  Teuton^  was  >o  much  ^iven  to 
roi)lier\-  and  lilood-hed.  to  fieree  an.d  reveii,m'ful  famil\ 
feud>.  as  the  .\n,^lo-Sa.\on■^.  If  a  man  were  murdered,  hi- 
relative's  took  a  >i)eedy  ven.tz;eanee.  While  the  Sa.xon  war- 
rior- swept  awa\- evorylhint:  that  the  Roman-  had  built  up 
in  Kn.uland.  ^lill  they  l>rou<ihl  with  them  a  youn^'  i.nd  vi^or- 
ou-  raet'.  with  fre-h  blood,  slronjj;  mu-c  le>,  and  keen  mind-, 
wliieh.  in  tin'  fuiuri'  was  to  do  threat  deeds  for  the  world. 
'riu"-e  freemen  of  tlu-  (ierman  wilderness  had  a  love  ol 
li!iert\,  and  a  proud   spirit   that   refu-i-d  to  obey  any  law- 


^m 


i;N(-i-.\\i)  AM)    mi;  >\.\(i\> 


107 


(X'lpl  tho-c  th.it  tluy  made  t  luin-il\  c-.  Ilu  \  wrrr  Ixihl 
.:iiii  l.r.iM',  \villin,u  to  work,  tn  think.  .i.kI  I..  iiMni.  an. I  their 
luw  i-Liiid  hoiiu'  \va.>  an  idi'al  piatr  in  wln'i  h  to  huild  a 
L:rtal  nation.  \\\  >hall  >oon  -ri'  thiin  out-trii)|)iiiL;  their 
kin-men  on  llie  tontinental  ruin-  oi'  Ronie.  ( )i"  all  tlie  der- 
111, ir.  nation>  ulio  .-ettled  in  the  enij)ire.  the  .\n^do  .s,i.\on-, 
.lione.  hel.i  to  their  lan.mia^e.  llieir  i  u-toni^.  and  their  hi\v>. 
1  he-e.  tht>  thoui^lit.  were  a  uood  foundation  to  l)uild  uj>on  ; 
.iiid  --o  tile)'  were. 

A  Little  Saved.  In  i)la(e>  a  few  Roniafi  >iave-  and 
Mfl-  e-iapeil  the  >word.  nohody  know>  how  niany;  and 
iliiM'  may  have  sixi'd  for  the  rude  Sa.\on>  a  little  Roman 
kuowledtie  and  -kill  in  weaviim.  in  the  rai>inn  of  •,rrain. 
iruil.  and  x'eu'etalile-.  in  the  making  of  weapon-  and  iron 
:.irni  tooU.  and  in  the  huildinu  of  >liip-,.  Idii-  wa-  tin.' 
oiil_\  knowU'<i^e  or  -kill  that  the  heathen  Sa.\on  tribe-  .(<uld 
then  u-e  or  ap])reeiate. 

The  Low  Beginning.  IVom  thi-  low  -ta.^e  our  An^lo- 
-^.iX'.n  loretatiier-  lu'.uan  tlu'ir  ^ripwth  and  their  ri-e  toward 
'i\ili/.e(l  livin<:.  I'or  a  hundred  >ear-  and  more,  I'ai.vdand 
villained  a  heathen  land  with  the  i)i>tty  tri!)e-  l"i.uhtin.-,'  one 
another.  At  la-t  in  y)7  -^  vir\  ini|>orlant  tiling  happened. 
i-r  Chri-lianity  wa-  then  l)rou>,dit  hark  to  I-in.ulaiKl  hy  nii-- 
HMiuiie^  from  the  po])e. 

Saxon  Slaves  in  Rome.  .\n  (,ld  >tor\  -a\-  iliat  a  few 
.  <  ir-  before  thi.-  timi'^onu'  boy-,  with  white  laic-,  fair -kin-, 
lid  biautiful  eyes  and  hair,  apinvired  for  -ale  at  the  -lave 
I-  ifket  in  Rome.  .\s  it  happiiti'd.  a  Roman  deaeon,  named 
'TiLTi.'-y.  siw  tho,-e  handsome  -lave  boy-  and  a-ked  their 
'.i>i'.  for  he  admired  them  very  mueh.  He  was  told  they 
•vere  .Vimles  from  the  heathen  eounlry  of  Kn.L'land.  He 
■•"iired  that  they  looked  more  like  an;iel-  and  that  such 
!::ie  people  ou^ht  to  be  saved  from  pa,<;ani-m. 


Ml 


If 


;» 


:ll 


ii 


loS      i)\\\\    «)1      WIIKK    \\    1I1^H)K^     1\    liRori. 


Augustine  Sent  to  England.  S..nu'  \(;ir-  l.itrr  drc^dr) 
hcaaiiir  \)i>\n\  .iiid  a-  liraii  nl  the  t  liurch,  he  ur.u'aiii/rd  a 
b.)(l\-  (il  iiiniik-  lit  K"  I"  I'-n^laiid  a-  ini-Mnnarir-.  Auj^u 
tiiic  \va-  llu'ir  NaiKr.  Hi'  pa-nl  thrdU.Ljh  I'ranct-  and  .>!> 
taiiu-d  -i>nu'  lulpcr-  wln)  ruuld  -peak  Atigln  Saxuu.  1  !u'} 
(ni>-rd  thr  (haiiiul,  and  in  5(;7  landrd  in  Kmt.  a  pell) 
kin.udtiin  ul    I'.nulaiid. 

Augustine  Kindly  Received.  Au.uu-liiu-  ra-ily  (.hiaiiud 
a  licariii.L'  lic(  au-c  tin-  kin.u  of  KnU  had  married  a  Cliri-tiaii 
woman  inmi  I'ari-.  named  licrtha.  She  had  taken  a 
(  hri->tian  l.i~hi>p  with  her  to  hi  r  heathen  home.  So  when 
Auuu-tin<'  Ian. led  \hc  kirn;  of  Kent  reitive<l  him  kindly, 
hnt  onlv  in  the  opi'ii  air,  for  the  kini^  feared  .Vu.uu-tine 
miiihl  he  ahle  to  e.xi'rt  -onie  ma.uneal  power  indoor-.  Au,mi-- 
tine  and  hi-  eompanion-  eanu'  to  the  nu-elin^  >olemnl\' 
ihantin,ii;  -.um-  and  hearin.u'  a  -ilvi'r  ero—  and  a  pieluri'  ol 
Chri-t  painted  uixm  a  hoard.  He  i)reaihed  to  the  kiiiL:. 
and  wa>  .iriven  permi>-ion  to  teai  h  and  prtaeh  throu.^lnvat 
the  kin.udom.  .\lter  a  time  the  kinu  ni  Kent  ami  many  oi 
hi>  j)eol)le  liei  ame  (  hri-tia 'i-. 

Christ  Triumphs  ov  Thor  and  Odin.  I  lii>  wa-  but 
tlu'  ])e,uii\nin,L',  for  i:raduall_\-  nv»na>terie-  appeared  in  man\ 
place-;  and  the  entire  i-iaiid  wa>  .-lowly  won  haikto 
("hri-tianitv.  The  old  I'enton-  weri'  \i'r\  nnwillin^  \o 
^ive  nj)  riu)r  a.nd  ( )din  and,  tin  ir  drunken  fea-l-.  but  (liri- 
tianit\  brought  >U(  h  iioi)eful  and  *-omfortinii  me->a^es  to 
the  -lave  and  to  the  poor  and  mi-erable.  indudini:  i)ro- 
ti'etion  a.i;aip.-t  llu'  proud  and  lhemiirht>.  that  they  iiladly 
adojjted  it.  .Ml  ela-si-  we-e  at  hi-t  won  over  to  ("hri.-l  i)y 
hi-  nobK'  tiadiinjis. 

The  Church  a  Civilizer.  In  many  ways  the  churdi 
beeame  a  leader  and  an  e\ami)le  to  the  Sa\on>.  It  taujzht 
th<)>e   roui^'h  i)et)ple   new  habit-,   new   laws,  and   manner- 


i;\(.i.\\i)  AM)  Tni;  >\X(>N- 


IO() 


i!  lallcil  .Lrluttdiiy  aiiil  (lrunkfiiiU'»  -in-,  it  forhailr  tlu' 
Liiliiii:  Ml"  liiilf  (iiiiilrrn.  it  taught  men  that  it  ua-  wt.uil; 
'.I  .livoric  a  j,'(i(iil  wilf,  wrmm  tn  he  (  riul  to  a  -t-rl'  m  -!a\r. 
I  :i'-  <  lu;  h  (Initniiu  (.■(!  rt\fiiL,'r,  it  I'nrliaiic  work  on  Sun- 
i!.!\-.  1,  tauj^'ht  that  |H'air  is  bctttT  than  war,  that  -la\arv 
i-  wrnii^,  and  that  work  i>  honoraliK'. 

The  Church  on  Trade  and  Language.  I  hi  (iuirrh, 
with  it-  piluritn.mc-  to  Rome.  l)roiiL;hl  lamkiini  into  ron- 
t.nt  with  thf  rontincnt.  when'  thr  .\n,i:lo  Saxoii-.  r((ri\t(l 
m.iii\-  ni'W  idea-..  ("oinnuTcr  al-o  -pranj:  u]>  with  the  con- 
tMicn',.  and  the  Saxons  traded  for  v^ood  ihin^-  to  cat  and 
At.ir  and  better  tool-  to  wi/rk  with. 

>in(i'  thi'  hi-hop-  and  prie-t-  from  all  I'nir' and  often  niet 
ill  >ouiuil>,  tlu'}-  eanie  gradually  to  n-e  a  mi.xture  of  tlu' 
dialeit-  ot  the  .XiiLdis  and  the  Saxons,  and  in  time  .\n<:lo- 
"-.i^on  wa-  -poken  hy  the  (  luirt  Imien.  Tlie  New  I'e-tament 
\>a-  printed  in  thi>  .Xn.udo-Saxon,  and  the  jn'oiile  all  tar  t,, 
ii-e  it ,  lor  the_\-  and  their  ])rie-t-  mu-t  .-i)eak  -o  a-  to  urn  - 
-I.iiid  one  another.  Monasteries  irri-w  up  in  man\-  pla  e-.and 
die  monk-  showed  the  Saxon-  Iietter  wa\-  of  rai-ini:  <  rop-, 
ii"W  to  draiti  swamp-,  and  how  to  wea\e  hetler  ilotln'm; 

A  Help  Toward  Union.        Vhv  people  all  Inlon.ued  now  to 
one  (hurchwith  aii  arelihi-hoi)  at  it-  head,  and  the\  irradu 
iil>'  (ame  to  think  more  about  ha\inL;  one  -troim  kinmlom 
uiMead  ol  -o  m.iny  weak  one-. 

No  Need  of  Roads.  Ihe  Roman  road-  in  Britain,  like 
!!io-e  on  the  contini'nt,  were  too  well  built  to  be  whollv 
1  !i!ud  ;  y  ne.Ldect,  Portion-  of  them  may  -till  be  -een  lo- 
'!'.}.  hard  and  -er\  iceable.  Hut  in  tlie  old  Saxon  da>  -  thev 
'A"  re  broken  throuuh  in  places,  hridirt  -  were  down,  and  no- 
'iiere  were  thev   reivaired       The   town-  tha.t    thev  had  t'or- 

il\  roniUH  ted  were  in  ruins,  becau-e  trade  was  ^'one,  and 
'litre  was  little  n^'cd  for  roads. 


!li.i 


la 


I- 

I  : 


r*r^^= 


no     DAWN    <)I'    AMI  RICAN    Hl^roRN     IN    irRdl'K 

Supplying  Their  Own  Wants.  The  \)ri>\)\v  Wwd  the 
>.ini|)lc  l';irm  ur  villauc  lilV.  >ui)i>l>  iii^  about  all  lliiir  own 
iu-i-(l.,.  TiuTr  wrrr  oiil)'  two  artiilo  that  llic}'  •  miiM  uoi 
cvfrvwlicrc  proiluii'  for  tlu  ni>fl\ o.       1  hot'  wi  on  idr 

wcapoii'-  ami  iini)K'nu'nt>.  ..iid  -alt  for  dail)    u>t       ^o  iron 
and  salt  wtre  hrovi^ht  in  by  tradtr- 

Cities.  Aloii.i;  the  loa.-t  whcrf  tlu'  harbor-  were  jzood 
were  rlustiTs  of  building-,  whi*  h  were  thr  l)f<j;inHiii^-  ol 
future  cities.  Near  tiic  lariZ''  abbr>>.  towiis  were  al-o 
startiu),'  up.  Hut  \h>:  Sa.\on>  li.itcd  litits  and  walled  plaie>. 
and  li\-ed  alnio>l  entirely  in  the  eountrx. 

The  Country.  N'early  all  the  country  was  wa>te  and 
woodlands,  where  roamed  the  great  lierds  of  -wine  tor 
aiorn-  and  nut-.  There  wa-  -onu'  pa-ture  land  tor  cattle, 
horse-,  and  -hc-ep.  .Along  the  -treani-  were  meadow  lands 
with  honu--lea(l  after  homestead  c  lear  of  bru-h  and  thicket. 
.About  each  homestead  were  a  ditc  h  and  a  fence,  and  near 
b\-  were  acre-  of  ])lowkind  u-ed  to  grow  wheat,  rye.  and 
l)arlev.  Here  could  be  -een  great  o.\-tc-anis  dragging  the 
plows  eiglit  oxen  to  eac  h..  .\long  the  streams  were  mills 
for  grinding  corn.  U])on  the  coa-t  were  well-to  do  salt 
men  with  their  -alt  jtans  and  lishermeii  wadiing  their  m'ts. 
Kvervwhere  the  lord"-  otVuer,  cal'ed  a  recAc,  was  gathering 
his  dues,  or  nnl,  of  grain,  ti-h.  or  -alt.  The  chic-f  build 
ings  in  the  \illage  were  the  LonTs  hall,  the-  little  church, 
and  the  sho]).  wlure  rang  the  blacksmith's  anvil.  Tin- 
woodlancU  eclioed  with  hound  and  hunter's  horn. 

A  Yeoman's  New  Home.  The  Saxon  gentleman  or 
\-eoi-nan's  homestead  w.is  maiie  up  of  several  buiUiings. 
The  long.  timluT-roofed  hall,  the  bellhouse,   the   l)ig  gate, 

aii;i    tile   !r,o.:i    >ii;oi;i    :'.:-    .-iwt.  r..:-,:-^     mI:v     i.i:v     ,-:^ii-   "<     -.<    j,--- 

tleman's  house.     There  were  bowers,  or  liomesteads  for  the 
gentleman  and  lii-  family,  and  -ome  dozen  or  score  of  rush- 


KN(.I.A.\1)    AM;     liiK    > AXONS 


I  I  I 


ihatihffl  hut-^  for  thi'  s^rf-^  and  Ixind^nicn.  Amoni;  tluni 
'vV(  re  -ccn  the  .^lorchDUM'  and  the  >laik>,  al>(>  the  lior>f 
-linl  and  wapin  >hi'(l. 

Women  Slaves.  The  Saxon  lord  had  ever\  tiling  that 
lu  lUfdfd  nia(K'  in  hi--  own  hoiiM-.  Women  >la\es.  who 
\'.t  re  houuht  and  >oid  like  eattle,  spun  yarn  and  wove  eloth 
.)!   linen  and  wool  ;    thev  ''round  tlour  from  various  kinds 


I'm    Ki -iiii  M  I    (11    A  SwDN   NdiuiMw. 

"t  Lorain  in  hand  mills  or  stone  (juerns.  and  made  f)read  in 
T'lund.  llat  cakes;  they  piikled,  smoked,  and  called  down 
!niat,  and  made  -au>a<;i's  ;  they  m;de  ali',  mead,  and  wine. 
Slaves  on  the  Farm.  On  the  farm  were  man\-  laborers, 
il-o  slaves.  There  were  beekee[)ers,  swineherds,  eow- 
!ii  rds,  oxherds,  shoi)herds,  eheesewrights,  and  harn- 
; .  rrii-r-:  From  an  ojd  Kn-^lish  dialoj^uc  we  ^t^ifi  the  tlutirs 
"'  -ome  of  the  slaves.  'I'he  plowman  says  :  "  i  work  hard  ; 
I  ■-•"  out  at  davhreak,  drivin"  the  oxen  to  the  tield,  and  I 


'i'J 


HI: 


i  1*1 


i 


''I 


II.'      I)\\\\    Ol      \.\I1.KI(  A\    lllslOKN     1\    I  I  Kol'l. 


yiikt  tlirin  to  the  j)lo\v.  Be  it  nc\rr  >>()  -lark  wiutiT  I  dare 
Hot  linmT  at  hiiHir  tur  awr  of  m\'  lord  ;  hut  luuiim  Nokdl 
my  oxiii.  .111(1  t'.i-tiiicil  tin  >harf  aiiil  loultcr,  cvcrN  (l.t\ 
I  Hiu-'t  |>lo\v  a  lull  at  Tf  or  more.  I  h,i\r  a  l)o\-  (lri\in'_' 
llif  oxen  with  a  L'oail  irou.  who  i^  hoar-r  with  lold  ami 
>houtiim;  I  lia\c  lo  fill  ihr  o\cir>  tiiauLrcr^  with  liav 
and  watrr  tluin.  Mights'  hard  work  it  i>  for  I  am  not 
free." 

The  Shepherd  Complains  in  These  Words.  "  In  tin 
lir>t  of  the  mornini;  !  dri\r  niyshi(|i  to  I'lturc."  --aNs  the 
>lu])htrd,  ■■  and  >ta!id  o\ir  tluin  in  lit  at  and  cold  with 
ni}'  f\i>'j.>.  lot  the  wol\t  -  -wallow  tluiii  u]) ;  and  I  K-ad  thi'in 
hat  k  to  their  lold->.  and  niilk  ihcm  twitf  a  da_\ .  and  their 
lold>  I  iiio^T  ;  and  1  make  rlu'oe  and  hutttr.  and  I  am  true 
to  my  lord."  Tlu'  o.\herd  >a\>:  "When  the  ])lt)wman 
un\iike>  tlu'  o.ven,  I  leail  them  to  ]ia.-ture.  and  all  niyht  1 
>tanil  o\er  them,  wakim;  ai:ain>t  thie\(>;  and  then  a^'aiii 
in  the  early  niornin;^;  I  hetake  them,  well-lilled  and  watered, 
to  the  j)lowman."" 

Serfs.  Serf--  weri'  slowly  mttint:  some  rij^dits.  Some 
were  hound  to  the  M)il  and  tould  not  he  sold  unless  the  land 
was  --old  with  them.  I'hey  paid  rents  and  worked  part 
time  for  the  lord.  Still  thi-  was  mueli  hitter  ihan  slaxery. 
lor  they  eould  rear  tlieir  families  in  peaee. 

Laws  Unwritten.  The  law-  of  the  early  Ant^lo-Saxon- 
were,  of  course,  unwritten.  They  were  merely  repeated 
from  memor}'  hy  a  "  lawman.""  hut  the)'  were  looked  upon 
as  di\ine  and  not  to  he  ehaniied.  As  times  ^rew  better 
and  ni'W  needs  arose,  the  "  lawman  "  and  the  folkmoot. 
a  uatherinj.^  of  the  frei'inen,  .gradually  >oftened  or  chanjied 

*  1-  _-.     1  1 .-.••1-         ...       t .",-      -      .\  !        (!  !•     f  T  l'     ■ 

use  ri;!ie  ia/.r-  Aiiiioui  Knowmi;  mat  iiie\  (ikI  -o.  In  tin- 
way  the  hiws  wiTe  >lowl\-  ^Towin.ii;  better  without  any- 
bod\"s  knowing  it. 


(UVWVHBK 


r:\(.i.\\i)   \\i»   nil    ^\\(i\' 


1 1  ^ 


The  Effect  of  the  Church  on  Laws.  Winn  the  i  iiuri  h 
.  iinr,  hriiiu'ini;  aloim  written  (  luirrli  law-,  the  time  wa-  -nuii 
ripe  tti  wrilc  diiwii  the  loinninn  loW- ;  and  alter  thi-  w.m 
■  I'liir,  the  l.iw>  (  ea-fd  to  cliaiiLT  anil  Id  ;:rti\v  dI'  llinn-rh  c-, 
iMf  ijn  y  were  writtfii  down  in  hhu  k  and  white.  The  peoijjc 
!i,id  tn  ^i\c  Uj)  the  idea  that  I.iw-  are  di\ine  and  nut  Id  he 
.  il.Mim'd.  'rhe\-  now  -et  about  to  (  hailLje  theiii  |)Ur])o-(  1\  . 
\-  the  year-  j)a--t'd  the  people  wi-hed  to  do  awa\-  uil'.i  the 
.  ruele-t  law-.  Thv.-  the  Aiiu'lo-Sa.xon  hiw-  heuan  to  ^mw 
doiiL;  line-  of  rea-on  and  lonmion  -iMi-t'. 

English  Laws  Spread.  In  tluV  wa\  laiuli-h  law<  ranie 
to  he  \-er\'  dilYerent  from  tho-e  ijoxarniim  (ouiitries  that 
..ipied  after  the  law-  of  Rome.  Million-  of  [)eoplc,  not 
onl\  in  |-amland  and  .\nierira.  hut  in  Canada.  South  .\frira, 
,tiid  .\ii-tralia  are  to-day  living  under  law-  that  ,1,'rew  out 
"I  the  eonimon  law  of  the-e  old  .Vuf^lo-Saxon-. 

English  Ruled  Themselves.  The  villaire,  with  the 
-■irroundin«:  farm  l.md-.  wood-,  and  wa-te  ground-,  made 
u[i  what  came  to  he  lalleij  the  town-hi]).  Vhv  veomeii. 
'-r  ireemen,  of  a  town.->hip  i;atheriMl  at  mid.-ummer.  and  in 
-priuLj;  and  fall,  under  the  sacred  oak  in  a  meetins.;  tailed  a 
Minot,  Thi-  meeting  ga\-e  t'orth  tiie  law-  aiid  held  court 
lor  the  trial  of  lawd)reakers.  So  e\-ery  fri'eman  ha<l  his 
■^  i>  in  makin.i^  the  law-  and  in  jud^MUt;  tho-e  who  hroki' 
them. 

The  Saxons  Elect  Their  King.  Amoni^  the  earlv  (ier- 
■■r.AW  tribes  the  kinii-  were  aKvii\-  eleded  \)y  the  frtcmen. 
liiey  u-ually  cho-e  the  elde-t  -on  of  the  kin^  to  -uccced 
lo  the  throne  :  hul  amid  suth  a  warlike  society,  it  \cr\  often 
!i  ii'peiU'd  that  the  kiI^^'s  sons  all  fell  in  battle  before  their 
i  iliier.  In  that  case  the  freemen  were  forced  to  choose  a 
Mni,'.  This  cu-tom  of  electinji;  kin!,js  wa>  always  kept  in 
niind  by  the  Anglo-Saxons.     They  held  that  a  king  got 


If 


1; 

ii 

u 


m 


11}      DAWN    <)l     A.MKKK  AN    !n>'n»k\     IN    KlkOl'i: 

hi-  rif^lit  to  ruk'  from  ihv  jx'opic  ;  and  that  if  hi-  ruk-d  badly, 
ihi'  iH-o|)lc  had  a  ri^iit  to  di'posc  him  and  I'lin  t  anothir. 
This  rii-'lit  to  I'li'tt  and  dc-thronc  kinj,'s  was  lorj^ottcn  l)\- 
thf  I'Vaiiks.  (ioths,  and  l.oml)ard>  on  thi-  eontinvnt.  and 
iht'ir  rulers  often  l)icanu'  t\rants. 

Wessex  the  Chief  Kingdom.  Several  >hires  or  countio 
made  a  Httle  k.in,mlom  that  was  ruled  over  by  a  kin}^  and 
a  body  of  nobles  called  the  Witan.  who  ad\i>ed  the  kinu' 
and  h»l])ed  make  tlu-  laws  for  the  kinf;d<)m.  These  kin<:- 
doms  were  man\',  and  thiv  were  continuall)'  at  war  with 
one  another.  Tlu-  stron^iT  pi'ople  with  the  be>t  kings  got 
the  upper  hand,  and  >o  the  >maller  kingdoms  weri'  swallowed 
by  them.  Then,  again,  the  larger  ones  fought  it  out,  until 
Wessex.  or  the  kingdom  of  the  West  Sa.\on>.  proved  itself 
the  strongest  of  all. 


niKsrioNS 

Hkmain  -  I.  Who  li\f(l  in  Kritaiii  hcl'uro  the  Romans  i  amr  ? 
J.  U  lial  rol)lH(l  liritain  ol  luT  streii^lli  ':"  s  \Mi.il  lroul)lts  was  >lu- 
li.iving?  .(.  WluTf  (lid  shi'  hej^  for  lulp  ?  v  Wh>  ?  6.  Wlurc 
was  the  honu'  ol  the  Saxons!-'  7.  What  kinii  of  a  ik'o|)Ic  wire  .Iun'^-' 
S.  How  do  you  anount  for  these  t  harai  teristit  s '^  u.  How  did  ihiv 
l)otluT  liritain  i"  10.  Where  in  Britain  did  they  settle'-'  11.  Wtin 
were  the  two  le.iders ':'  1  j.  Wh\-  was  it  I'asy  for  the  Saxons  to  suhdiic 
the  Uritons  ?  i  \.  Was  it  fortunate  or  unfortnnate  lor  the  Briton-' 
14.  Who  were  the  .\n)iies '•'  15.  Disiuss  tiuir  eoniinK  to  Britain. 
i().  The  fad  that  Britain  isealied  Kngiand.or  .\ngieland  to-day,  tell^ii> 
wiiat  ?  17.  Wliy  did  the  Sa.xons  and  Angles  Hke  Brita'u  ?  iS.  Who 
were  the  Jutes?  kj.  Why  <Hd  it  take  the  barbarians  so  lonj,'  to 
comiuer  Britain  -'  .:o.  How  was  Britain  changed  b_\'  tlu'se  invasions  r' 
21.  What  became  of  the  Brittms  ?  2:.  I)escril)e  London  after  the 
invasions,  j  v  Show  the  efTect  of  the  invasions  u{k)ii  the  language,  in- 
;|ii<t ri,..^  Ijiw-.:^  ^;;-K^^ta^;  i'iinimerce.  a.nd.  reiiL'ion..  2*.  t!ow  viTi*  the 
Anglo-Sa.xonsditTerent  from  theCioths?  js  Whydid  England  heconu- 
purely  (ierman  ?  j6.  How  did  the  Anglo-Saxons  settle  in  Britain'^ 
27.    What  kind  of  guvernmcnt  did  they  have?     28.    How   was  the 


i;n(;lani)  and  'mi;  saxons 


1 1 


l,i:i'!  (livicii'd  ;•'  ji)  \\l>  •  wen-  itic  ycnnnii^  ^o  Discrilx-  the 
h'i!n(>ltail.  ;i.  \\h;it  k"<>'1  nu.ililifs  .irc  tuiitiil  in  ihoc  AiikIi' 
■^iMiii-,:^  I,:.  How  dill  tlu'  AiikId  SaxDiis  rc.illy  niaki-  I\iii;l;uii| 
tli.ir  Imnic.  as  to  lan^juaKf.  laws.  rcliKioii.  ami  i  ii>toms  .^  ■(  ^  What 
liitli- otilu' ( ivili/.ation  was  sa\fil  ."'  u  How?  ;,.  What  <lic|  llicsc 
iMiharians  n(t<l  nio>t  .'  \(i.  Why.''  ^7.  What  ut'uld  it  ilo  lor  ihinK^ 
,>  \\  !uMi  did  Hritain  Ik-ioiiu'  !li)<;Iaiid  ^^  ^o.  How  did  Knuland 
l.nomi- Christian  :"  40.  Who  sent  Aujiusliiir  to  I'.iiKlaiid  ■'  41.  What 
In  l]irr>  hai!  he  i*  4J.  What  kind  of  rod'Htioii  did  he  rti(i\tv^ 
;;  What  work  dill  hf  <|o  .-■  44.  Show  thf  flTfct  of  Ciiristiaiiitv  upon 
lliik'iand. 

CiiNDiiinN  (IF  Till.  ("(UNFRY  4v  Where  Were  the  rities'' 
t'l  Why  i--  47.  What  trade  was  there  ■'  4S,  What  kind  of  roaiU  had 
thr\  '  JO'  W'hat  industries  were  theri-^-'  50.  Why  was  the  Mack 
-iriiih  so  important:-'  51.  What  animals  had  they'  ^2.  What 
L".iiii>  were  raised'  vV  What  was  the  work  of  the  sku'es  ? 
;t  Who  were  the  serfs  ?  vv  How  were  they  dilTereiit  fromsla\es.^ 
;''  How  had  Knglish  law  ^rown  ^^  57.  In  what  wav  had  the  ;  lurih 
a!lri  led  the  laws?  s^.  Flow  was  the  village  K^'^'Tiied  '  s<)  How 
\\,i>  llie  lounly  jjoverned  ?  60.  How  was  the  king  clK/sen  '  Oi.  How 
had  hi- ;,..». v' iiureased  ?  ():.  In  what  way  did  the  government  of 
l.nrlaiid  dilTer  from  that  on  the  continent?  6j.  [low  do  you  ac- 
.'luni  for  this  ditlcrcncc  ? 


li 


w 


Ih 


t  p. 


i    1 


CH. M'll.K  \III 
ALFRED  THE  GREAT  AND  THE  DANES 

Saxon  England  No  Longer  Heathen.  Sime  Iji^''""! 
liad  ;i;i;i!n  licinnir  a  ('hri-tian  loiiiilr).  willi  miiiia-trn\> 
and  ("lin'-tian  |)rir-.t-  in  i\rr\  litllr  kiimdom,  the  pcuplr 
Wire  fa-t  Iraniiiiu  all  the  It-^-on-  that  ttir  niuiik-  and  the 
pric^1-<  I  uuld  ttath  lut  ter  w  a\  -  nt  tilling  the  -oil.  ticttcr 
\va\>  ol"  li\iii,L',  hrtttr  rdiuatioii,  hctirr  law-.  liny  wm 
hi'j.;i lining  tn  trade  niorr.  and  thu-  tluy  ucrc  l>rin,L:in.t:  in 
I'roiii  tlu'  vontinmt  niau\  \uw  idia-.  new  loul-,  ami  new 
luxurit.-  of  dri--  and  food.  '!  hi  \  were  I'mlitiim  K--.  .-iiuc 
llu'  \)v[\\  liltlr  -talc-  uiiT  hcin^'  -wallowt-d  up  in  the  lar^'cr 
kin^^dnni-,  with  \\\->r\  tin-  -tron,m-t  of  all. 

A    New   Enemy.        While    the    Anulo  Saxon-   were    thu- 
niakinir  Nhil;  -tride-  forward  in  ei\  ili/.ation.  and  the  tuture 


\va-    lookini:    bright,    a    inw    and    lieic  e    eiieni)'    apj)eare(l. 

Warrior  pir.ite-  lie^an  to  he  -een  in  the   Ia\Lrli-h   ("hann(l 

in  ."ireat   -hip-.       Ihe-e  -hip-  wen-  -onietinie-  -excnty   leel 

lon.U',  Imt  with  a  depth  of  little  more  than  three  feel,  so  ihai 

the\'  could  pl\'  on  \ar\'  -hallow  water-.      Ik-ide-  they  weri- 

built  for  -i)i'ed.      '!'ht'\-  were    ])ropelled    \)y  -ail-,  and  when 

the  wind   wa-  low.  1)\    lift\-  or  -ixl>    oar-.     On  their  sail- 

wero  painted  dra,i:;on-  or  other  mon-ter-. 

The   Danes.         'rhe>e  -wift    \f--els  were   tilled  with  Ixil'i 

warrior-  welkarnied  with  -word>  and   -pears,  witli    battle 

.i\-...,    1 ..  .*i.-<  Mn,.'!   :!rr!i^v'-:     ai^.il  -.hiekK;        Thev"  I'a.rrji'd   !io    tood. 

but  landed  at  sunsi-t  and  robbed  -oine  farm  of  it-  sheep  and 

cattle,  tlien  they  fea-ted  anil  -le])t  on  the  shori\  and  at  (lay- 

no 

H 

\i-iKii'   nil    t.ki\i    \\i>   (III    i.\\i> 


1 1 


;.r(.tls  llic>  h.iil  .ii'.ipiuartd  ti.  -Irikc  -oinrwiirn  rl-c  ilu' 
!.'li"uiiiL;  tvciiiiiLr.  riic-r  liMrrihlc  mm  \v..|\r^  ucr.-  the 
I  i.inr-  ,tii(|  the  .\,,rtliiiitii        I  h,  \  ,irr  .i1m.  ,  .ill.  i|  \  ikiiit,',, 

(Irowing  Bolder  Wiiil.'  ihr  |),in-  ...in.-  ,ii  nr.t  ii,,i 
'  '  'i~i>'-  '•■"  '"  i'limdiT  anil  -.\\\  a\v,i>  ,  [\u\  mh.ii  ^rcu 
■"■l'i>i-  ''I  niaiiv  -hij.-  th.-y  mu.il  up  tin-  ri\<rM  -urpriM-.| 
ill. I  I. Mitel  a  viilaLTr  ur  tnuii,  .arricd  oil'  <  \  crx  I  liiiiL'  tlic\- 
•■".i-liiil.  Imnifd  and  kilKd. 
.'ud  \  ani-lird  htl'nrran  arni\ 
.  "iilti  lie  LMthcrcd.  S(i  ^u  ii't 
'.'.I  ri-  thc-cpiraic  \  i--(l--  that 
!  Ill  rr  ua-  iiii  kiinw  iii^  u  here 
'!n  \  would  -trike  nrxl.  and 
!!i!'   Ijmli>h  Were    lulpir--. 

Thf'ir  Savage  Customs. 

\niMiii.'  ;di  the  ln-rct  liL;litir-^ 
"t    lliu>r    tiiin'-.    the    |).inc> 
urn  the  licrrr-l.     'Vhv\  had 
ii^lhiuL,^    l)Ut    (uincmpt    fur 
I'ain    IIP   death.      It    i-   -aii| 
tiiat  a  tiohk'  Daiu  .  whn  \va> 
i.ikrii  ])ri-<>ncr.  \va>  ulTtrcd 
!li'   (  h(ii'\()|'  death  hy  hum 
in-  or  niarria^'e  with   tlu-  kiu-'^  dau-hter,  and  he  .uritnly 
'  '!"-(■  to  die  at   the  >taki'. 

Their  Prisoners.  'I'iiey  had  no  ])ity  for  their  i)riNon<Ts 
■•'  t  ajiliv  e-.  The  wotneli.  even  the  dauuhter-  of  kin<,'>.  were 
MioM   dianiefully  treated  atid   thrown  to  the  lomnion  sol- 

ii'  r>  a-  >Iave>.     The  nu'ii  were  >lain,  often  \>y  tortures  too 
i'Trihle  to  mention.      The  l)ane>  enjoyed  hewing  down  the 

.1. .   I     . .    1, :         I.  1  111.         .       '      . 

-•'  "V  .i:-^  aiiar.  uiiii  ri\t  iieii  iii  liie  ^nin  >j)orl  oi  io>'~ni<'' 
'1"-   from   pike   to   pike.      The    I-:n«,di>h   cried    in    terror, 
"  IMivcr  u>.  ()  Lord,  from  the  fury  of  the  Xorthnun." 


\  IMS..    ~-il!l'- 


i 

i. 
li 


II 


i 


iis    i)\\\\  oi    wii  ki(  \\  iiiNioin    i\  I  (Ron 


A  Good  Joke  A  -iur\  i-  tulil  nt  tlnir  l(i\c  ui'  ,i  Juki. 
'I  lii\  hail  i.i|iliiriil  -iiinr  Jum-lmri,'  N'ikiii::^  wlmni  tlir\ 
wiTc  al)iiiit  to  kill.  Ilir-r  i,i|iti\i-  uiTi  -latt'il  i>n  a  lui; 
with  thrir  iVrt  ImiuihI  tn  it .  ( )nr  altir  a  in  >  I  her  \v.i>  In  hcaih  i| 
tlurc  will  ir  hr  -at.  witliuiit  lliin  hiiiL'  nr  t\rii  wiiikiiii:.  tin- 
.^ti)r\  >a\-  At  la-t  i  hr  a\ni,ui  i  .iinr  tu  i»iir  n|  I  hrm  natDiil 
Si^uril,  uliii  hail  \(r\  luiiu  ainl  luautilul  hair.  .\~  hi-^  turn 
tanic  hr  trinl  mit  :  "'  I  tear  nut  ilcath.  But  let  nu  -Ia\i- 
tiiuih  nu  hair,  nur  lilnud  ilctilr  it  "  So  inn'  oi  the  Nurth 
nun  >tij)|i(il  liirwanl  ami  luM  \\\)  hi-  h.iir  till  the  a.\  -imulil 
tali  liut  Simird  t;a\f  a  >uililcn  jerk  ami  tin  a.\  tfll  nut  un 
hi-  nrc  k  l)Ut  on  thi'  N'urthman'-  \vri-t-,  (  uttinu  <>ll  Imth  hi- 
ll,iml>.  I  hi-  trii  k  -u  ilcli^htnl  I'.ri.  ,  tin  kin;,''-  xm.  that  he 
kiui,'hi(l  heartily  ami  nnltrtil  A\  tin-  ulhtr  Jt)ni-l>urj.iir- 
tii  III'  itanloncil. 

The  Home  of  the  Northmen.  The  luathcn  Dam.-  and 
the  Northnuii  lixt'd  ahnut  the  Haltii  in  l)rnniark  and 
\iir\\a\.  riu'\'  \vt;ri'  lno  tar  a\\a\  tn  ha\i'  ln-tn  tnuilud 
b\-  tlu'  ri\ili/atiun  of  Koine.  'IhcN'  \\^■r^■  mu-inN  ot  the 
Angles  and  Sa.\on-.  thou.irh  thc\  -till  dun;,'  to  tluir  hcalhtii 
il.i»\>.  while  their  l'ai;;li-h  kin-men  had  aiKaiucd  a  ver_\ 
lon;^  \va\  in  Chri-tian  c  i\  ili/.atinn. 

Hard  Life  of  Northmen.  llie  winter^  of  their  northern 
honu'  were  Ion;,'  and  -evere.  and  the  short  suninu'r>  and  tin 
barren  -oil  drove  iheni  tnort'  and  more  to  tlie  ^ea  for  thiir 
food.  So  thev  eanu'  to  feel  at  home  ui)on  the  sea.  where 
they  obtained  their  liarve-t  of  l"i-h  and  i)lunder  to  help  them 
throu;;h  the  lon;^  winter>.  Their  growin;;  population 
foreed  M)mi-  to  >ec-k  homes  elsewluTe.  and  when  they  heard 
of  rich  new  lands  to  the  south,  with  herds  of  cattle,  sheep. 

.'in;   rv.iiii,    i!u\    (ill  is;'"'    '''  ■''   '^"'t"  ■■ 

The  Danes  Come 


Stay. 


none 


little  kini'doniN  into  which   ILnuland   wa>  divided  able  ti 


\i.i  kill    nil    <,ki  \i    \\i)    nil    i)\\i> 


I   Kj 


;,mM  tturn  hai  k  ( )ur  Sa\<>n  tort  l.ithcr-  li.ul  n.>l  \(1  li  .iriu  >! 
till!  tiiiTt  i-<  -trtiiL'lli  in  uiii^ii  >u  tin  I),um-^  mm^kI  t<> 
;i  turn  lioiiic  ill  the  .iiitumn  IIk  \  d  v  ilnir  sl)i|.^  ii|iuii 
Ihr  -hurf  111  -Mime  i^l.iinl  jn-i  oii  the  I  nuli-^li  hm-^I  loitiiiid 
l'  '  if  i.ini|(.  ami  wtiil  inin  uinicr  ijii  irt»r- 

How  the  Danes  Fortified         I  h.-  |)aiH>  luxK  r^tu.i.j  the 
^■ii'-f    "I    l"rlilit<l    jilaio.       Tht )    u-uall\    (  Iki-^,'    tnr    their 


'  '.Hill- [)!a(  (S  I>r<it(Htci!  I)y  the  Ixiid  ..t' ,i  rivir,  wlun  lluir 
-'!i|i-  (oiild  he  moDrt'd.  I'litii  ;ut«>sn  the  l»nd  in  troiil  o!' 
;iit  ir  .  amp  they  dim  a  did  h  and  put  u\)  a  stixkad.'.  IIiTr 
i!u\  vvcrc  >aff.  f.>r  tlu-  l-jii:li-h  did  not  know  how  to  >tomi 
lortilird  camp,  nor  had  the)-  an\-  machines  or  hatlerint: 
.Ti-  t.>  a.->>i>l  In  ljieakinj4  la.  Tiie  fianes  were  here  joined 
'•'■'■  the  sprinj.;  by  many  more  ships  with  numerous  warriors, 
i'lii  ihey  a<,'ain  spread  themselves  <j\er  Knglund  to  plunder. 


V: 

ii 
rt: 


4^ 


I20     r)UV\  or    AMKRICAX    HISTORY   IN   EIROPE 

The  English  Need  Forts.  Tlu  Saxons,  ;i>  we  have  loarncd, 
<li>likc'(i  A  ailed  t(f\vn>  ;  x)  l.lu'X  had  (k>tr()_\i(l  all  the  fortilii'd 
I  itii-s  and  I  amps  ol  ihc  Roman--.  Now  when  ihey  wished 
to  deleiid  their  eoiintn'  a^'ain^t  >e;;  rover>  who  could  swooj) 
(lort-n  suddenly.  tlie\  ni-eded  t)rt  -  in  whieh  a  tew  men  could 
hold  out  a^ain-.t  a  lari^e  nunilxT.  But  they  did  not  know 
how  to  fortify  e\ei\  their  i  atn])>  with  jjali.sades  and  ditt']u>. 
When  the>'  were  beaten  in  oi)en  battle,  their  army  wa^ 
scattered,  while  the  I)aai'>  if  worsted,  (|uickly  retreated 
to  their  >to(kade  and  were  safe.  Ihe  pirate  Danes  also  had 
^ood  arms  and  armors,  such  as  battle-a.xi's,  bows  and  arrow.-, 
spears,  and  >hield>,  whii  h  the\  had  iratherecl  up  in  tlu'ir 
many  si'a  l'i.L,dits. 

The  Army  of  the  English.  The  i;nnli>h  army  was  made 
up  of  two  cla.--ses  of  ti^htin^z  men.  I'irst  wen-  the  nobk>, 
or  thani's,  who  were  bound  to  join  the  host  as  soon  as  sum- 
moned b\'  the  kinj^.  The}"  wi-re  moimted,  well-armed,  and 
carried  ( oats  of  mail,  helmets,  and  >hields.  Hut  the  thanes 
were  tVw  in  number.  H\-  far  the  larger  j)art  of  the  Kn^di>h 
army  was  made  up  of  the  fyrd,  which  was  compo.sed  of  all 
free  landowners.  I'hey  could  be  summoned  to  war  only 
by  the  folkmoot.  When  called  into  the  kind's  serviee, 
they  came  armed  with  clubs  and  hed^e  stakes,  which  could 
do  little  a^Minst  the  battle-axe--  and  spears  of  the  l)ane>. 
The  moot  was  alwa\>  slow  in  c  ailing  them  out,  and  so  the\' 
often  came  to  the  -c cne  after  the  Danes  had  ])lun(lere(l  and 
di>a])peared. 

Two  Months"  Service.  I-on^  marches  or  lon<i  campaigns 
were  impos>ible,  becau.-e  the  j-ai^lish  had  no  organized 
l)lan  of  fc-ediiig  an  army.  When  their  ])rovisions  gave  out. 
they  must  be  near  home  to  secure  more,  because  each  man 
was  expectc-d  to  feeil  himself.  He>ides.  the  farmer  had  left 
his  crops  growing,  and  he  wished  to  get   home  to  care  for 


•A/ :-='.: 


ALFRKI)    Tin;    (.RKAT   AM)   TMK    DANKS 


121 


thrm.  Thr  tyni  had  nwcr  lurn  ex[HTtf(l  to  remain  in  the 
!uM  longer  than  two  m<.nth.>.  Init  rwn  thi>  \va>  to.)  lon^ 
to  hol.l  thf  tarnuT  when  hi>  i  roj).  uth'  in  nerd  of  care.  So 
ilir  kin-  had  a  law  ina.U-.  ^min^'  a  man  heavily  for  leaving 
the  >fr\ici'  ht'fon-  his  time  was  uj). 

The  Danes  Always  in  Arms.  When  the  Danes  were 
luaten  they  fell  hark  behind  their  stockades  and  waited 
patiently  until  the  two  months  were  uj)  and  the  Kn;,di>h 
h.-t  had  -one  haek  to  their  farms.  The  I)ane>  Iwd  a 
-tan.lin-  army      one  that  remained  in  the  held  from  month 


.\n<  II  M     J{o\I     Tol  M)    IN     DlNMxKK. 


S^-i^ 


'"  month  and  from  year  to  year.      Moreover  they  were  e.x- 
jH  riem  ed  warriors. 

Roads  Poor.  .\nother  reason  why  it  was  so  difli,  ult  to 
'  (i<ek  the  swarmin-  Danes  was  heeause  the  Kn-iish  could 
"-!  move  their  tn.oj.s  (juiekly  from  place  to  place.  There 
•v.  re  no  roads,  only  tracks  throuj^h  the  forest,  and  the  water- 
•a\>  of  rivers  which  were  useless  without  boats.  The 
'  n-h"sh  had  lon^  -iven  up  their  sea-j,'oin^  habits  for  >ettled 

■  rm  lift.  ;ind  had  for-otten  all  about  navigation. 

Boats  and   Horses  of  Danes.        The    Dane>   had   their 
-ht  boats  wl.ich  culd  i,ly  on  all  the  rivers.     When  they 

■  u>t  leave  their  boats,  they  stole  all  the  horse.s  in  the  neigh- 


m 


m 


I  lii 


!    i 


122      DAWN    OF   AMKKIC.W    HISTORY    I\    KIROPK 

borhood  and  travck-d  f|ui(kly()n  horsfbai  k.  If  t'.c  Saxons 
chasi'd  them  too  closely.  tlu'>'  took  to  their  boats  and  soon 
appeared  in  another  j)art  of  Kn^land  with  the  Saxon  ami} 
far  away. 

Why  the  Danes  Hated  Monasteries.  I'he  Danes  and 
Northmen  still  worshijjed  Odin  and  Thor.  They  thought 
that  their  I^nj;lish  coiisms  had  abandoned  the  true  Ti-utonic 
relif^ion  for  a  false  one.  So  the  Danes  ea^'erly  killed  all 
priests,  monks,  and  nuns  on  whom  they  could  lay  hand>. 
They  destroyed  ehurt  hes  with  joy,  and  were  never  .so  ha[)])y 
as  when  they  had  j)lundered  a  monastery  and  given  it  to  the 
flames.  It  was  in  the  monasteries,  also,  that  the  richest 
plunder  was  to  be  found.  Xot  only  Canterljury.  but  all 
the  abbeys  near  the  coast,  soon  lay  in  blackened  ruins  with 
the  monks  t  ruelly  slain. 

Fresh  Hordes  Keep  Coming.  The  English  could  not 
help  being  discouraged,  for  fresh  hordes  kept  swarming  up 
the  rivers.  They  came  all  armed  to  the  teeth,  in  fleets  of  a 
hundred  vesst-ls  or  more.  There  seemed  to  be  no  limit  to 
the  sujiply  of  tiiese  wolves  from  the  north.  They  dashed 
from  |)lace  to  jilace  on  swift  horses,  so  (juickly  that  the 
Knglish  could  not  lorner  them.  The  rich  cities,  chun  hes. 
and  monasteries  farther  inland  were  the  objects  of  si)ecial 
raids. 

Danes  Victorious.  They  sei/.ed  more  land  and  built 
more  forts.  Sometimes  they  were  checkt'd.  but  they  never 
gave  up  a  foot  of  tht  territory  that  they  had  taken.  One 
little  kingdom  after  another  fell  into  their  hands,  for  the 
English  did  not  know  yel  how  to  unite  their  strength. 

The  Outlook  was  Dark.  The  Danes  had  already  seized 
upon  e\"erv  kingdom  of  I*"nirlan.(!  ijxcept  \\  essex  ;  thev  hau 
destroyed  everything.  Xot  only  were  the  monasterie> 
and  churches  looted  and  given  to  the  flames,  but  school- 


'»'-SP.^T| 


^^S¥ 


m  "mfmmEmu 


Hrf^ 


=^ii 


m 


r^i^z^  -t-^,.^" 


ALFRKI)    THi:    (ikKAT   AM)   THK    DANKS 


123 


and  hooks  und  learning  were  gone.  All  improved  tooI>  and 
h.KiM>  and  barns  were  in  aslus ;  lloeks  of  >hee|)  and  herds 
ni  i  attle  and  hogs  had  Inen  driven  oil  and  huti  hered  by  the 
hungrx  Danes;  even  the  j)eoi)le  had  disai)i)eared  from  en- 
tire .li>tri(ts.  leaving  ruins  and  neglected  lields  behind. 
Nothing  remained  but   the  memory  oi  j)eaee  and  a  bitter 


Ihi    U  isi    \\t  s  in   AlJki  i)\  TiMi 


li.itrnl  for  the  cruel  Danes.     Still  a  new  king  boldly  took 
up  hi<  battle-a.\  to  defend  Wessex. 

Alfred  Becomes  King.  Alfre.l  had  three  older  brothers 
-  there  seemed  to  be  little  ehance  that  he  would  ever  be- 
'  "ine  king.  Hut  each  brother,  in  turn,  fell  in  battlewith  the 
l>.ine-.  after  reigning  only  a  few  years.  It  was  in  cSji. 
•••  tu  II  his  last  brother  was  slain,  that  Alfred,  at  the  early  age 
■I  lue    ty-two.  was  called  to  rule  hi>  West  .Sa.xons. 

King  Alfred's  Boyhood.       Alfre.l".  mother  <licd    we  are 

'"!'l.  when  he  was  still  a  ehild.     When  he  was  four  vears 

-1.   his  tather.   the  kintr,   ^.-nt    him   to   Rome  with   ni>hop 

•-.vmthun,  who  carried  many  costly  gifts  to  the  j)ope.     Here 

Alired  was  anointed  by  the  pope  and  adopted  as  hi>  .spiritual 


!l 


y 


'\ 


\ 


m 


ff 


tfif 


II  1 

■■    I      ;■ 

■*■      ( 

\ 

f 

124     1>\\V\    or    AMKRK   \\    IIl-IOKV    IN    I-IROI'F. 


son.  Wtv  little  i>  knuwn  ot"  Alfred's  hnyliood.  It  w;i> 
(■u>t()in;ir\'  in  th<)>e  (l,i\  >  lOr  the  kin.L;"-  -on  to  i)e  taken  fmni 
wtinien  and  nur>e>  a>  xxm  a>  hi-  \va>  ^tron^  enough  to 
j)ra(ti(c  riding  and  the  um'  of  arin--.  and  to  he  plaied  in  the 
court  or  tlu'  hou^e  of  >onie  nohk-,  where  he  \va>  daily  tau^'ht 
in  all  kincU  of  nianl}' sj)orts.  siu  h  a>  huntinji  and  throwing. 
Al)o\t'  all  thini;she  was  traiiu'd  to  he  a  soldier,  for  t'l^ditinf: 
\va>  the  fir>t  dut\-  of  e\er\'  man. 

Alfred  and  the  Danes.  \Vhere\er  he  \\a>  hroujrlit  uj). 
Alfred  nui>t  ha\i'  heard  e\-ery  day  the  tla>h  and  ( lanj.;  of 
arms.  All  tl'  ouiih  hi>  hoyhood,  stories  weri'  told  of  the 
( omini;  of  more  I  )ani'>  in  their  multitude  of  >hi|)>.  of  \i(  tories 
and  defiat>.  .\lfred  did  not  know  that  he  wa>  one  da\  to 
fon(|Uer  these  vi-ry  I)anl•^  and  to  make  I'.ntiland  oni'  kingdom 
with  one  law,  oiu-  reliiiion,  and  one  !anjiua<:e,  .\s  he  <irv\\ 
he  was  ])ermitted  to  tollow  tlu'  kind's  arm_\-  and,  j)erhaj)>, 
to  watch  the  lifxht  from  a  di>lanci'. 

Alfred's  I  ove  of  Learning.  In  the  lont;  winter  e\eninjzs, 
Alfred  sat  with  the  k'mii  and  thanes,  the  (lueeii  and  ladie>. 
around  the  liri'  in  the  ureat  hall,  and  h.'-tened  to  the  min- 
strels ehantiuL!;  and  neitini,'  \t'rs<-  about  old  heroes,  war^. 
an<l  !e^'end>,  whiK'  tlu\-  waiteil  for  s])rin;^'  ;md  the  return  of 
the  Danes.  So  .\Ifre<l  i^rew  to  love  learning  and  poetry  and 
l)t)oks,  \lc  leariu-d  much  froi.i  tlu'  x  holars  and  monks  ot 
the  nionasterit'S,  from  prie>t>  and  from  tiohle  ladies  in  the 
nunneries.  He  under>tood  Latin  and  could  turn  Latin  books 
into  .\ni,do-Sa.\on.  I'.xi'n  after  the  Dane-  had  overthrown 
and  burned  the  mona>lerit's.  Alfred'>  lo\e  of  learnini;  chuiL' 
to  him  throucli  all  the  stormy  year<  of  war  and  destruction. 

The  Danes  in  Wessex.       'I'he  boy  was  at  last  old  enou;.'h 

could  now.no  doubt,  wield  thi'  ^reat  battle-ax  as  deftly  a< 
his  brother,  the  kint' ;  when,  suddenh  .  he  was  himself  called 


ALFRKD   THE   GRKAT   AM)    I HK    DANES  125 

upon  t()  woar  the  crown  of  \\\-ssfx.  Ha\inj,'  taken  all  the 
"thtr  kin^'doms,  the  Danes  now  eame  iijxm  Wessex  with  a 
lar.L,'e  army,  not  only  of  their  own  men,  hut  of  .Northmen,  also. 
They  swept  up  the  Thames,  havinj^  on  either  hank  troops 
inouiKed  and  on  foot.  In  one  year  the  younj,'  king  Alfred 
loujiht  nine  pitched  battles  with  them.  Sometimes  he  was 
(leteated,  and  s(;met"mes  he  was  victorious;  hut  even  a  vic- 
tory did  little  ;,'ood,  for  the  swift  Danes  (|ui(kly  appeared 
ill  another  j)art  of  the  country. 
At  last  in  order  to  gain  time  to 
t  ngthin  his  army,  Alfred  bought 
"11  the  enemy,  and  they  returned 
to  London,  outside  of  Wessex. 

Fighting  the  Danes  at  Sea.  — 
riiree  years  later  Alfred  again  took 
ti.  held  against  the  Danes.  He 
km  w  that  in  order  to  l)eat  them, 
111  must  meet  them  on  the  sea;  so 
tie  built  a  small  fleet,  the  lirst 
l-nglish    warships.     Out   of   seven  """■  ^'"""■ 

l)ani>h  vessels,  he  cai)tured  one  and  put  the  rest  to  flight 
So  Alfred  has  been  called  "The  Father  of  the  Kngli.sh  Xavy  - 
Alfred  is  Beaten  on  Land.  Alfred  was  not  so  successful 
on  land.  He  could  not  drive  the  swarms  of  Danes  out  of 
tl)>'  c  ountry,  but  neither  could  they  overrun  his  kingdom,  as 
the;,  nad  all  the  other  kingdoms  of  Kngland.  The  Danes 
Mcmed  to  have  met  their  match.  The  war  went  on  till 
■Milter  and  impa.ssable  roads  put  an  end  to  the  fighting. 

Danes  ac  La:.t   Victorious.       In   the  depths  (,f  winter 

•  li«n  Alfred's  army  had  scattered  to  their  homes,  the  Danes 

uddenly    broke    up     their    winter   quarters    and    quickK 

i'read  over  the  country.     Thus  Wessex  was  taken  bv  sur- 

l-rise.  and  the  land  was  left  desolate  like  the  other  kingdoms. 


'I  I 

Iff 
Hi 


HI 


11 


im 


if 

-    ■    ^ 


.jj^ir-l 


-TM^msM^- 


126      n.WVN    01     A.MKRK  AN    IIISTOKV    IN    KrROl'K 

Farms  wiTc  ravagt-d.  villa^t-s  and  towns  win-  ransai  ktd  and 
l)urni'd,  (hurchu^  and  ni()na>l(.rk's  lay  in  hlai  kcnt'd  ruin>. 
Alfrcd'ssuhjnts  sfemcdto  Ik- discouraged  and  worn  out  with 
their  lon<^  marc  hcs  back  and  forth,  in  trying  to  corner  the 


Wl  APCINS    OF    TIIK    DaNKS. 

fleeing  Danes.  Alfred  could  do  nothing  more  to  check  the 
enemy.  To  him  everything  seemed  as  black  as  night ;  so  he 
disappeared  and  let  the  Danes  take  his  kingdom. 

King  Alfred  an  Outlaw.  Hut  Altre^l  ;\!o?u'  of  ;!!1  the 
Saxons  had  not  lost  hope.  He  settled  down  with  a  band  of 
follower>  ui)on  a  little  island  in  the  river  Thames.      Here, 


HMfififla 


,.t-% 


TT^ 


-^i 


.>  -IV 


:m^...-^.''iti 


AIJ  KKI)    Tin;    (,Ki:.\i    AM)    im;    1)\m.;s 


I -'7 


like  an  outlaw,  hi-  nmaim-d  in  hidin-;  in  the  woods.  When- 
.  \ vr  hr  >a\v  a  -^ood  rhancf.  he  sallied  out  and  struik  the 
I  i.mo  unixiHctfdly,  doinj,'  thcni  all  tlu-  harm  he  » uuld. 
Hun  he  >tolcha(k  to  his  hiding  plair.  Here  lu-kcjU  think- 
ing how  lu-  mi-;hl  <lr;ve  tlu-m  out  altogether.  He  |)lanned  a 
-rrat  tlert,  he  learned  how  to  l)uild  forts  like  those  ot"  the 
I'lius.  and  he  made  better  arm>  tor  his  men. 

Alfreds  Hour  has  Come.  At  la-^t  .Mired  iVIt  that  his 
^axons  were-  ready  to  tight  in  earne>t.  So  when  the  leaves 
uvre  hud.ling  in  the  forest  in  the  spring,  he  >tole  from  his 
i-land  and  called  his  men  together.  Suddenly  his  army 
'lathed  from  the(len>e  fore-t  and  marched  straight  upon  the 
l).nu>  at  Clnppenham.  The  Danes  were  ama/ed  at  this 
-r.  at  army  whieh  seemed  to  have  sprung  up  out  of  the  earth, 
liiit  they  tame  out  to  meet  Alfred's  host. 

Battle  of  Chippenham.  The  KnghVh  army  gripped  their 
u.  ai)ons  lirndy  as  they  remembered  their  burned  homes  and 
ll.-ir  (hildren  carried  over  the  sea  as  slaves.  Alfred  ar- 
ranged his  armyin  the  >hai)e  of  a  wedge.and  they  rushed  into 
iMttle  with  a  wild  shout.  The  tight  was  soon  over,  and  the 
I'anes  were  tleeing  to  their  fort.  Alfred  rode  after  them, 
w^\  his  army  sat  down  to  besiege  their  camp.  Fur  two 
wi ,  ks  he  kept  them  penned  up.  and  they  begged  for  {)ea(e. 
Mired  knew  that  he  could  not  drive  all  of  the  Danes  out  of 
I.ngland.  t'or  they  were  too  nunierousand  had  too  many  forts. 
"^''  he  made  terms  with  them. 

The   Treaty  of  Wedmore.       The   Danes  gave  men   to 

\ltnd  as  hostages,  or  pledges  that  the\    would  keep  their 

■"rd.     They  swore   mighty  oaths   that   they  would  quit 

•  waging   Wesse.v,   and   their  king   Guthrum   promised   to 

"  ome  a  Christian  and  to  be  baptized.     'Ihis  he  did  with 

"!>•   uf   his   great    warriors.     Alfred   and    (iuthrum    now 

■•icd  to  make  the  Thames  River  a  boundarv  between  their 


ti 


in 


1  ■ 


f  I 


i 


;l 


ill; 


II 


128     DAWN   OF   AMERICAN   HISTORV   IN    EUROPE 

two  kingdoms.  So  the  Danes  kept  northeastern  England, 
while  Alfred  kept  all  the  south  and  west,  which  was  all  of 
Wessex  and  a  great  deal  more.  Thus  "  Wessex  was  saved  ; 
and  in  saving  Wessex,  Alfred  had  sa\ed  England  "  from  be- 
coming a  heathen  land  again. 

Alfred  Repairing  the  Ruin.  Alfred  now  set  about  to 
repair  the  ruin  of  his  kingdom  and  to  get  ready  for  another 
war  with  the  Danes,  because  he  was  unwilling  to  leave  the 
city  of  London  in  their  hands.  He  realized  that  he  must 
have  a  larger  standing  army,  forts,  ships,  and  better  arms,  if 
he  were  to  hold  his  own  against  these  warriors. 

A  Larger  Army.  —  So  Alfred  divided  the  lands  of  his 
kingdom  into  small  military  districts  of  a  few  hundred  acres 
each.  Each  district  was  to  send  an  armed  man  at  the  king's 
summons  and  to  provide  him  with  food  and  pay.  This 
gave  Alfred  a  respectable  standing  army. 

The  fyrd  was  divided  into  two  parts.  One  part  took  the 
field,  while  the  other  looked  after  the  crops  and  protected 
the  homes  and  the  townships.  This  enabled  Alfred  to  under- 
take a  longer  campaign.  He  also  built  forts  and  encouraged 
the  townsmen  to  fortify  their  towns  with  ditches  and  pali- 
sades ;  he  built  a  fleet  of  ships  larger  and  swifter  than  those 
of  the  Danes;  and  he  continued  to  improve  the  weapons 
of  his  soldiers.  So  when  war  came  again  in  886,  King  Alfred 
was  ready. 

The  Danes  Meet  Their  Match.  —  Alfred  soon  took  London 
from  the  Danes  and  made  it  his  capital.  He  forced  them 
to  give  him  much  more  territory.  With  London  and  the 
Thames  valley  in  his  hands,  Alfred  fortified  and  closed  this 
waterway  to  the  Danes.  Since  the  invaders  had  already 
built  homes  in  their  new  lands,  they  could  not  fight  so  well. 
for  they  must  now  defend  their  own  homes  before  they  could 
burn  and  destroy  those  of  the  Saxons.     So  they  were  beaten. 


I.  \ 


■>=»*•:    m^^ '"■^' 


g!LJc''Ail.\#iltf3iiiff31roliiiiijiii^B^  .fc,  j«t^i  ztu, 


:-€i 


m 


iti. 

m 


^S¥W^^^^^^^;?mi 


-ir'.»-     feaj'^^l 


ff.g!F'     J  fT., 


n 


'K-.^.-^m^^am.'^ 


■<.i 


m 


'%ir:tM--:.  --af'J-s-f. 


*ktoU(«:7..1.r_\. 


ALFRKI)   Till.   (,Ki:.\T  WD   THI.    I)\\|; 


i-'<; 


111(1  Alfml  fxtindid  his  ruUovir  niun- aii.l  ninrr  of  tluir 

I.iIhU. 

King  of  England.  So  ^Ttat  w.i-  tin-  nsjKi  t  and  a.l- 
miralion  for  tlu'  wonderful  Alfred  anu.n^  all  the  Anijles, 
>a\,.n>.  and  Jutes  that  tluy  turned  to  him  a>  their  hope'ind' 
iluir  deliverer  from  slavery  to  the  l)ane>.  The  j.al..u>ie> 
.mioim  the  leoplc.  who  had  before  f(»rm.(l  little  kin^'.|om>, 
HM^v  di>a|)i)eare(|.  and  in  it>  i)la(e  wa>  a  ^rowin^  |)ride  in 
liie  -:rt-atness  of  Kn^dand.  a  feeling  of  onem-s  and  union. 

The  Danes  Become  English.        Ihe  Danish  neweomers 
M  ttled  down  (luietly,  after  a  time.  an<l  were  tamed.     They 
'« adil>    mixed   and   intermarried   with   the   Kn^dish ;     they 
r.reived  the  Kn^'lish  religion  and  the  .\n^do-Sax<.n  speeeh; 
•m.l  after  a  ffw  jjenerations,  the  Danes  eould  not  he  distin- 
guished from  the  An«lo-Saxons.     One  great  reason  for  this 
lay  in  their  being  dose  kin  to  the  Saxons  and  having  (  ustoms 
and  a  language  very  similar  to  them.     The  Danes  br(;ught 
"lany  good  .lualities  to  enrich  the  Knglish  stock       greater 
d.ring.  deeper  love  of  personal  freedom,  better  seamanship, 
and  a  warmer  I..ve  of  the  sea.   besides  a  keener  .spirit  of 
trade  and  lommerce.    in    which    Kngland    exctU    i,,    this 
day. 

Alfred's  Work  in  Time  of  Peace.       Alfred  now  spent  his 

><  ars  of  peace  in  building  u[)  and  uniting  the  greater  j)art 

•I  Kngland.    He  encouraged  trade  and  travel,  because  these 

^vuuId  help  to  do  away  with  the  ignorance  and  prejudice 

■1  his  people.     He  did  all  that  he  could  to  make  Kngland 

-ale  for  foreign  merchants.   He  raised  lo  the  order  of  gentle- 

■  •■111  every  merchant  who  had   made  three  xoyages  to  the 

Mediterranean  at  his  own  expense.   Alfred  .sent  amba.^sadors 

■  Koiiie,  to  France,  to  the  Kast.  and  even  to  India.     He 

:-'  encouraged  the  work  of  craftsmen,  goldsmiths,  and 

■vehr^.  for  in  these  crafts  the  Saxuns  were  very  skillful. 


k 

m 


i 


!    i 


^fmm^ 


ISO     l»\\\\   ni    AMi.kK  \\    IIIMnk\    I\    I  (  kol'K 


A  \'iKiNr.  Smi"   \Mi   \s  ()i> w  I.inkk 


f?f5i 


-t^-''  iwi  ; 


AI.IKKI)   TMi;    c.klAT    AM)    Till;    DWis  ,., 

Character  of  Alfred  the  Great  Alin.l  j.  sii.l  f.,  h.ivf 
l'<.ti  tlu-  m(.>t  ptrlfd  .haraitir  in  ln\|ur>.  Xuuilur  iium 
"H  n.urd  Iki>  united  s,,  many  ^Tiaf  (lu.iiilio.  \U  wa>  .i 
l'.mmI  Chri-lian  man  in  an  a^T  u  luii  >..  many  vv,r<>  wi.  kcd. 
I.ik.-  Wa^hin^'lun  he  \va>  a  ^nal  uarri..r,  never  ,a>t  d..\vn 
i"  'l'l"«;'l  n..r  (Tiiel  t..  the  ,n.-.ny  u  lu  n  he  ha-l  M>n,|ii,Ted. 
lie  ua.  un>ehi>h.  I..r  he  hved  nnl>  to  MTVe  hi^  people.  I„ 
"l'l'''i'">  to  all  thi>,  Alfred  wa.  a  -reat  .tate>nian.  impr..vin« 
ih.  army,  bmldinK'  up  a  navy.  er.Ttinu  w.ilU  about  the 
'ilir.,  and  making  iimul  la\v^  l.,r  hi>  peupl,,  Alfred 
LMlii.red  to^ri.ther  ail  the  «..,„!  Iaw>  wherever  he  .  uuld  lind 
th.  m  and  wrote  them  down  ami  (  au>ed  thini  to  he  obeyed 
iuMt  ad  of  the  eruel  ami  barl)arou>  eu>toms  of  the  Saxon^. 
In  ihi>\vay  he  greatly  improvi.j  the  law>  of  hi>  kingdom. 

Alfreds  Court  and  Judges.  Alfred  also  saw  to  it  that 
<\.rybody,  rich  ami  poor,  obeye.l  the  laws.  There  aro>f 
'iurniK  Alfred^  rei^n  many  powerful  noble>,  who  would 
nut  obey  the  ..rders  of  the  .shire  moot  if  they  did  not  ehoose 
I"  do  so.  Alfred  made  all  the  noblf>  brin^  their  cases  to 
liini  ami  he  .saw  to  it  that  the  poor  man  ^ot  justice  ami  that 
tile  rieh  nobles  obeyed  his  decisions  like  othc-r  peoi)le.  He 
liiard  cases  day  ami  ni^ht.  Of  ourM-  the>e  nobles  hatt-d 
Allred  heartily  beeau>e  he  made  them  do  ri<,'ht.  Alfred 
"n(  e  Slid  that  to  be  a  ^ood  king  one  had  to  do  many  un- 
I'l'a>ant  things  and  make  many  enemies. 

Encourages  Learning.       Alfred  encouraged  great  scholars 

ind  men  of  learning   to  come  over  from  the  continent.     He 

'  ntertained  them  in  his  court ;  he  raised  them  to  be  bishops 

lid  abbots;    he  con>ulted  with  them  and  made  them  his 

l-r.onal  friemls.     Alfred  was  himself  a  great  scholar,  in 

'11   age   when   nearly   everyl)c)dy  was   ignorant.     He   built 

•Huo|>  and  monasteries,  encouraged  learning,  and  wrote 

■""k>  in  Anglo-Saxon  so  that  his  people  could  read  them. 


II! 


i 


I  ■ 


it: 


?  r  r  ■ 


!H 


•i«!*WP5».','iii 


mj.m 


^.**^jia^ 


1^2      DAWN   OK   AMKKICAN    HISTORY    IN    KIROPK 

Kvtrythiiig  Alfred  did  was  done,  n(  '  ♦  -  Ms  own  j^lory.  hut 
for  the  <,'()<)(1  of  his  people. 

King  Alfred's  Death.  After  rulini,'  for  nearly  thirty 
years,  Kini^  .\lfred  died  in  (>oi.  In  his  will  he  left  money 
to  all  his  family  and  friends  ind  <,'ave  his  slaves  their  free- 
dom. In  his  last  days  he  wrote:  "  This  I  will  say,  that  I 
have  tried  to  live  worthily  while  I  livi'd.  and  after  my  life 
to  leave  to  the  men  that  come  after  me  a  rememberinj^  of 
me  in  ^ood  works,"  No  ruler  ever  set  so  j^ood  an  e.\amj)le 
of  what  a  kin^  should  be,  and  the  Knj,dish  people  have  never 
ceased  to  love  him  and  to  call  him  .Alfred  the  (ireat, 

England  for  the  English.  .\fter  .Mfred's  death,  for 
more  than  a  hundred  years,  l-.ngland  was  ruled  over  l»\- 
stronj^  \Vesse.\  kin^s.  They  bent  all  their  i)owers  to  fmish 
what  Alfred  had  bej^'un  to  unite  and  stren^'then  the 
Knj^lish  j)eople.  Thus,  the  whole  country  became  so 
thorou^dily  Kn<^lish.  with  one  lan<,'uage,  one  system  of 
laws,  and  one  reh'j^ion,  that  it  has  ever  remained  so.  Eng- 
land was  later  concjuered  by  fresh  hordes  of  Danes  under 
Canute.  It  was  still  later  concjuered  and  ruled  over  by  the 
Xormans  under  William  the  Conciueror,  with  his  French- 
speakinjj;  army  and  nobles.  However,  the  Knj^lish  lan- 
guage, laws,  and  customs  were  .so  well  grounded  that  they 
could  not  be  rooted  out  by  the  foreign  king  or  a  foreign 
nobility.  For  this  we  are  indebted  mainly  to  the  strong 
kings  of  Wessex,  of  whom  .Alfred  was  the  greatest, 

Ql'K.STION.S 

Dams  .\\n  NoRrirMi-.N  -  i.  What  im|)rovorrn'nt  was  there  in 
Knjilainl  ?  J.  Why  was  there  less  fiRhtiiiK?  ^  Desi  ril)e  the  honii' 
ul  lik-  D.iiu>  ami  Xt,»rlhiiRii.  4.  Where  was  it  .'  ^.  What  were  tin 
characteristics  of  these  men  ?  6.  Why  did  they  rove?  7.  When:-' 
S.    Why  do  they  settle  in  Britain?     9.    Whom  do  thev  tind  there? 


iucai!r^i«ivfti».. 


ALFKKi)   riii-:  (;Ri;\r  and   ihi:  I)\m:s      i:,- 

ir     Why    ari'    tin-    I)aiu->   .ihlf    to    mIiIc    tliirr  "      ii.    hixriln'    the 
I  ».iiii>h  inriiiiiations. 

1a(.i.isii  Ak\iv  i:.  What  divisions  ot'  |ko|>K-  win-  ihric  in 
l.:i^;l,inil  at  thistinuv-'  iv  What  two  c  la>M>  oi  >oi<liir.>  ui  re  ihirc  .^ 
I  I  Mow  uiTi-  liif  M>l(liiTs  calk'!  toj;ithrr  .•■  15.  Ilou  urn-  lluy 
irmnl  "  i()  What  >U[)[)lits  di'l  thr\  j,'it  "  17  DiMrihc  thi'(,1m- 
|iiiL'ii  i>.  What  wiakiios  wa.>  tlurc  in  thi^  artn\- ,^  lo.  ('oniparc 
!lir  KnKii>h  and  Danish  armii's.  jo.  What  was  tht'  ii'i-hi'ii;  oi  ilu- 
iiniy  toward  the  inonasti  riis  .^  :\.  Wh.il  ucn  liu-  ri>ult>  ol'  lUv 
I  •,!in>h  in\■a^ioIl>  f 

Ki\i.  Ai.ikii)  -  ::.  Dcsrriln'  his  boyhood  .■  ^  |)i-..u->  thr 
ir.Miy  of  Wi-dmorr.  :  \.  How  was  Alt'ri'i|">  army  ihlTcrfnl  tVoin  the 
"l\  oia  ■'  :^.  llow  (hil  Ahrtd  [)r([>arc  to  nn'cl  the  l)ani>.^ 
'I  Wliat  territory  dirl  he  sii/.i' :^  j;.  Wliy  ■'  .'S.  Whircin  lay  Kin^ 
Mind's  strt'UKth:''  jo.  Wliy  was  \u-  alilr  to  dfltat  the  Danes" 
.J  Results.  SI-  What  Kood  (|ualities  di<i  the  Dane>  aild  to  the  I-in^ 
lidi  n.ition.'  S--  Why  was  it  easy  for  tlieiii  to  >ett!e  in  KnKianiL-' 
,v  What  ilo  you  think  of  Kin^  Alfred  as  a  man;"  S4-  What  did 
he  do  for  Kn^laiid?     ,^5.    What  were  the  results  of  Alfred".-,  rule  I' 


:  ! 


CHAPrKk    IX 


THE   BEGINNING    OF   FRANCE 


The  Franks.  I'hc  nnol  important  (iirnian  tribe  that 
Sfttk'(l  in  (iaul  \va>  the  I-'raiiks.  who.  after  a  tinif,  ;iave 
their  name  to  that  country.  There  were  .-everal  tribes  of 
them.  Ihe  ehief  who  lade  them  strong  and  great  was 
rioxis.  He  was  only  fifteen  years  old  when  he  beiame  king 
«  t  his  tribe  of  Franks,  i)iit  he  wa>  an  unusually  l)rave  \uuth 
and  soon  proved  to  be  a  great  warrior.  lie  earl\  began  to 
eon(|Uer  the  trilies  about  him  and  to  add  their  lands  to  his 
own.  Some  of  the  other  chiefs  C'lovis  drove  away,  and  some 
he  murdered. 

Franks  Become  Christians.  The  Franks  had  been 
j)agans  until  C'lovis  married  a  (ierman  lady.  Clotilda,  who 
had  become  a  Christian  ;  and  this  paved  the  way  for  all  of 
the  Franks  to  accept  Christianity.  Clovis  had  waged  war 
t)n  the  Hurgundians.  concjuered  them,  and  made  them 
receive  him  as  their  king.  He  then  mo\ed  against  the  Ale- 
mans,  another  (ierman  tribe.  This  time  he  almost  met  hi> 
match.  In  the  midst  of  the  battle.  Clovis  saw  his  lino 
giving  way.  and  the  battle  seemed  almost  lost.  Then  he 
called  upon  the  (iod  of  his  wife,  vowing  that  if  Christ  would 
helj)  him  to  victory,  he  would  be  ba])ti/.e(l  and  become  a 
Christian.  In  Cloviss  army  were  many  Christian  (iauls, 
and  when  they  heard  of  his  vow,  their  enthu>ia>m  and  tierce 
lighting  at  last  defeated  the  .Memans.  So  Clovis  kept  hi- 
word,  and  on  Christmas  day  was  baptized,  together  with 
three  thousand  of  his  warriors,  who  thus  became  member- 
of  the  Catholic  Churcii. 

i,i4 


«^«r:ftk*t4ij:!;.«fcr' 


THK    HKdlNMNC.   OF    IRAMK 


',•;. 


Clovis  and  the  Pope  join  Hands.  I  his  ;ut  of  (ImvIs 
had  a  <,'rcat  inlliifiut'  on  Kranri-.  tor  tin-  Christian  (i;'.iils 
iiMU  i^hidly  accepted  him  as  their  king,  and  joined  his  army. 
\hv  pope  of  Rome  also  was  j,'reatly  pleased,  for  he  and 
('lo\i>  could  join  hands  aj^ainst  the  enemies  of  the  Roman 
(  .itholic  Church.  Hecomini;  a  Christian  had  made  very 
lilllc  ihange  in  the  conduct  of  Clovis,  hut  he  was  ulad  to 
lia\e  the  hel])  of  the  Chri>tian  Ciauls  and  of  the  Church. 
So  he  became  't>  cham])ion.  He  made  war  on  the  \\'e>t 
(ioths  and  took  a  large  territory  from  them,  and  then  turned 
,iL;ainst  the  other  tribes  of  Franks,  whose  rulers  were  his 
t'ritiids.  Clovis  had  these  secretly  murderetl  or  killed  in 
liillcrent  wavs.  until  he  was  ruler  of  nearlv  all  the  territorv 
of  what  is  now  France.  The  (iauls  and  Franks  were 
uniting  to  form  the  French  people.  Paris  beiame  the 
I  apital  city.  As  Clovis's  kingdom  became  larger  and  larger 
hi>  i)ower  grew,  and  the  people  had  less  to  say  as  to  how  they 
-hould  be  ruled.  France  was  in  a  fair  way  to  become  a 
-trong  kingdom,  when  Clovis  died  in  511.  The  lounlry 
was  then  divided  among  his  four  sons. 

Centuries  of  Darkness.  There  followed  a  long,  long 
time  when  France  was  full  of  darkness,  of  wickedness,  and 
ol  crime;  when  there  was  no  safety  anywhere  from 
robbery  and  lighting.  And  then  at  last  there  appeared  at 
Paris  another  strong  ruler.  Charlemagne,  or  Charles  the 
(.ruit. 

Charles  Subdued  the  Saxons.  Charles  was  also  a 
iiinnber  of  the  Roman  Church  and  in  high  fa\-or  with  the 
p"l)e.  He  wished  U)  unite  all  the  (ierman  tribes  in  one 
LTcat  Christian  state.  If  he  were  to  succeed  ir  Jiis  plan. 
!!•■  niuKt  t'lr-t  conquer  ihe  Saxon  tribes  who  lived  along  the 
Khinc.  'I'hese  pagan  Saxons  were  great  warriors,  and 
<  harles  found  the  task  of  subduing  them  a  hard  one  indeed. 


i 


Jiimsmtm 


tefttf»^_   ZJtt-    ''*^Tr 


i:,()     D.WVX   OI     A.MKRIC.W    HISTORY    1\    KLROI'I- 


KviTv  tinu-  lu-  (lifratc'd  the  Saxoi 


th 


cy  rose  up  again. 


Nine  tiiiu>  (harks  j)ut  thcin  down,  the  last  time  with 
j^Tcat  (  riulty.  fur  hr  hihradwl  four  thousand  Saxon  warriors 
in  oni'  day.      I'hvn  he  diihircd  that  c'vury  living  Saxon  who 

r(.■fu^c'd  to  be  ba])li/t(l  as  a 
CMiristiaii.  or  who  ate  tlesh 
during  Lent,  should  lose  his 
head.  So  the  Saxons  on  the 
Rhine  were  linally  con- 
(juered.  and  their  lands  adtled 
to  the  empire  of  Charles. 

A  Strong  Ruler.  — 
("harks  suieeeded  in  build- 
ing up  a  very  great  Christian 
empire.  It  included  all  of 
what  is  now  France.  Belgium, 
Netherlands,  and  nearly  all 
of  (iermany.  Charles  ruled 
it  well,  for  he  was  a  strong 
king.  He  had  great  armies, 
as  well  as  tleets  of  warships. 
Robbers  and  ])irates  were 
dri\en  away,  and  the  rude 
(iermans  had  a  brief  period 
of  j)eace  in  which  they  might 
take  a  few  steps  toward  civ- 
ilized living. 

"  Emperor  of  the  Romans.'  In  the  >ear  800.  Charles 
went  to  Rome  to  settle  a  dispute  bitween  Pope  Leo  III 
and  his  enemies.  The  trouble  was  settled,  and  the  i)ope 
hi'Id  a  solemn  service  in  St  I*eter's  on  Chri.-tm.  >.s  (kav  t'.' 
gi\e  thanks,  and  to  celebrate  the  peace  that  Charles  had 
obtained   for   him.     As   Charles   the   Great   was   kneeling 


("11  VKI  I  \l  \i.M 


^K&l  ■ai^^w     Tw'i^ 


^  zr  mJoHB-vs  iT.'jflB^^'Tfiltt^Bl*!^ 


THI-:  Hi;(;iNM\(;  or  i  ranck 


JS7 


htlnrr  the  altar  during  tin-  M-rvin'.  tlu-  pope  lanu-  to  him. 
and,  to  his  surj)ri>c.  set  a  rrown  upon  hi-  ht-ad  and  ^akitid 
him  a>  "  KmiKTor  of  the  Roman>."'  amid  the  apj)Iausi'  of 
the   pcopU'. 

Encourages   Learning.       ('harU>    not    oidy    kipt    order 
in  hi-  great  empire,  l)Ut  he  began  to  e(Uuati-  the  people. 

He  urged  the  jjriests  and  l)i>hop.s  to  e.stal)li>l  >,hool>  in 
(onneetion  with  their  ehurehe>.  and  to  teat  h  the  l)o\>  to 
fvad,  for  those  were  times  of  great  ignoranee  among  the 
peo|)le.  Charles  himself  built  up  a  great  school  in  hi> 
palaie  to  teach  the  S(ms  of  noblemen.  He  gatiiered  to- 
gether the  greatest  scholars  and  teachers  from  all  (ountries. 
Amusements.  One  sport  (»f  Charles  the  (in;it'-  time 
wa-  trai  king  and  driving  animals  of  all  >orts  into  pm-  made 
<l  (loths  or  nets,  where  the  hunters  killed  them  l.\  the 
thuu.-.;ind.  It  was  .said  of  Charlemagne,  that  though  usually 
at  war.  he  never  missed  a  chance  to  hunt.  Hi-  enjowd 
hunting  so  much  that  he  re>ted  himself  by  galloping  through 
tile  forest.  On  the>e  occasions  he  was  foil,  wed  by  hunts- 
men and  attendants  of  his  household,  and  by  hi.s  wife  and 
daughter-,  all  mounted  on  magnili(ent  horse>.  .\11  the 
numbers  of  the  party  vied  with  one  another  in  attacking 
the  liercest  animals.  "  They  often  used  a  stut'fed  low  a>  a 
MiiKl  while  approaching  wild  fowl.  We  hnd  >|)ort.Nmen 
-hooting  with  bow  and  arrows  at  bears,  wild  boars,  and  >tags. 
I  heir  arrows  had  sharp  iron  points.  When  hunting  rabbits, 
!ii  .irrow  with  a  big  blunt  end  was  used  in  order  to  >tun  the 

iiimal  without  piercing  his  body.  Sometime-  a  .sportsman 
Mth  his  crossbow  was  seated  in  a  carriage  all  covered  with 
'"ULrh-.  >o  as  to  ai)proaih  hi-  pre>-  without  alarming  it  an\ 
"■■■■^■-   'ban  a  ^winging  !;ranch  wouM  do."' 

Another  Period  of  Darkness.       Charle-  the  (ireat  died 
•  •  ^\A.  and  the   whole  empire  went    t(t  jjiece-   again,   for 


jfl 


■  \ 


■■■M 


"^'»^^^'A"W 


I.iS     DAWN    OF   A.MKKK  AN    UlSTO'.V    I\    KIKOIT; 

the  (icrmans  wtTf  not  \rt  ahk-  V)  st-ttlc  down  to  live  lives 
of  pfiue  and  honi>t  lahor.  As  soon  as  the  stronj^  arm  of 
Charles  the  (ireat  was  no  lon^e"  felt,  rohhers  and  hrii^ands 
swarmed  over  the  land  to  kill,  to.-ture.  and  p'under  as  they 
pleased.  It  took  a  >tronK  man  to  :uk  tho>e  rou/h  people, 
and  siuh  a  man  was  not  to  he  found.  "  The  ninth  entury 
was  an  a;,a'  of  in(le>eril)al)le  horror  and  niiserv  in  I'n  nee." 


OIKSTIO.NS 
I.    WluTc  ha<l   ihf    IVaiiks   >itl 


\Vli( 


-.     ...JO   was   tluir   li-aiicr! 
IMiwcr!-'     4.    Wliat  iliii  hr  do  i(»r  I'raiin? 


^.  Why  had  (■|()vi>  so  muih  |M>\vcr  :■'  4.  Wliat  did  hr  do  lor  I'raiin? 
S.  In  what  loiiditioii  was  rraiuc  aftrr  his  drath  :■'  6.  Who  was 
Chark'maKiU' ?  7.  What  was  his  aml)ition-'  S.  Over  how  great  a 
kingdom  did  hi-  rule:-'  o.  What  did  heat  (i)mi)li>h  :■'  ic.  Why  was 
lii--  empire  so  easily  destroyed:-'  11.  Why  and  where  were  the 
Norlhnuii  plunderiiiK.^     '-     What  were  the  results  ? 


f  m.mi^o^-*'-'-'w^jm 


CHAPTKR   X 


FEUDALISM 


The  Northmen  on  the  Continent.  At  the  tinn-  whrii 
llnjiland  was  suffering  from  the  raids  of  the  Xorlhrncn. 
tluir  tk-fts  were  also  plundering  the  coasts  and  ri\er  cities 
oi  I'rance.  Spain,  and  Ciermany.  Everywhere  these  sea 
\\ulvi>  f«)und  the  government  too  weak  to  resi>t  them,  and 
iMTywhere  they  wrought  dreadful  havoc.  The  people  of 
I'rance  suffered  severely.  The  Northmen  not  only  raxaged 
the  country  districts,  hut  sacked  scores  of  great  cities,  among 
tiiem  Paris.  The  rich  plunder  that  they  sought  was  found 
mainly  in  churches  and  in  monasteries.  These  they  robbed 
and  burned  with  delight,  while  they  mocked  and  scotTed 
at  the  Christian  religion.  It  is  said  that  they  even  stabled 
tluir  horses  in  the  fme  cathedral  near  the  tomb  of  Charles 
the  tireat. 

The  Fighter  is  King.  -  Since  all  government  was  gone. 
and  no  power  whatever  was  left  to  protect  the  {)eople  from 
tlir  continual  i)lundering  of  the  Northmen,  each  community 
wa^  forced  to  look  out  for  itself.  'I'here  was  usually  found 
in  ( ach  neighborhood  one  man  who  was  stronger  than  the 
"tlurs.  Perhaps  it  was  because  of  his  riches  or  his  inlluenc  e 
•vitli  men,  but  more  likely  it  was  because  of  his  ability  to 
n-ht.  So  he  was  made  leader,  and  all  the  weaker  men  with 
'!)tir  families  looked  to  hmi  for  protection. 

Warding  ofif  the  Northmen.  -  Kach  of  these  fit'hting 
>  'iicttains  planted  himself  upon  some  strong  position  in  his 
'!  -main  —  a  ford,  a  i)ass  into  a  valley,  or  a  hilltop,  where  he 

139 


I  'I 


i- 


t^' 


^'H 

1^1 

|H 

mM 

pi 

f '1 

I'l 

I'l 

f  ■ 

■ 

1 

H 

r 

^H 

:  ■ 

i 

I 

.1 

i 

H 

i 

<  H 

i 

'■1 

PWK' 


I  Iflltf  #_^ 


140     DAWN    01     AMKklC.W    IIIMORV    IN    KlkOI'K 

I'uill  a  >tn.n-  ca^iU:  Ihrv  In-  >I...>.1  with  hi>  tnmp.  arm>  in 
hand  l'y«layaM.lsU.c>i)in;;u|)untlumat  iuV'lit.toh,,|,i  tluT(.l)- 
hcr>  al  hay.  In  th.,>c-  .jark  (lay>.  kin-s,  n.»l,Ir..  an.j  kni-,'ht>, 
in  ..nk-r  1.,  In'  na.ly  at  all  hours,  kept  thtir  li..r.c->  in  thi-  siinu 
ro„,u>  in  which  they  thtni>clvc-.  ..kpl  with  their  famih'cs. 
Thrir  bi(l>  wiTc  pilo  ..t  Irav<,>  ,>r  >traw  upon  the  lloor  of  thi- 


•      "Si    " 


u:<b^^M 


- '  '■mtmUeid«»i»esu 


*.  .'^L 


An  <  )i  I)  Cx^n  I 

hall,  and  their  >purs  were  >el(loni  taken  off  when  they  went 
to  sleep. 

Safety  for  the  Peasant.  I'he  nel^dihorhood  was  no 
lon-er  a  prey  t„  the  wicked  Northmen  The  peasant 
enjoyed  i)roteeti«)n.  He  <lid  not  live  in  constant  fear  of 
bein-  cut  down  by  the  batlle-a.\-  or  led  away  (■ai)tive  with 
his  :anu"ly  as  slaves.  He  |)lo'ved  and  x.wed  eroi)s.  feelin.i: 
sure  that  he  w<.uld  reai)  a  haivest.  unharmed.  In  ease  oi 
danger,  he  knew  a  safe  place  for  his  family,  his  cattle,  and 
^rain,  under  the  shelter  oi  the  ca>tle  on  the  distant  hilltoi 
iVopIc  lived     -were  glad  to  live     -under  the  iron-glove 


'mr: 


I  i;n)\M>.M 


141 


haml  ot  ;i  iinhli',  cwn  il  he  did  soiiutinus  um-  tluin  r(Ui;;hl\ . 
I  lii-^  \va>  miuh  to  hr  prfl'trrcd  to  t";dlin,i,'  into  tlu-  h.mdsof  the 
-.i\a^t'  Xorthnu-n.  "  Not  to  In-  killfd.  and  to  h.i\r  a  ;,'oo(| 
-hrti)skin  coat  in  wintir,  \va>  for  many  i)».-oplc  of  ihi-  ti-nth 
iiiitury  llu-  height  of  fi-licity." 

Agreement  between  Noble  and  Farmer.  llu-  i hicftain 
'ir  nol)li"  and  the  small  landowners  in  thr  lountrv  around 
I. inn-  to  an  a^'rii-nu-nt.  Tlu-y  ^mw  tluir  land>  up  to  him 
,111(1  rt'divi'd  hack  only  the  um-  of  them,  while  tiie  nohle 
\\M-  to  afford  them  protic  tion.  In  ordir  to  do  this  he  mu-^t 
keep  up  his  troop  of  read\-  tighter>.  Tin-  pea>ants.  in  re- 
turn for  this  i)rotei  tion.  (ultivati'd  their  lord's  land,  did  his 
work.  l)aid  him  dues  for  house  rent,  for  every  head  of  cattle 
iht  y  raised,  and  for  turninj^  over  their  land  to  their  ehildren. 
They  paid  the>e  dues  in  stoc  k.  j^'rain,  i)oultry,  and  the  like, 
for  there  was  very  little  money  in  those  days. 

Taking  Toll.  Moreover  the  nohle  alone  had  wealth 
enough  to  construct  a  mill,  an  o\en.  or  a  wine  press;  to 
liuild  a  bridge,  or  to  maintain  a  ferry;  and  in  order  to  he- 
paid  for  his  trouble,  he  ta.\ed  all  the  people  who  u>ed  them, 
rile  time  came  when  the  "  vassals  could  not  take  their  corn 
to  an\-  other  than  their  lordV  mill,  their  bread  to  any  other 
than  the  lord's  o\en.  or  their  grape>  to  an\  other  than  the- 
lord's  winepress";  and  they  must  pay  whatever  toll  the- 
lord  demanded.  There  was  nothinu'  to  pre\ent  the  noble 
iioin  taking  half  the  farmer's  corn  a>  toll  for  grinding  the 
"thcr  hall.  So  a  greedy  noble  >onietinu>  "ground  the 
jHopK^'s  faces  while  he  ground  their  (orn." 

Another  Kind  of  Tax.        The  \a>sal>  had  .d>o  to  pa\ .  or 
'"  provide,  certain  aids  to  their  lord.     They  werc'  cxpecteil 

)m   lli'jii  bne   hi-   tri-i'di  1111    it    lie   m-.t,.    »il-,.n    i>n\,, •->!•»■     «•■   *'!•!■< 


ru!;> 


i\  theexpen>eof  knighting  the  lord'-  elde-t  -on.  and  of  ll 


le 


^    -' 


irriage  of   hi-  eldest    daughtc-r.     'I'hen.    t( 


th 


I  f 

m 


fit" 


ev   mu>t 


■^fmrr-^r'aLi^mmmmErHmwz^^^r^i- 


'-«^  *^ 


9r^^iLlMslJu^j!m.^:2M^Xik  .^:-.- 


i}j     DAWN    (»l     AMI.kK   \\    lllNlnkN     |\    1,1  Koi'i: 

tnttrtaiii  their  liir<l  and  hi>  fi>l!ii\vtr-  uluti  lu-  i.inic  into 
tlicir  mid-t.  Sonic  \a--aU  ^a\i-  -ui  li  -(ant\  lari  that  it 
\va>  («IIt  n  writtrn  down  ju-t  what  t'nod  and  drink  th<  \  nui>t 
pmxidr  tHr  their  lord  (Hi   tlie^e  \i-it^. 

Receiving  a  Fief  \\  lien  the  lord  ,i:a\e  to  hi-  va^-^al  a 
Mition  ol'  land,  \vhi(h  the\  lalleil  a  liel',  there  were  (iTtaili 
(cremonio   to   he   perlornied,      I'ir-t,    the    \a>-al.    to   -how 


^'^■^n^j? 


1  ]■    K]    1   I      ('  '~11  I 

devotion  to  hi>  lord,  luu ovitimI  '  ">  head,  unhiukled  his 
helt.  and  put  a,-<i<le  his  sword  and  >piir>;  he  then  knelt  and 
plai  ed  hi>  han(l>  between  th.ose  ot  hi>  lord  and  pronii>ed 
to  he  hi>  man  ihenceforth.  to  >er\e  him  loyally  with  lili' 
and  liml),  in  return  for  the  laiid>  that  he  wa-  about  to 
re(ti\-e.  'Ihen  lie  >wore  a  >olemii  oath  to  he  trui'  to  hi> 
lord.  La>tl\  the  lord  took  the  man  to  tlu'  land  and  ua\e 
it  into  hi>  j)os>i'-.^ion,  or  il'  the  land  was  too  tar  awa>'.  the 
lord  ua\i'  the  \assal  a  piei c  of  turf,  a  >tone.  or  ,i  hraneh.  as 
a  >\'ml)ol  of  the  land. 

Each  Lord  a  King.        The  small    landowiurs  ceased   to 


Wfi^^-jr..:u  ^  -^ri^j!:^ 


:*.l-i>^ 'M'LM^.SMM^:-'  ^^l^'Th^m.. 


I  Kl  I)\l  I^M 


i-n 


til 


'•41 


'^ 


n 


i    : 


li] 

■■V 


2-4^^^, 


U^:  J'r. 


i.\.\     l)\\\\    nl     AMI  KUAN    lllslnKN     IN    1  rkoi'i: 

own  lartii-  ami  Iniiuiic  \.i>-ak  to  a  rit'i^'hhorin;^  lord  or 
tiohK'.  TIk  wliolt  (ouiitr\  \va>  tlni-  dixidid  into  thtsi" 
jMtly  little  tiil'>  or  -^tato;  (a>tlt>  ( rownrd  tlu'  hilltops; 
and  in>ttad  ol  one  >tron^'  ittitral  ^;ovrrnmtnt,  it  wa>  >aid 
thai  there  were  ten  thousand  in  lran(c  alone.  I'.ai  li  lord 
wa^  l)ra(tiiall\  independent  of  the  kinj.;,  for  he  made  hi> 
own  la\\-<  and  tompelled  oliedittue  to  them,  he  laid  and 
1  ol|(  1  t«il  hi>  own  taxe^,  ( oined  hi^  own  mone\ ,  when  he  had 
an\,  ami  hehl  (ourt  tt>  tr\  Iawl)reaker>.  'Ihe  people  of 
the>epttl>  >.tate^  often  heeanie  proud  of  their  lord  and  his 
family.  The)  repeated  with  ])ride  his  ^reat  feats  of  arms, 
and  the\'  t  lucrid  him  as  hi-  pa>si'd  hy  with  hi-<  knights. 

The  Idea  of  King  Not  Forgotten.  'l"hi>  ftudal  j,'ov- 
ernment  ^rew  up  through  the  Dark  Ajjes.  Feudal  lords 
>ometimes  ])ieced  to;;ether  larj^e  distriets.  Some  of  this 
they  re(ii\fd  from  other  nobles  or  from  tlu-  king,  and  in 
tln^  way.  lord>  hi'came  va>sals  of  those  above  them.  All  the 
land  wa--  supposed  to  have  belonj^'ed  at  first  to  the  kinu. 
lie  ;:ave  it  out  to  hi>  va>sals.  the  nobles,  in  large  tracts, 
and  they  granted  it  in  smaller  I'lelds  to  their  vas>als  or  serfs. 
I'hese  again  dixided  up  the  land  in  tarms  to  their  vassals. 
In  this  way  the  idea  of  a  king  was  not  forgotten,  even  though 
he  st-emed  to  ha\e  so  little  power,  for  the  nobles  owed  him 
allegiaiiee  and  ser\  ic c.  Sometimes  when  there  was  war 
between  two  great  nobles,  the  king  was  called  in  as  peaee- 
maker.  In  this  way  he  >howed  that  he  stili  had  a  little 
power  k'ft.  However,  the  common  |)eople  owed  no  duties 
to  the  king,  but  only  to  their  lords. 

Fighting  as  a  Business.       Fighting  was  the  chief  occu 
pation  of  the  feudal  lords.     With  so  much  selfishness  and 
greed  and  so  many  <  h.inces  to  (juarrel.  there  was  no  trouble 
in  t'mding  an  excuse  for  war.     Kac  h  lord  had  proud  enemies 
all  about  him.     At  some  time  in  his  life  he  was  likely  to 


'   5:&r«v'--»-^  v^«??:^' 


M:^^%iJMfa.h:2r2^^  a..i#«ltf&il 


I  i;i  DM.I^M 


M> 


.'lit  raili  of  hi>  lui^ilihoriri;;   lord^,   bi-lidp^,   .itid  .ildii.t 


iIh  II  hi>  trllo\v-\.i»al>,  anti  la>tl\  lii-  undi  r 


\a--al-. 


I.\  ir\ 


I II 11 1  \'   ti 


•  Ivant, 


V'V 


ol    ,1   wtal 


III  I'Milxir 


A  > 


oil 


>lh  II 


■  trri 


(d  iin  war  a^^ain-^t  hi>  tallnr  Id  ^'it  hold  n\  ]).irt  ut  the 


-tat-'  httorr  the  l'alluT'->  dialli,    \(iun''tr    hr.itlur^  «>lt 


111 


oil 


dit 


ayain^^t  older  oiu' 


The  Lord's  Court.  Kadi  lord  had  a  loiirt  to  mIIIc  tlu- 
ili-|)iitf>  of  liis  va»al>.  hut  ofliii  lie  let  them  li;:!)!  it  out 
r.itlur  than  font"  upon  th«ni  thr  diTi>ion>  of  hi>  dwh  lourt. 
Iht  la\v>  of  thosr  day.sdid  not  forbid  mij.;hl)orho()d  li<:htiii^'. 
Init  nuril\  providi-d  that  nci^'hhors  should  li^'lit  ii:  a  didiit 
and  ''rritlcmanlv  \va\-. 


The  "  Truce  of  God. 


Th 


ISO  (ontinual  wars  wm-  \rrv 


(ifstruttivf.  lVoj)lc-  wtTc  kilk-d  oiT  in  ^rrat  miinlurs, 
liuildinjis  wrrt-  l)urni(l.  and  i  rops  laid  wa>tf.  It  was 
iiiipossihk-  in  >uih  wild  times  for  thi-  pt-opk-  to  ^tow  more 
I  ivili/fd.  The  jHJor  canif  to  wish  more  and  ni>)re  for  pi-ac  t-. 
Tlu'  ihurch  always  ojjposcd  war;  now  it  linally  hrouj^ht 
ahout  ihi'  "  TrucL-  of  (iod."  which  prohibited  all  li^^hlin;,' 
iroin  Thursday  evcninj,'  of  each  vvtik  until  the  following' 
Monday   morning.     Likewise 


on 


fast 


(lays    warrmj^   was 


"rbidden.  'I'he  bishops  forced  the  feudal  lords  to  take 
lath  to  keep  this  weekly  truce.  If  any  lord  refuM-d,  he 
Aa>  ixcommunicated  from  the  churc  h  and  was  declared  an 
'Ut(  ast.  In  those  days  there  was  but  «)ne  church,  and  to 
»<■  turned  out  of  it  was  a  trying  punishment.  Thus  the 
liurch  gradually  helped  to  do  away  with  lighting  for  a  part 
I  every  week. 

QUKSTIONS 

I.    What  is  fbt'  meaning  of  fi'Uilulisni  !•' 


Wh.i!    s!:!r!fi!    !!•■.!!!;!!- 


What 


^!  ^      ^    Descrihe  the  ra^llf.     4.    How  was  it  [)ri»ti(  ltd  ? 

■rkrrs    were     there    in    il  :■'      6.    Disc  rilic    tlu-    life    of    a    iK-asiiil. 

What  agreement  was  made  belwirn  the  noble  and  the  jH-asani  ' 


ifi 


t  I  ■ 

I 


■  ! 
til 

ii 


HI 


ii 


MT'i.a^  fr^'-'A^ 


14')     DAWN    <)I     AMKklCW    HIS'KtKV    IN    KIKOPK 


S.    \\  lial  \\a>  a  lief 


il  :'      10.    Wliv  (duM   llu-  lord  iiu>\\ 


tin 


s<i-!r(iim^  M.  I)iM  u»  ti>ll>  and  laM>.  i.  Wh.il  |M.\Mr  had  uh 
kiriKat  thi>limf  ■'  iv  Why  wa>  ihrrr  x)  niu.  li  liK!>tin>:  .^  14.  What 
was  llic  roiilt  1)1  :^iiili  iDiuiiiual  liKlitiiiK''  '3-  What  was  tlu'  "'I'ruii 
(.1  (iud"  .■' 


CHAITKR    XI 


CASTLE 
How  Castles  were  Protected 


LIFE 


I'hi-  iiohirs  and  haron? 


U( 


re  not  ri^htinu  all  the  ti 


'I  how  tlu-\-  \\\\( 


in  th 


im- ;    now  uc  will  j^i-t  a  j^linipM- 


tir 


,i~t 


i'>    <lurm<:    (la\s    o 


inaic 


Th 


r  castles  wcri' 


t  iiormous  huildinfis  of 
-tiinr.  thf  walls  of  whic  h 
wi  If  ofti-n  >o  thick  that 
a  man  i  rawlin<f  out  of  a 


uimlow    would 


avc    t( 


t  reel) 


th 


rcc    times    hi- 


lt i 


ii:th.     On    the    outsidi 


il    ihr    wall    was   a    wid 


nin 


\va 


It.  or  ditih,  t'lllcd  with 
tir.     Alonji   the   outer 


time     o| 


th 


f    moat     was 


tt  II  a   palisadr. 


If  tlu 


lU'Il 


i>   jlut  over  tlu-  pali- 


-iuf  and  a(To> 


th 


I'  moat, 


wa-  face  to   fact   with 
\n[\iv  wall  upon  whii  h 


the 


(U 


fend 


«r>  o 


f  the 


who    mi-dit    hurl 


I'l.xs  iiK   \  Cv^rr  y. 


"wn  -tones  or  loijs  or  hoilinj:  i)itch.  At  >hort  'ntervals 
"im  the  walls  were  >tr(.n,ij;  towi  r>  with  narrow  windows 
"111  which  to  shoot. 


m; 


f  I 

■  :t:;l 


l_lS     DAWN    (M     A.MKKK  AN    lilMOKN     IN    KlKOl'l-, 


The  Entrance.  I"hr  ^;itc  to  the  (a>tl('  was  even  more 
stroll;;!}-  guarded.  In  front  of  the  ;;ate  was  a  drawhrid^^e 
at  ro>s  the  moat.  I  lu-  drawhrid^^e  was  lowiTed  to  all(»\v 
friends  to  ( ro^s  this  diti  h  and  then  raided  on  end  a;;ainst 
the  wall  to  |)re\tnt  enemies  from  entering;.  On  both  sides 
of  the  gateway  were  heavy  towers  of  >tone.  which  were 
tilled  with  warrior>  in  ease   of   attaek.     Loopholes   looked 


I  HI      I  IK  WMIKIIM.I  . 

down  on  the  enemy  from  many  direetion>.  Hetween  these 
tail  t(>wer>  Wire  sznat  W(»odin  doors,  and  behind  the  doors 
was  a  hea\y  iron  ^^rating  lalU'd  a  portiullis,  which  was 
lowered  to  bloek  tin-  entraiuf  of  an  enemy.  Keen-eyed 
;^niards  were  always  on  tlu-  litokout  for  foi-s.  So  >tron},' 
and  so  ma-^siw  were  the-e  (allies  that  the  ;;rav  walls  of 
many  of  them  are  -till  to  be  xen  today,  t  rownin^  the  hill- 
tops (tf  luirope.  I'pon  -lu  h  a  fort  a>  thi-  the  Northmen 
>pent  their  foree  in  '.ain.  St'ldom  did  thi'y  ;;et  a  j)eep 
in>iik'  of  >ui  h  >tr. iiitdiold^. 


(  Asn.i;  1.11  K 


14') 


A  Peep  Within.        lUit  we  may  cnttT,  for  we  ari  t'ri(  iid- 
(  die  l)la>t  of  oiir  familiar  l)ii''lc  tidrii  and  llu'  tlrawliridui'  i> 


nucrcd  l)V  Its  hu''t'  t 


hail 


and  \Vf  (To 


the  muat. 


Ai)0( 


li-n  lidic  is  ojR-nc'd.  the   iron  jiratin^,  or  j)ort(ulli-,  i- 


tin 


courtvard.      Utrr  we  mc  a  sarittv 


r.ii-t'(l.  and  wi-  t-iatT 

■  ii  l)uildinj^s  and  an  o]>tn  ^pan-  of  ■^r\»Tai  a(  ri'>.  i)irlia])>. 
.vhith  may  scrvi-  lo  >lultcr  latlk-  and  other  Hvr  stork  wlicn 
ihc  |)iundi'rfrs  arc  abroad  Near  at  h.md  are  >tal)lc>  for 
the  liorsi'S  of  till'  knights.  Wc  mt  the  ^rcat  oxen  wlnrc 
the  bread  i>  baked  f(»r  the  lord  and  !ii>  follower^.  Near  by 
i-  a  building  with  >toreroom>  and  (■ellar>  for  >torin;i  prosi- 
-ion>.  because,  in  ea>i'  ot  a  lont,'  >ie}ie.  miu  h  food  i-.  lU'eded. 
\(\t  we  behold  the  ^n-at  kitihen  where  (ookin;^  i.-'  done, 
and  ])(ts-ibly  a  ehapel. 

The  Donjon  Keep.  Now.  to  our  surpri>i'.  we  ( ome  u]>on 
.1  fort  within  the  fort.  It  i>  the  ke<p.  or  "  donjon.""  with 
wall-  of  >tone  i-i!.!;ht  or  ten  feet  thi(  k.  '!  hi-  i>  the  la>t  and 
-toute>t  defense  of  all  for  the  noble  and  hi>  famil\ .  We 
lind  it  provided  with  its  own  well  and  storeroom-,  and  be 
math  it  are  also  dark  dun<,'eon-  for  pri-oner-.  'Ihe  only 
w.iy  to  take  it  would  be  to  >tar\f  t)Ut  the  defenders  b\  a 
l,,im  -ii-^e.  Kven  wlu'ii  that  i-  doiie,  there  are  hidden  or 
uiiderj^round  passage-  leadin;^  to  the  moat  out-ide  the  wall. 
-o  that  the  l)aron  ami  his  famil\  may  e-iape  to  the  ojun 
>iiiintrv  rather  than  be  eai)tured  and  thrown  into  hi-  own 
i.irk  dungeons  to  die. 

Workers  in  the  Castle.        The  people  who  li\(il  in  the 

■  i-lle  were  not  all  knight-.      i  lure  were  (raft-men  of  -e\tral 
iiid-.      I'",aih    ureal    lord    had    hi-    tailor    and    blai  k-mith. 


addler  and  -hoewriL'ht-.  w 


lio   made  o 


t    hide-   -hoes  of 


irious  kind-,  leather  bottle-,  briille-.  halter-   and  poiu  he-. 

I  ill    most  important  of  .dl.  perhap-.  vv(  re  the  -word-iniths 

ad  the  makers  of  armi-r      .\  number  of  women  al-o  wen- 


If}  I 
m 


■  f  J 


Ui 


<'f  i 

r, 

- 1 1- 

11' 


i;;o     DAWN    Ol      \.\||,KI(   \\    llI>|()kN     IN    llkol'l. 


f^atluTfd  iii(i)  ;i  -ort  ol'  I'artory,  iiKikin^  (li)tlu>  lor  all  llu- 
pi'oplv  in  the  ( a-~tlc. 

The  Page.  Ii  ua-  the  LTca!  hope  of  (\iry  HiLrh-horn 
lad  of  tho^i  (l,i\-,  t.^  Ini.iiiu  a  knight  win  n  hi  u'ti  w  up. 
.\'  liic  am-  of  -lAaii  iiii-(  l>o\-  \v<rr  taki  ii  lo  the  la-llc 
ot  -oim-  '^vvA\  iiohlf.  wlidr  i[ii\  Witt  to  in-  traiiiiil  tor 
km'LjIithooil  Ht  twicii  till  ,iL'r-  of  -(Mil  and  fourtrni  tin- 
lad  \\,;  lalKd  a  \>.\-ji  .  It  \va-  llu  paL'i  dul_\  to  atltlid 
hi-  nia-li  r  and  mi-tr.  --  in  i!i.  ir  tra\rl-  or  o-  liuntinL;  triji-, 
and  lo  Ix-  jiojiii'  and  .onrt(.in-  to  ,ill,  i-pci  iall\  lo  ladir-. 
A  pa:i(  larriid  nir--aL:' ~.  uailid  tm  hi-  lord  .iiid  la<l_\'  at 
niiaU.  t,  r\rd  their  food  and  poured  their  drink-.  I'a^i'> 
played  at  dojnu  e\  i-r}t  hini.'  tliey  -aw  kniizhl-  do.  '1  licv 
held  'oiiili.it-  or  iuel-  anicinu'  1  lieni-eUe-.  iiinu  -tiik-  for 
lanct'-  or  -word-.  I  he-e  lio\-  wire  in<»t  anxiou-  to  he- 
(onie  -(juire-.  Souk  !  inu-  il  tin  \  -howi  d  -kill  and  li!  a\  er\  . 
they  Were  made  -(|uir(  -  NouiiL'er  than  their  f(llou-,  and  x) 
e\-ery  pa  lie  w  i-tied  lo  -hi.w  hi-  hrav  er\  in  an_\  wa\  he  t  ould. 

Becoming  a  Squire.  W'heti  aliout  f<iurleeii,  the  j)a;:i' 
Went  lhron^h  a  \  (  r\  -olenni  lerenionv  to  heionu-  a  -ijuire. 
lie  -loo<l  hetore  the  altar  and  reiei\id  from  the  hand-  of 
the  i)rie-t  a  -word  upon  whiili  the  ]irii  t  liad  j)ronounred 
a  l)le--in.L,'.  Thi-  lon-etrated  -word  the  p,  L'e  proini-rd  to 
wield  on  behalf  of  lionor  and  of  the  iliMriti. 

Duties  of  a  Squire.  .\-  a  -(|uiri  hi-  time  wa-  -pent  in 
hard  training  for  knighthood.  He  i)ul  on  !ua\\  armor  and 
pr.uti(ed  leapini:  to  the  haik  '<\  a  lior-e.  and  walkinir  or 
runin'nL;  lonu  tli-lanic-  on  foot.  He  turned  -onur-.nilt- 
he  -tru(  k  lilow  -  with  a  l>altlt  a\.  or  hurled  -i)ear-  and  lan<  < 
Clad  in  lull  armor,  he  w  a-  e\|>ei  ted.  1)\  pku  inu'  I'oth,  han<l- 
on  the  .-addle,  to  leaj)  elian  o\er  hi-  hor-e.  It  wa-  a  (iut\ 
ol  the  -(|uiri-  to  reiei\e  \i-iiinL!  noMe-  to  hi-  ma-ler- 
courl.      I  le  nui-l  I  are  lor  the  -talile-.  \>\\dk  in  m  w  (  haru'i'r-, 


(■\<ri.i;  i.iii: 


I  ;i 


ic'    i)\\v\  Ml    \mi;ki(\\  msioKv  i\  kiroi'i; 


iind  a-^ist  his  lord  to  mount  his  horsr.  S(|uirL's  fasti-nt-d 
the  armor  on  their  lord.  If  \\v  win-  unhorsrd  in  hattk-, 
tht'\-  were  at  hand  with  a  froh  horM-  and  helped  him  to 
remount.  It  wounded,  they  tried  to  ( arry  him  from  the 
lield  before  he  wa.s  ^lain.  They  alx)  had  charge  of  all 
j)risoners  taken  by  tlu-  knij^hts  on  the  tield  of  battle. 

The  Spurs  were  Won.  .\ftir  the  squire  had  shown 
himsi'lf  honorable  and  bra\c  and  hatl  "  won  his  spurs," 
he  i)repari(l  to  betdiiie  a  knij;ht.  He  ate  no  food  for  (hiys, 
he  >j)ent  three  ni)^ht>  in  prayer,  he  a|)i>eare(l  before  the  altar 
I  lad  in  pure  white  to  see  his  >word  consecrated.  And  then 
a  day  was  li.\ed  for  the  j,'rcat  ceremony.  He  aj^ain  ai)j)eared 
iuforc  the  altar  on  bended  knee  with  the  sword  suspended 
from  Ivis  nee  k,  for  he  had  not  yet  the  rij.;ht  to  gird  it  to  his 
side.  Ihe  bishoj)  took  tlu-  sword  from  its  scabbard  and 
ga\-e  it  to  the  knight,  saying,  '"  Receive  this  blade  in  the 
name  of  the  I'ather  and  use  it  for  your  own  defense  and  that 
of  (iods  Hol\-  ("hurch,  and.  so  far  as  possible,  wound  no 
one  unjustl\  with  it."  Ihe  new-made  knight  arose,  liran- 
dished  the  sword.  wiped  it  on  his  left  arm,  and  replaced  it 
in  the  s(  abbard.  The  bishop  ga\e  him  the  kiss  of  j>eace, 
sa\ing.  "  Peace-  be  with  thee."  Then  with  the  naked  sword 
he  struck  the  knight  gently  three  times  on  the  shoulders, 
saying.  "  He  thou  a  jjeaccable,  brave,  and  faithful  warrior." 
The  knight  ne.\t  reccixcd  his  armor  cuirass,  gauntlets. 
hc-Imet.  and  sword  ;  other  knights  put  on  his  spurs,  gave 
him  his  shield  and  lanvC,  and  his  charger  was  brought. 

Two  Duties  of  a  Knight.  \Vhene\cr  a  knight  wa- 
present  at  mass,  he  helil  the  point  of  his  sWord  before  him 
while  the  (iospel  was  read,  to  show  his  determination  to 
defend  religion.  The  (ierman  nations  had  great  resi)ect 
for  their  women,  wlio  were-  noble-  and  \irtuous;  and  this 
regard  came  to  enter  into  knighthooil,  for  each  knight  was 


CASTM-;    I.IIK 


A    kNu.iii    i-<    \k\ii.k 


t  -fl 


'  i 


i 


fr   i 


151      l>\U\    <'l     AMI  UK    \\    lil-|()KN     l\    I.IKol'l, 


l)i.iin<l  t<i  priitiit   till'  Weak.      Kniulit-  wt-ri'  i  uiiim.iiulcil  ti> 
|ii\i'    (i(i(|    ,iiii|    the    l.hlii^.       It    S\.i-    lnliiAnl    ill     the    (a>tlt> 
that   hi'  will!  wa-  laillilul  and   true  In  lii-  mi-trt--    ua~   al 
Mn>-t  --urc  111'  reward  in  llic  m  \l  uurld. 

The  Crusades.  \\  Ik  n  ihr  Muliainnicdan  Turk-  lap 
tiircd  J(  ru-altin.  I  lie  Cliri-I  ian  kni.;lil-  »il'  all  i",iir()|)r  luinicil 
uilli  a  dc-irc  In  win  hatk  llit  Innili  of  ("liri-l  ircnn  tlu-r 
'lurk-.  .Xlhr  llial  linic  cxcr)  kiii'.^lil  iilcdirid  liim-(  If  1m  In- 
rtad\  III  '^>>  "11  a  i  ru-adt  lu  llic  ll<il\  Land,  w  lun  tlir  up- 
purl  iiiiil  \  I  aiiH'. 

A  False  Knight  was  Expelled.  If  a  kinLrlit  hmkc  hi- 
>a(  red  \iiu-,  iir  |(rn\fd  to  he  a  man  willnuil  Imnur.  he  wa- 
dcu'radcd.  lie  \va~-  -lrii)prd  nf  hi-  armor,  wliii  h  wa-  hrukcii 
to  pitic-  lit  fore  hi-  i\t-.  lli-  -pur-  wcrf  >  a-l  into  the  mud. 
Hi-  -hicld  w.i-  lird  l<i  a  work  lior-f  and  dra^u'cd  ihrouirh 
the  ilirt.  and  hi-  i  harurr*-  tail  (  ut  off.  llic  di-honond 
knight  wa-  then  pl.ti  id  on  a  -ralfold  in  iiothini;  hut  hi- 
-hirl.  and  a  lurald  tallid  out  ihrcr  tiim  ■  in  a  loud  \oii  r. 
"Who  i-  tlurr?""  Lai  h  tinu-  hr  wa-  an-wcnd  with  the 
name  of  thr  knij:hl.  and  cai  h  tinu-  the  herald  rejilied: 
"  No.  ii  i- not  M>.  I  -ei' no  knight  lure  ;  l.-eionl_\  a  coward 
who  ha-  lain  l.il-e  to  hi-  -ai  nd  \(>u-." 

Training  of  the  Women.  Women  of  ih.  hiudur  i  la— 1> 
were  lauL'ht  from  i  hildliood  to  <|o  ii  I-  of  kindiii  --  to  frieiul- 
and  -tranter-,  and  e-peiialh  to  knight-  who  mi^lit  tntt  r 
their  ea-tle-.  *  »n  a  km'Lrlit"-  return  from  hattl.  or  from  , 
tournanienl.  the  wonu  n  iinhui  kled  hi-  irni"r  \^i^h  their 
own  hand-.  KroULrht  lorth  perfumed  and  -potk--  iineii  an.' 
a  mantle  and  a  -(arf  liiat  tlie\  had  emlirnidered  The', 
jirepaied  hi-  hath  and  waited  upon  him  at  ta'iK'.  'Ih' 
did  tlirir  utmo-t   to  win  approval  ii\    mode-t   lniia\ior. 

Respect   for   Women.        Wouhii    ha\e    not       -u,dl\    ha 

mUi  h  ii  iluelli  e  .Ulloim  pi'ople  ol  rude  manner-,  hei  au-e  tlle_\ 


«  \>II.I.  Illl, 


>."» 


m 


■  1'!  11"  <  Ii.ini  f  til  -liiiw   tlitir  lii-,iiil\    .ind  .ur.K  c  Ii\    I 

;_'  .III--    .lllil    ,ti|i.|imiflll  I  ll(  -(■    .lie   uuin.m'-    (mil 


>ii  I'lii 


;i\tii 


inii-  ;iiii|    111  r  i|itiii-r.    iu-t    .l•^   -innulli   ami 


powtr  .irr 


:'AI-.    Wiim.ll 


"i,-    •'-    ni.iM  -     ji.i-tinic-    Will     ..Illy    .Iruiikiii 
I  li'i'l  nil  pari   in  thtni.      Mm   .a-tic  lii'c  ^a\<' 


'ill    umniii  a  iliainc  tu  ^liatr  in  man"-  id 


.1.  k\\ 


|>i(M~ur(-  ,    ami  -he 
iin|irii\(i|  llu  III  hy  ilii\  iiii;  nut  mm  li  nl  tlic  ilninkrii- 


ii 


<"\-ll  I     u)      \\\   M-l 


'"  .'.III!  rmir  maiim-r-..     Cummfrd'  hr^an  to  hrinu'  in  tin- 
ii   \..<-  nl    the   Xnrtli  ami   the  linf  >ilk-.  nl"  .\>ia   ami   the 
'"'■-':'    '-'"I'l    "l"    liiunc    maimfai  lure.      With    -in  ii    adnrn 
'  ill-    liii-  wnnuii  -non  ta-t  a  -]hII  ul'  lovcjiiu^  and  htaiitv 

'■  1'  <■  lilt-  nl  the  I  a-tlc>. 
A    Banquet    in    the    Castle         Wnm.ii    wt  re    prtMnt    at 
i-  an. I  t-ii?  aamriit-.  ami  >at   amnii<.'  the  men   in  the 
■'  '  !i' ir  I  i-*l(-.      A  -.lnr\   ni  tlin-c  ila\  -  t(  lU  n|'  a  urcat 


uinrc    i-i^ht    lusmlrnl    kni_ht-    had    cai  h    nl"    iht 


itl 


m    a 


Iff 


I  ;;()      DAWN    '  >|     AMI.kK  AN    IIIMnKV    IN    l.lKoI'l. 

l.i(l\  t.itinn  oil  h'\>  |>l;itf.  I'<>r  \n  cat  ulT  tlif  ^aiiic  pliiti 
w.i-  llitii  a  ^i^M  "t  tritntl-liip.  LnrtI-  .iiul  laWir-  oittn  ^ath- 
trtd  in  llic  ^riat  hall  <il"  llic  (I'^tli  lur  a  haiujiu't.  'ral>l«> 
Wert'  luadid  tlouii  v\itli  r«>a>t  \>^■rl.  ham-,  -aii-a^«>.  hcil. 
piiullrs ,  and  j^anic  ol  all  kiiuU.  Thf  lia>t  -iimilinu'>  mn 
tiiuifd  MVtral  day-  Min-tril>  ia:m'  irnm  lar  and  luar 
with  thiir  -'>ii^i>  and  >torir>.  Soinf  of  th^in  |ilayc(i  all 
>ort>  ol  in-lrununi-  Tlun-  wtrr  jiii;^;l<r-  who  |Krl"ornu(l 
liat>.  '!  lu\  tuniMcd.  turiu'd  -onursault-,  and  liaiud 
thmuj^h  hoo|».  i)latfd  a  urtain  di-taim-  a]>art.  Tin) 
plavfd  with  kni\<>, -lin;;>.  basket-,  hall-.  an<l  i)latrs;  lluy 
walked  on  their  hai^d>  with  their  leit  in  the  air.  Kveii 
Women  sometimt  -  hetame  airol)at>.  There  w*re  .il-o  miirl 
fools,  who  weri'  often  dwarf-  or  coniitallx  defonm  d.  They 
were  dri»i-d  ridii  ul<»u>ly  a-  i  lowiis  are  to-day.  There  were 
rope  walker-.  t«io.  -onie  of  whom  even  daiued  uj)on  a  rope. 
Games  and  Sports.  The  peojjle  of  the  ia-tle>  played 
^'ame>  of  (hatue  -lu  h  .is  dice.  Chess  and  haekj^ammoii 
were  al>o  fa\«irile  indoor  ^ames.  Daiuing  was  likewi-e 
popular  in  society.  e\cn  though  it  was  forhidden  hy  tln' 
Catholie  Chun  h.  .\  faxorile  >port  in  the  Dark  .\ges  was 
lumlin;,'.  Kini:-.  nobles.  kni>;hts.  and  ladies  all  vied  with  one 
another  in  the  iha.M'.  Animal- were  often  brought  from 
foreign  lountries  to  >toek  the  woods,  or  to  be  used  in  tatihing 
otlur  animals.  They  u-ed  the  hound  and  hawk  in  the 
I  ha-e.  and  al-o  tlu  leo])ard  and  ])antlur  from  Africa.  The 
-iiortsmen  rode  ai  ros>  the  K)untr\  .  preceded  by  their 
dogs,  e.u  h  hunter  with  a  leoj)ard  >itting  behind  him  on  the 
saddle.  When  the  dogs  -tarted  the  game,  the  leopanl 
wa>  let  loo^e.  lie  sprang  from  the  horse,  and  as  he  taught 
the  ganu  .  the  hunter  galloi)ed  up  and  threw  the  leopard  a 
pieif  of  raw  meat,  for  whith  he  gave  up  his  prey  and  re- 
mounted behind  his  master. 


■Hi 


-  J«_^!_: 


(  \>ii.i.  i.ii  i; 


»57 


Hunting  with  Hawks.  Aiiotht  r  .l«  lii'lit  ..f  tin  i)..l.|.s  ..f 
t!n  Middle  .\m>,  u.i^  i;ilcuur\  t.r  luiiitiii)^  with  .i  h.iwk. 
WIkii  .1  kiiij^^lit  wtiit  hawking',  lu  ( .irricd  hi>  lalmn  >itlii))^ 
i'l!  Iii>  \\t\4.  It  \va-  la.-ltiUil  l.\  a  -li-ut  v.ird  <>r  iliaiti,  and 
i!  ~  111, id  w  a~  1  ()\  tri'd  with  a  hood.  W  Inn  jiaiiic  wa>  >tartcd, 
till  lalum  wa>  imliiiodtd  and  -<  nl  attt-r  it-<  pns  HawkiuK' 
uas  htid  iti  .^luh  i^ticin  thai  a  nohhrDan  ur  hi-  ladv  m\fr 


"•W^*^.-- 


I 


w 


!l>|Harcd  in  puhlii  without  a  bird  on  tht-  wri>t  as  a  mark  of 
iiirnit).  Kvi'n  l)ishop>  and  ahhot.s  tntfrcd  thi-  c  hun  hi> 
•'.  iih  tluir  huntin«,'  hird-.  which  they  plated  on  the  stt'p>  of 
!lir  altar  during  the  xrvit  i-.  KviT)  hod  y  of  imj)<)rtann-  had 
'   iiitinj;  hird>  of  xmw  sort  to  ktrp  up  hi>  rank. 

Training  the   Bird.       "  To  train  thr  hird.   he  was  first 

■  ulr  learlc»  of  men.  hor-e>.  and  dogs.     Then  a  >trinj^  wa>. 

:   -Uned  to  one  le<;,  and  the  hird  was  allowed  to  t1v  a  >hort 


=t 


■li 


ff: 


MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST    CHART 

ANSI  a-ct   ISO   TES'   CHART   nj^      2 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


I  2-8       ill  2.5 


m 

m 

36 


2.2 


2.0 


1.8 


1.4     III  1.6 


^     ^PPLIEL    ■  HGE 


ivS     DAWN    <)1     AMKKKAN    1I1>1(>K\     IN    KlRdl'K 

(ii-laiKf.wluii  li.\s;i-  I)r(.u,^lit  Uaik  I.,  ihcluri'dr  mock  bird, 
whtrc  he  al\\a>>  touinl  a  dainty  hit  >>i  \'>^»\-  'I'licn  ihf 
hunter  wnuld  tlimw  down  a  wouncUil  i)arlrid^f  tlosf  by. 
and  let  till-  t;d.Mn  l<.(»r  t<.  (atih  il.  It  w.i-  at  once  lakin 
from  him,  and  hi'  wa-^  rewarded  by  (h<>iee  food  a.uain.  If 
[hv  bird  wa-  to  hunt  hare-,  a  -tul'fid  hare  within  which  \va> 
food,   was  dra^'.LTed   bifori'   the   bird" 

The  Value  of  a  Falcon.  .\  wnU  trained  falcon  was  a 
l)ird  of  j^'reat  vahie  and  wa>  tlie  fmot  pn-i'nt  thai  could  be 
ma(K'  to  a  ladv  or  a  noble,  or  to  the  kin>:  himself.  The 
arrival  at  court  of  a  liawk  dealer  from  a  foreign  (ounlry  was 
a  j^'reat  c-viiit ,  In  the  fourteenth  (  entury  there  were  .-o  many 
ii(.l)le>  who  hawktd  tlnit  in  the  room>  of  inns  there  were 
per*  he>  made  undir  the  lariie  manttli)iece>,  ..n  whii  h  to  phu  e 
the  bird-  while  the  sport-tiun  were  at  dinner.  Kmperor^ 
and  kin.u-  were  a-  keen  a>  other-  for  thi-  amu-emenl. 

The  Tournament.  .\nothtr  favorite  entertainment  of 
kni,uhts  wa>  the  tournament.  In  the  early  days  the  tourna- 
ment wa-  a  rou^h  and  violent  -i)ort.  wluTein  kni^:ht>  fout,'ht 
with  weajxin-  with  dulled  i)oint>  and  ed^e-.  Still  we  read 
of  a  tournament  in  (uTmany  where  -ixty  kni<;hls  were 
killed.  The  in.n  men  of  tho-e  day-  k.ved  to  measure 
-tren.uth.  >^nv  a-.iin.-t  the  other,  with  -word  -trokes.  lan(e 
thru-t-.  or  mace  blow-.  In  later  day>  thi-  extreme  rough- 
ni'->  was  doiu'  away  with. 

The  Field  or  List,  The  tournament  took  jtlace  in  a 
lar^e  -((uare  or  eirdc.  ma.rked  out  near  -ome  i  a-tle  or  abbey. 
The  held  wa-  deiorated  with  ornament^  an<l  ,uay-colorni 
banners.  There  were  -tand-  roofed  for  the  -belter  of  per- 
sons of  rank  in  bad  leather.  Here  w^Te  stationed  prince- 
and  judees  an<l,  -ometimo.  kinu-  and  (iueen>. 

Only  Honorable  Knights  Enter.  The  kni^hl>  uho  wvrc 
to  take   part    had   tluir  banner-  aii.l  coats  of  arms  hung 


CAMIJ.    1,111. 


150 


;ji>>n  llu'  \v;ill>  dl"  tin-  iii(Hi.i>tt'ry  (ir  id-tlr  near  1)\  ,  and  tlu-c 
.'.(•rr  iii-pn  tfd  hy  n()l)l^■-^  aiul  ladit'-.  ll'  a  lady  liad  a  lum- 
j.lainl  ;aip-'l  an_\  km'uht  who  war-  almut  tn  tiUrr  tin-  ^porl. 
-P.I    tii,..hrd  his  iiaiiiuT.      Tlu-n  an  iniiuir)'  \va>  tnadc,  .md 


^-  t-^ >  '  '  > -r 


tlif  knight  wcri'  found  Lruilt\  .  he  \va-  I'orliiildtii  tt>  ai»|Kar 
I  lie  tournament. 

Entering  the  Field.         Ilic  -(|uiri'-  taine  into  tlic  anna 
'  .1  trial  of  strcimth  a>  a  prelude  to  the  real   tournanunt. 


I   I 


I'-i 
t'l 


^U. 


I  El 


.  I 


lOo     DAWN   OF   AMERICAN    HISTORY   IN    EUROPE 

The  ^(iuires  fouj^hl  with  less  (hmgcrous  weapons,  and  tho.^e 
who  made  a  Urn-  sh(»wing  were  soon  knighted.  Then  came 
the  knights  with  slow  and  solemn  procession,  all  magnifi- 
cently armed  and  efiuijjped.  and  followed  })y  their  squire>. 
Each  lady  had  given  a  scarf  or  a  veil  to  her  favorite  knight. 


/ 


/ 


This  was  placed  on  his  >hiel(l  or  helmet,  so  that  his  ladv 
might  he  able  to  rt'cogni/e  him. 

The  Combat.  When  the  knights  in  full  armor  rode  at 
each  other  at  full  sju-ed  with  leveled  spears,  there  was  great 
shouting  ;  and  every  hrilliant  stroke  brought  loud  applause. 
As  the  lady  saw  her  laxorite  gi'tting  the  best  of  his  opponent 
she  threw  coins  to  the  crowd,  whereat   they  set  up  a  tre- 


.klii^li.rilk'.iL^: 


kKSn 


a-s. 


(  astm;  i.ifk 


i6r 


nundous  shoutiriK.  Wiu-n  the  roniWat  was  over,  the  ju(lj,'fs 
(it(  larcd  llu-  victors.  The  prizes  wtTc  ^ivcn  by  the  ladies. 
;ind  the  winners  were  dressed  in  splendid  clothes.  Later 
tlu-  viitors  were  celebrated  in  poems  and  son^s.  Victory 
at  a  tournament  was  attended  with  more  glory  than  a 
vi(  tory  ui)on  the  real  battlefield,  because  no  battle  could  be 
viewed  by  such  (listin<;uished  witnesses. 

The  Weapons.  In  the  later  tournaments  the  weapons 
Wire  pointless  and  often  of  wood,  and  the  laws  bound  the 
kiiiu'ht.^  to  strike  only  upon  the  strong  armor  of  the  body. 
Still  the  combat  often  ended  in  wounds  and  death.  The 
1  hurc  h  objected  to  the  sjxjrt.  but  in  vain. 

What  Knighthood  Taught  the  People.  This  system  of 
kni-hth(.od.  or  chivalry,  taught  the  pet)i)le  of  the  Middle 
Aur-  many  good  lessons.  It  taught  the  sacredness  of  reli- 
u'i'in.  of  respect  for  women,  and  of  honor.  It  taught  the 
ktiight>  to  be  just  and  to  defend  the  weak  from  the  strong. 
I'  taught  men  to  be  loyal,  for  to  break  a  promise  was  a 
lii-i^race.  .\  knight  who  was  not  courteous  was  a  brute  to 
in  !)arre(l  from  good  society.  Knights  were  e.xjiected  to  be 
izrmrous.  to  distribute  wealth  to  minstrels,  to  poor  knights, 
iiiil  to  the  common  people  wh(    were  suffering. 

Knighthood  Disappears.  —  When  gunjxjwder  was  in- 
vented, it  did  away  with  knights  in  armor,  for  no  knight 
K'uld  wear  steel  armor  thick  enough  to  protect  him  from  a 
li'iwder-driven  bullet.  Vooi  soldiers  could  then  defeat 
Jiinunted  knights.  Thus  knighthood  and  chivalry,  having 
I  uirht  the  world  all  the  le.ssons  they  could  teach,  and  being 
i!-'  longer  needed,  disappeared  along  with  tournaments. 


'•S.I 


IVA 


'■■i  • 


i  . 


:| 


ill 


^,#'">r. 


y*^^YWm(*TWIc^^^ 


Si'P 


'"Ife'  'X-H&^.V 


-mi^- 


p^^^?^^s?viiFsti^r7^ 


10.?      I)A\\\    OI     .\.MI,k:(A.\    IIIMORN     |\    l.i  ROI'K 

nri:sri(>\s 

Ami  >i  Ml  Mx  \i  CvMi  ,  ,  iJi^iivs  I  hi-  ha  II- put-.  tlu-Kaiiu>.  an.! 
'luitiMK'.  ..  \\h\  ua-  liiiiitinj,'  Ml  iM.i.iilar-  ;.  \Mu-rc  <li(|  ||„\ 
'"'"''  t  \\n,K  '  ;  ()i  -.|i,,i  UM'  wen  llir  l,n|,ar.l  ainl  taKoii' 
''■  ""'^  ■''■"''•  tlirs,  liir.U  ir.iiiicl'  ;.  What  wa-  a  louriiaim-iit  ^ 
s.  WllriT  v.a^il  h.M  .^  ,,  Wli,,  t.M.k  [,arl  ;^  iO,  I  ).■•^.  rihr  a  (  umhat . 
"  """  'ii'l  •'  !'■';-''  S'"i'l  1"-  lii'ir-  i.\  ll.i'A  ,ii,i  he  h,,,,nu  a 
^'l""".  .-'  iv  Wh.il  v.,  rr  ihc  .liuir.  (,f  a  .f|uin  i--  i  }.  |I,,u  ,li,l,i 
-'l"i'''  he,  ,,111, ■  a  kin^'lu  '  i;  \\!m1  w ,  re  th,'  ,hiii,-  ui  a  kni^'ht  ' 
1').  What  happnu.l  t,.  a  lah,-  klii-ht  '  i;  What  ,ii,l  thr  wnnu'li  iii 
th.ca.tl,-,!,,  '  IS.  WhaMli.l  k'iiKlith<.,Hhra,h  lh.|,oiI.h'.^  K).  What 
laiiM  ,1  kin>,'hlh,"i.l  to  ,|r,  liiu   '      .'o.    Whv  .^ 


mn 


!■■ 


(HAITKR    XII 
HOW    THE    PEOPLE    LIVED 

The  Manor.  .M„>t  pn-plr  in  tin-  Dark  A-rs  -muprd 
!li'  niM'lvo,  l.ir^i-ly  iucordiii-  (,,  kin.  in  viiia-o  that  (on- 
I  n'ncl  a  mow  or  m..ri'  ,.f  Ik.um-.      Ka,  h   villa-.-  \va>  Mir- 

"■undf.l    by   pl..\vlan.ls.    nic'a.l..w>.    pa>tur.>.    and    w i>. 

TIh-  \  iiia-f  and  it>  nt-ar-l.y  land  \va>  .  alk.l  a  manor  or  a  vill. 
I  Ihr  whole  country  was  hrokcn   uj.  into   manor.,   rach  ..I 

whidi  l.i'lonj^ni  to  >oni.-  lord  or  ahhot. 

The  Manor  House.  .\or  tar  from  the  village  sto..d  the 
I'T.I'.  ,a>tlc.  .)r  manor  hou>r,  with  its  hall.,  tor  holdin- 
'"urt.  ilsi-ourt  yani.  it.s  hou>c->  lor  (cokin-  and  hrrwinj 
•nd  it>  farm  huildin-s.  X^ar  by  wa>  an  <.r(  hard  an<l  a  -ar- 
'i"i-  I'lu-  villa^^-  and  manor  hou.sc  wcTf  UMiallv  huilt  near 
.:  Mrram.  wh()>c  current  was  u.^cd  t..  run  tht-  mill  that  -round 
"■ni  f,,r  all  the  propK-  of  thi-  manor.  In  cadi  vilja-c  wa> 
■M-"  a  church  and  a  ])arsona-c. 

The  Houses  of  the  Village.       The  houses  of  the  villaue 

••-re  motiy  <!irty   hovels,  one  roomed  and   thatch-roofe.l. 

••"li  a  hole  in  the  roof,  like  that  of  an  Indian  wi-wam.  for 

■•'^^'^^v  to  -o  ,.ut  and  ii-ht  to  .  ,,me  in.     Kven  in  the  well  to- 

■■■'  li'Hi>es.  a!a»  was  rare.     Wh.'ti  there  were  window>.  they 

•"<■  ...vered  with  oiled  linen  doth,  or  paper  that  admitted 

^"tle  hVht  and  kept  ..ut  the  Miow  and  rain.     The  p.M.r  had 

ii'c  in  the  mid.jle  of  the  hou-~e,  and  the  wife  and  childrm 

'■    ''•'■    ''•''    •"'"  iic^  anu   liiri.      1  lus    --ifpi    on 

•'■'w  lor  a  bed.  with  mat>  of  hear>kin  or  the  >kin.  of  am'- 
Morwarmth.     The  stable  for  cattle  wa.  often  under  the 

I'M 


MttiBBMI 


16}      DAWN    Ol     A.MKKICAN    HIMV»k\     1\    Kl  ROl'K 


^^^..J2»..:r*:ic 


now  rni;  I'loi'i.i:  i.m.D 


If'.' 


^.inif  roof  with  till- hoUM'.  (■.:ri)it>  wcrt- uiiInIiuu  n.  rturc 
Aire  no  noor>.  hut  tlu-  ltouikI  \v,i-  *u\iT(ii  uitli  -tr.iu  or 
'  i-hi>.  W  lu'ii  tlic  >tr.i\v  litiaiiu'  old  aii.l  worn  out.  it  u.i-- 
n..t  rcmoxtd,  hut  limpl)  io\(r<i|  with  ,i  Irc-h  l.i\t  r.  liii^ 
in;i-t  h,i\f  liad  >oiiitt  hin.u  to  do  witli  the  Irt  i|Utiit  ,iiid  .lu  lul 
pl.iu'Uf^  of  tho-f  tiuio. 

Furniture.         I'hi'      furiiiturf     w.i>     rmlc  :      rouuh  hiuii 
!i'  111  hc>  and  >t()oU  wtrc  u-cd  in-tcad  of  (  h.iir-.      \\u-  drink 
ill.:  I  uj)>  wtru  ol   horn  or  vsood.     Sonu  tinu-«   ;;our(U  wt  t\- 
u-c(L 

People    were    Farmers.       Hthiud  cat  Ii  iiou-r  ot  tjic  \il 

l.iL'r  was  usually  an  ort  hard   of    aj)|)|f>.   and    i>«-,ir^,  and  a 

-mail  ^ardt'ii  in  whirh  trri'W  ( al)ha,i:i>,  oiu'on-.  par-nij)-.  and 

1  arrots,  l)ut  no  potatoes,  for  thf  ori.^inal  |-.oiiif  ol  tin  potato 

\va-  .\nitTi(a,  and  .Xn'nTica  wa>  >till  unknown  to  Ihiroptan-. 

Sind'   thi-    road^   wire   so   poor,   and  thcrr   were   rohhtr> 

t AtrywluTf  in  hidinj^'.  there  eould  he  little    tradi-   or  loni- 

nicrce.      The    xilla^e    tried    to   pnxhuc  e\erythinj,'  tliat   it 

rin-ded  so  to  he  free  from  the  lUK  ertaintie>  and  expt-n>e  of 

tradi'.     Save  a   hhieksniith.  a  >hoeniaker,  ami  a  (arpenter. 

all  the  viliaj^ers  were  farnier>.      Their  tooU  were   rude,  and 

\iTy  j)oor  cr()p>   were   raiseiL     They   did   not    fertilize    the 

Iind  with  plant   food,  so  the  liel(l>  had  to  lie  unu-ed  every 

lliird  year,  to  rest.     The  farini'r>  >el(loni  i;ot  more  than  -i.\ 

or  ei^ht  hushels  of    wheat  or  rye  from  an  acre,  and    two 

^'ii-hels  of  thi>  had  to  he  kept   t'or  >eed.     Todav  an  a.  re 

■t  the  same  land  yields  thirty  or  more  hu-hel>.     Sometime> 

'here  was  a  eroj)  failure,  whieh  caux-d  a  famine,  tor  there 

.a>  no  way  to  <,ret   food  frotn  ahroad.      In  >U(  h   time-  the 

i'liipli.  were  forced  to  live  on  acorn-,  root-,  and  h.irk  ;   antl 

.i.hiiKi-    -t.ti-.t.t!.       lii    \i.ar-.    i)i    i;Owii    ri;ir\c-{    ilu- 

'oplc    lived   l)ettiT.   hut    they    had    not    learned    to    >avf 
r  the  (lavs  of  famine. 


I' 
I' 


I 

B.  r, 

If; 


11 


l(>(>      l)\\\\    (II     AMKKK  AN    ll|s|()R^     I\    I.CRol'i: 

Everybody  Held  Land.  The  \il!,.;:(r>  all  h,l,|  tluir 
l.iiid  in. Ill  thf  hir.l  o!  tin-  (.i-llr  ..r  manor,  and  tlit\  paid 
him  nut  in  pnxliKc.  or  in  d.iy'-  labor  upon  the  lidd-  that 
hi  k.  i)t  lor  hi-  own  u^>  .  I'lic  atiiount  ot  land  hi  Id  hy  ta.  h 
villaucr  \ari»d  Inmi  a  hundred  or  more  ai  re  ~  to  a  -m.ill 
strij)  ol  ^'n.und.  Somr  had  only  a  p.il(  h  ot  ^anicti  and  a 
cottaj^r  to  dwell  in.  ,iiid  tlu-e  wt  n    (allni  (otter>. 

Farms  Scattered  in  Strips.       Stran^elx  a  man>  larm  wa- 
not  all  in  one  pie.  e.  Inil  wa-<  made  up  ol  a  >lrip  here  and  a 
strip  tluTe.  and  one  \.ind(  r.       I  hese  -.e\tral  separate  -trij)- 
ol    land   wiTe  .m  attend   in   dilYennt    liel.l>  anion<;   tho>e  of 
other  farmer.,      liei  auM  of  thi>.  the  farmer>  (  ultivated  their 
in.]),    in   eommon.   with   .i    plow   team   of   li^ht    or   twehe 
oxen,   for  the   i)low   was    rude   and    hcaw.      |-u  h  villa^'er 
I)n)U.i.dit  hi>>in;,'Ieo\.or  yokeof  oxen.a-  hi- part  of  the  team. 
The  Pasture  and  the  Meadow,        Then-  \va>  a  (omnion 
pasture  land,  whcTe  all  might  jKi-turi'  tluir  ,  ow- and  lior^s  ; 
and  the  wood-  iVd  (ln>ves  of  pig>  with  Ih»(  hnuts  and  acorn-. 
Ikil  ju  rhaps  the  mo-t  valuable  land  of  all  wa-  the  meadow, 
wher     wild  j4ra>s  was  i  ut   with  a  rude  -lythe.     This  wild 
hay  wa>  in  gn^at  dt'inand  to  feed  the  stoc  k  thn.u<,di  the  Ion- 
winter-.      The-e  villam-r-  knew  nothinu'of  timothv, or  c  lover, 
or  alfalfa.      .Mo-t  of  the  eattle.  hog>,  and  -heep  had   to  he 
killed  and  -alted  down  in  th.e  fall,  for  lark  of  l"ee<l  to  win- 
ter them  on.      It   i-  -aid.  •'   Tho-e  that  survi\cd  weri'  often 
so  weak  in  the  >\mn<i  that  they  had  to  he  dragjzed  to  j)a,- 
tun-  on  a  sled<;e." 

Articles  Brought  in  by  Traders.  lor  j)reservinj4  their 
meat  thn.u.uh  the  winter,  -all  wa-  hn.u.L'ht  fn.m  the  salt 
work~  on  the  -eashon\  vhiTe  it  was  obtaiiud  by  e\  aporatint; 
Ma  water  in  huge  pans,  .\nother  article  that  had  to  be 
obtained  abn)a(l  ami  bnjught  in  was  in.n  t'or  weaix.ns  and 
larm  tools.     In  addition.  mill>tone  and  tar.  to  keep   nuir- 


How    Till     lloi'i.i;    I.IVKI) 


lO: 


rain  from  the  .Ihtj.,  wvn-  inii)..rt,-.|.  I  he  .  liur.  li..  ri. (d.d 
-rl.iiii  thiii-r-  lli.it  Wire  ii..i  in.idf  in  tlu'  vill.i-,  ,  aii.l  llu- 
iwl.l.-  ot.lain.-.l  will,.,  ^pi.,-.,  ,,iii|  lur  tn.m  al.m.i.j.  Trade- 
vs  ,^  .arritd  ,,n  l,y  pr.l.lhr^,  u  hu  ,arrif.|  tluir  warf.  un 
liiiir  Itai  k-  or  on  pa,  k   animal-. 

Slave  Trade.  I  lur.-  wa-  .m,-  kiti<l  ,,(  pro].!  rt\  that  u.i-, 
.,!-ily  trail-port, (1,  an. 1  that  \va--la\.-  Chain,. I  t..-.th.r, 
ih.y   Wirt-  ,.||,-n   .Iriv.ii    in    troop-  ,,i    a    luin.lr.d   or    m.-rr 


f«* 


1%: 


M  \siiR    Mm  ,H 


iiMiii  ,,.untry  to  ountry.  Kin.u  .\h>,d  mad,-  a  law  to 
!■"!•  ;i  lather  t>,)m  ^llin-  hi-  dau-htcr  to  MTvitud,-  am,.n<; 
■Iraii^c  pf.)plc. 

Food.  Ill,'  i'ood  ..t"  the  plain  pcopl,'  wa-  .oar-,-  and 
nnitfd  to  a  Irvv  ,h'>h,--.      Wheat  hread  wa-  onl>  for  th,-  weil- 

■'■'!<>,    the  po.ir   having   wliite   bread    only   ,.n    fea-t    days. 

\Ur.u\  made  of  harlev  wa-  more  t.immon.  'I  he  p,),.r  man 
■  ■■■■:   ;o  i;e  (onteni   wiiii   hic.i.l   madt'  oi  a  mi.xture  of  r\r. 

"It-,  an.i  heans,  whi,  h  was  dark  and  touj^di.  I.ea\en  or 
■a-t  was  unknown:   an,i  >o  the  bread  wa-  hea\v.     It  had 


m  -i 


lli 


[i.s     |)\\\\   Ml     wii  ki(  \\    Iii-|(tin    |\    I  (  Koi'i; 


'■'  !•<•  Ii,ik(  li  thill  .Mill  ui-  uh(I  tor  i>l,iti-  to  (  ut  other  t'oorl 
"II  \\  hi  II  ihi-  liii  nl  |il.ii(  !ii(  ,11111  -oiii  ii(i|  with  >.iuif 
.iii'l  L'r,i\\.  it  u.i-  lilt  u|>  ainl  r.itni  ,i^  •  ,ikc.  I  hr  rii  h 
h.iil  oMii-  lor  li.ikiiiL.'.  but  thi  poor  ii-ni  all  imii  platf  or  a 
toMTi'l   iron  (h-h.  -urroimilril   li\    liot    loal-.      I  lir\    iniijht 

ll-i-    thr    lolil'-   oMIl    it    lhr\     Urn     aMi     to   J  la  \     till-    toll. 

Meat  the  Food  of  the  Well-to-do  Whil.  th.  poor 
iiiu-l  \\\v  lar;,"l\  oil  hlaik  I. nail  and  i  alihau't  >,  thr  rii  h 
alf  mi  at  i  hirll\  ]iork  in  uinlir,  hitaii-r  it  \va-  l)tvt 
lillnl  tor  -altiiiL'  ilouii.  it  a  -ir\ant  ate  im.it  o>"  hi-  own 
ai  I  oril.  hr  ua-  liiinl  or  •'  inailr  to  -ullir  in  hi-  hiili."  l.onU. 
l)i>hop-.  aiiil  ii)liot-  hail  jiriat  ilro\<'-  of  -wine  for  them 
>(l\(-  |-.\cn  in  thr  town-  cMr)  faniiK  hail  a  pi^  or  two. 
whil  h  utrc  allownl  to  roam  tin-  -trict-  li-h  \\a-  imii  h 
u-ri!  tor  tooil.  anil  the  rixar-  ucri'  thiii  more  plmtifulK 
>toikril  with  thtin  than  now.  St  a  ti-h  were  nut  (auj,'ht. 
i)reau-i'  the  |)topIr  hail  not  Ifariifcl  how. 

Preserving  Meat.  Salt  wa- txptiiMvc  in  thr  Dark  A^rrs 
on  anoiint  of  thf  loni;  haul,  or  the  rarriam.-  <>"  hnrx'hac  k 
<)\ir  nuiil  roaiU  It  wa-  uxd  -o  -.lantils  in  silting  down 
nuat  for  winter'-  ii-e  that  the  hamn  often  he'anu-  ram  id 
and  the  ham  io\ered  with  inaL'.izot-  !on</  helore  the  winter 
wa-  over.  T'or  month-  at  a  time  fre-h  meat  lould  not  he 
had.  and  -o  tuut  h  -alt  food  wa-  a  i  au-e  of  di-ea-e. 

Honey  Instead  of  Sugar.  SnLiar  wa- unknown,  Kverv 
body  who  loiild  kept  l)ee-  lor  hone\  .  So  prei  iou-  were 
-warm-  of  Int.,  that  tlie\  wtTe  It  ft  by  will  to  favored  thil 
dfeii  or  Irieiid-.  in  -iimnier  new  -warm-  were  often  -old 
belore  they  t  anit  from  the  hi\-e.  The  wood-  were  -earthed 
lor  bee  tn-e-;  and  the  nii:ht  wlien  -ui  h  a  tree  was  cut 
down  wa-  oiu'  of  L'real  merriment. 

What  the  People  Drank.  Ihe  petiple  of  the  Dark  A.t^es 
drank    beer.      ;-;\-er>    lonl    and    bi-hop   and    abbot    haii    hi- 


now    iiii;    I'l  nii.i     i.i\  I  I, 


if.u 


iT.wrry.  'Vhr  I'r.n.  h  ha. I  tw..  kind-  >>\  Ixcr  ..n.-  m,i.|r 
i!-in  .i:r,iiii^  .111.1  \\niu\  Imp  iIk  rii  li  the  nih,  r  innlr  wiiliMin 
l'"ii'>  '"'■  'li''  l'""r.  (  i.l.r  \\,i-  .iIm,  .1  .uiiunnii  ilrink. 
\\.  i!tli>  jiro|i|r  m.nl,-  ami  drank  wim-.  (  i.||,«  and  tr.i 
.'.  I  ]  V  u  n  k  tiuu  n  . 
I  !m  p(  iiplr  -at  al 
1  d.!c  In  rat.  Tliiy 
had  k  n  i  \  f-  .1  iid 
|""'n-  hut  111)  lurk-. 
Clothing  and 
Fashions.  The 
A.irktT-uorfhardK 
!!i\  1  luthin^'.  Ihtir 
:Mn-  .md  Ic^s  were 
I  fir.       riu'V   Wore 

hit  one  <,Mrmi'til. 
wliii  h  nai  lied  to 
'h<  kiu'c.  It  \va.> 
hiM  at  the  wai-t 
■'■ith  a  hflt  (if  rope 
■'>  It  at  her.  in  \\hi(  h 
•.\a-  wnrn  a  knih- 
'"'■  hai  kini,'  hrtad 
"  '  - 1  a  I)  h  i  n  t:  a  n 
'  iiiiny.  l-"cir  a  liin:_r 
'inic  it  \va>  the 
'  diiun  in  l';nj.,dand 
'-     'Afar     a     lull 

"■''       '  ■ '■  liii'r  \va-  Worn   Inim.      \..h|,--  -wore  h\-  their 
It   ua-  thdlludit   to  he  the  h(i;:hi  of  ]>(,nt(nc—  to  pull 


\;  I  -   . .  I     1 1  (    I    1 1  \  ■, 


Jr. 


II    I  I  r       I  I..  I      . 


'■•'■■    '■'    ''■■  a   prr-in,      .^.  inii  tiim  -  a   km;; 
■  .1  hidioj).  who  luid  Irtu  on  a  lon.Lr  jouriu\ .  .arrird  home 
handful  of  hair. 


5  I 


{  i 


S^-jLAAM^MmT^ 


170      DAWN    ()l     A.MKKK  AN    ll!S^(>K^     IN    FJROI'I-: 

People  Unclean.  Xo  one  prctcndid  to  ki'ip  <  Kan.  ivcn 
in  tin-  (■a-^tk•^.  l'c()j)K-  |)a>sc(|  the  <lays  and  ni<,dit>  in  tlu- 
same  i  lothe>.  Tlu-y  wore  the  same  wooh'n.  tur.  or  leather 
kMrmeiit>  for  a  litetime.  and  then  heciueathed  them  t(. 
others  to  wear.  'Iliey  slept  under  uneleansed  sheej)skins 
upon  musty  straw  in  windowless  and  airless  rooms,  which 
were  (hinip  and  full  of  di.sease.     Their  narrow,  c  rooked  alleys 


~"i-S.^ 


Cusw  \\   (  \~rii 


or  streets  were  piled  with  all  sorts  of  refuse;  and  the  mire 
was  often  knee-de<.-j)  to  men  and  beasts.  The  drinking 
water  was  from  wells  that  wen-  often  poiluti'd  hv  street 
water.  In  dark,  damj)  dunj^'eons  under  thi'  lastKs,  prisoners 
were  starwd  to  di-ath  and  tluir  bodies  were  ne\  t-r  taken 
out.  I',\i'ry  ehureh  was  full  of  ior])ses.  for  tlu'\  usualh' 
buried  tin-  dead  within  the  church.  It  is  not  surprisin.u 
that  great  ])la,uues  s\vi'])t  o\er  the  land,  sometimes  di'strov- 
i!ig  half  the  population.      The  wonder  is  that  an\-  people 


.;.-:V^f  ilSy. 


■  m 


l?i^iai>jf...«aA^  £^ 


■1.^;,.:^^^^^:/^^^^' 


Tiow  THK  rr.oi'F.r.  i.ixr.i) 


lived  through  such  uiVvinitary  conditions.  Children  inii-t 
Iki\c  died  by  the  thousands.  'Iho>c'  who  lived.  >urt"ered 
ir.Mii  itch,  scurvy,  rinj^'worm,  and  a  .score  of  diseases.  At 
the  uates  ol  every  town  were  many  lepers,  covered  with 
iM.ithsonie  sores  and  l)e^';jin^  for  food. 

Cruel  and  Barbarous  Laws.  The  l.iws  of  the  land  in  the 
Dirl:  A«,'es  were  merciless  and  terribly  (ruel.  'I'he  most 
i^rrible  tortures  ima<;inai)Ie  were  i)ractice(l.  One  writiT 
xivs  that  there  were  fourteen  dit'ferent  ways  of  intlitlinj,' 
t.Tture,  some  of  which  were  many  di^^'rees  worse  than  those 
[iracliced  by  the  .\merican  Indians.  Men  were  handed 
inr  the  merest  tritles;  and  they  were  han.u'ed  in  su(  h  ap- 
i'lliin;,'  numbers,  that  the  gallows  was  seldom  allowed  to 
n main  lonji;  out  of  use.  Kvildoers  were  (.ften  man-^ded 
uid  their  })odies  torn  asumler.  Many  were  branded  with 
I'd  hot  irons  or  burned  at  the  stake  with  slu)ckin«,' 
1  rik'lty. 

Criminals   Numerous.       Still   crime   ra<,'ed   everywhere. 

these  tortures  and  han,i,nn<,'s  only  made  the  people  sav.ii^e 
.md  bloodthirsty.  "  A  violent  rulTian  knew  if  he  robbed  a 
man  he  would  be  hanged,  and  that  if  he  murdered  him,  the 
punishment  could  be  no  worse.  He  had  nothing'  to  gain 
'>>  letting  him  live,  and  nothing  to  lose,  if  he  (  ut  his  throat. 
K.ither  than  be  cai)ture(l.  he  might  as  well  make  a  good 
iiu'lit  and  kill  as  many  as  stood  in  his  wav  of  escaju-." 
Church  Laws.        The  (hurch  daimed  the  right   to  try  in 

:-  own  <.)urts  all  members  of  the  clergy,  no  matter  what 
their  crime  was;  and  the  [)unishments  int1i(  ted  by  the 
■'lurch  courts  were  very  mild  and  lenient.  The  church 
!  iimht  that  it  was  wrong  to  hurry  a  man  to  death  with  his 
-^Ms  and  crimes  fresh  upon  him.     He  shouhl  at  least   !>r 

i.cn  time  to  repent.     Christ  had  been  a  noble  e.\ami)le  of 

'I  L'iveness  and  mercy.     So  the  c  hurch  set  itself  against  the 


I! 


I* 


5'' 


■"i-jI,', 


17^'     DAWN    OF    A.MKklC.W    IMSTORV   IN    KlkOJ-K 

<TUfltiVs  and  wholesale  slau^^hter  of  evildoers;    and  in  thi> 
way  it  helped  to  (heck  the  worst  of  the  i)unishnients. 

Clerics.  Men  who  could  <;;-t  eiiou^di  learninu,  hastened 
to  become  cKric-,  that  i>,  nieniher-  of  the  lower  order  of 
l)ritslhood.  In  this  way  they  niii^dit  secure  the  protection 
ot  till'  chun  h  court  if  they  ever  j,'ot  into  trouhU'.  Man}- 
became  c  leric  >  for  no  other  reason;  and  so  the  country 
swarmed  with  them  lawyirh,  clerks,  secretaries:  any- 
body who  had  a  little  learninjf. 

Hard  Lot  of  Serfs.  i:.\ceptinj;  the  nobles,  knights,  and 
clerics,  all  the  i)eoj)le  were-  villains,  or  serfs.  Some  had  the 
use  of  more-  land  than  others  and  more  rif^hts,  perhaj)s.  but 
the  lot  of  all  was  mi>erable  enouj^h.  A  man  or  woman 
born  in  villaina.^e  could  never  shake  it  olY.  'Ihey  mij-dit 
not  even  ^^n  away  from  the  manor  where  they  were  born; 
they  were  not  allowed  to  marry  without  the  lord's  license, 
and  for  this  they  had  to  i)ay.  Their  only  hojjc  of  freedom 
was  to  be  made-  c  leric  s,  for  clerics  were  alwa\s  free.  In  Eiij.^- 
land  a  serf  might  not  purchase  hi>  own  libert\-,  but  a  son 
might  buy  hi^  father's  freedom,  and  this  meant  liberty  for 
the  whole-  f.imily.  If  a  serf  ran  away,  he  might  be  caught 
and  brought  back  like  a  common  slax'e.  but  in  later  times, 
it  he  ocajH'd  to  a  town  and  lived  there  for  a  year  and  a  dav. 
he  was  tree.  So  the  towns  became  more  and  more  a  shelter 
for  the  run  awa\-  villain  or  >erf. 

Amusements.  The  lord  and  knights  of  the  castle  had 
many  amusements  :  in  fact  they  divided  their  time  between 
lighting  and  jjlaying.  for  they  never  worked.  Hut  the  serfs 
had  very  little  leisure,  since  they  had  to  work  hard  to  feed 
and  clothe  the  lord  and  his  many  knights  of  the  castle. 
What  tiniv'  wa>  left  the  peasant,  he  must  use  to  keep  his 
own  family  from  starving.  Still  there  was  some  pleasure 
for  him,  for  he  occasionallv  ga\e  c  base  to  a  fo.x  or  a  rabbit, 


' iKi     '  *•    iiitiilihMiiaMiTJi ' £Mmif 


now    iFii:  I'Koi'Li:  li\i:i) 


17.^ 


,iii'l  ilu^  it  from  its  l)urr<>'v.  Wandering  niin>trrl-  -onu-- 
nmc'^  lanu-  to  tlir  vilhi_<^i'>  and,  witli  rudf  imi-iral  in>tru- 
iiiil-,  >an,i^  coarse  -oni^s,  whic  h  anuiM'd  tlu-  jH'oplc.  'I'luy 
.  in  d  111. )rt'  tor  the  \V(ird>  than  lor  the  niu-ii .  'I'lu'  workinj^ 
|hoj)1l'  al^o  I'MJovfd  seeing  the  lmv  iiol)lt>  and  kiii>ihts 
pi-Mau'  Ixuk.  and  forth  iHtweeu  ra-tlr>  on  liorM-haik. 
f  •'  (  a-ionally  there  \va>  a  !"ea>t  in  the  villai^e.  where  \vre>tlin.i,' 
!M,it<  hes  took  plaee.  There  \va>  al^)  a  queer  eonihat  with 
Milk-.  Two  nun.  each  hHndfoich'd  and  armed  with  a 
-lirk,  entered  tlu'  arena  and  went  round  and  round  tr\in^ 
i.i  -trike  a  fat  j^oo-e  or  a  i)i^',  which  wa-  let  loo>e  witli  them. 
Mn^t  of  the  l)low>  of  the-e  t)hndfoldt(i  nun  fell  on  eat  h 
-thcr,  ami(l>t  the  >hout>  of  iau^diter  from  the  >pe(  tators. 
Nothing'  amused  our  ance>lors  more  than  the-e  hHnd  eom- 

iMt^. 


v. 


till 


11 


OrKSTlOXS 


Mamik        I.    Wlial   was  ihc  MKimir  :^     .\    (iivi- ottuT  nanus  for  it. 

Dim  rila-  the  manor  Iioum  .     4.    Di.m  tIIh-  ilu-  1u)ii:m>  of  th;'  \  ilKiKe 

;'l    ilir   I'urniliirf   in   lluni.      ^.    Wha!   ok  ui).ilioii>  (ii,|    tlu-   p.-ojili- 

'How:-     (k    Why  t  hot- :^     7.    Who  ount'd  the  land  .^     .s.    Wh.Hwa, 

I  uhar  ai)oin  the  farnis?     q.    What  (iifticuhy  had  they  with  th.ir 

:!tlf:-' 

I  """s        10.    (ii\e  ilu'   kind.-,  of  to<i.l.->   uxil.      u.    How   were  thiv 

•( -irvfij  i--      I  J.     How    <ooki'<i;"      I.;.     What    ctki  I    hail    the-,!-    foo.l- 

"iii     their     hi-alth'-"       1  j.    flow     did     ih<y     make      tluir    drinks." 

Dtxrilic  ttu'ir  ilothiiiL'.     I'l.    Wtial  laiKcd  ^'.i,  h  awful  plaKUe-.' 

U  l-,al  law■^  were  dure  ;'      iS.    Who  made  tluin  :"      10.    Wh.it  wa^ 

I'    i''c(t   ot   tlu>r  I.iWn.-'      .'o.     III   uh.it    \'..!>-  ilid   nian\-  [x-oJiK-  esc  ape 

.iii-hnu'iit  :•'     Ji.    How     did     Ilu-     (hur.  li     inlluni.c    tlux-     la-A.-- 

Wlu>  wi-n-  du- dt-rk^:-'     :^    Who  wt-re  tlu- \  ill.iin.s  ^     :4.    Wli.iii. 

il,,iin  today.-'     .'^.    ( 'an  \ou  >e(- howour  nu-.miiiu  to  il.i\  ),'ri-\\  out 

ilu-  old  me;'ning?      jO,    What  kind  of  life  did  the  .-.erf  lead  ;•' 


If 


i^V?-'*;'^ 


CHAITKR    XIII 
COMMERCE   IN   THE   DARK   AGES 

Bad  Roads  and  Commerce.  Durin-  the  Dark  Aj^'cs  tlif 
r(.a(l>  wrrf  >..  had  that  it  \va>  alnioM  iinpu^ihK.  to  tran.-^port 
K<"hI>  In.m  plarc  t..  |.la(v  on  land.     Tlu'  n.a.^  \vm-  oltni 

nuTf  trail-  throu-Ii  tin-  w is  and  toiild  \n-  travcrM'd  only 

on  horxhark.  the  u>r  ot"  \va<;oM>  Inin;;  almo>t  ,,ut  <•!"  thi. 
'|ii(-tioii.  Kvcn  a-  late  a>  1,^00.  road>  .ontinucd  poor  in- 
«l''«l.  and  ,L;ood>  were  Mill  ^r».,u-rally  carriid  on  tlu'  harks  of 
aninial>.  It  took  tour  lior-is  or  fi.Ljht  oxtn  to  dra.i;  a  \va«;on 
tiirou-h  thr  nuid  in  winter.  Nearly  cvcryhndy  travdocUn 
lior-fhac  k   or  aloot. 

Water  Transportation.  'Hurt'  wire  few  hri(l;:es,  an<i 
travrkr-  had  to  tord  >trranison  horschack ;  or.  if  the-  river 
wa-  too  deep,  a  dumsy  ferryhoal  was  used.  It  was  mueh 
easier  to  transport  -oods  hy  water,  even  though  the  distance 
\va>  -reater.  hecau>e  a  sin,i;ie  hoat  eould  carrv  as  much  as 
o'uld  live  hundred  pack  animals.  Hut  river  navi|,Mti..n 
wa-  otien  hindered  hy  null  d-jiis  and  lishweirs. 

Robbers.  M.^r,  hant.-.  however,  suffered  more  from  had 
men  than  fn-m  i)ad  roads.  Rohhers  were  s..  cmmon  that 
all  >Iran,Lrer.  had  to  he  watched.  There  was  an  old  Kn|r|ish 
law  iliat  read.  -  If  a  man  come  from  afar,  or  a  -tranuer  «,'.. 
out  oi  the  hi-hway,  and  he  then  neither  >h..ut  nor  hlow^i 
horn,  he  i>  to  he  accounted  a  thief,  either  to  he  slain  or  to 
l»e  re.Kvmed."  So  ,<rreat  was  the  danwr  from  rohhers  that 
nurehani-  were  f.irced  to  '^u  in  company  with  others,  all 
I)eiii^  well-armed. 

174 


i?fi.-"\-; 


.^_„^  \^^i^J^ 


■I 


COMMKRCK    i\    Tin:    I)\RK    M.V.S 


175 


Robber  Barons.  Tfu-  numerous  U'u<lal  lon|>  wiTf  al-.. 
-aat  hin.lraiur  to  tradf,  heiaux.- tlii>  irf.iut.ntlv  -lultrnd 
.,tlau>  and  n.blKT  kni«,Mits  in  retum  for  a  -hare  of  the 
lun.lcT.     Somc'tinu-s  tin-  lonl^.  tlu'niM'Ivt.'s.  turmd  rohhtrs. 


\  Smi'  i.K   Il|^    MiiiDiK   Ai 


Tolls.  .\11  ihf  iVudal  lords  trird  to  rnridi  th.-niMlvrs 
'■    la.xin^  the  nu-rthants  who  i)a>.-cd  through  tluir  land-. 

1' h  ta.\t>  wi-re  eallnl  tolls,  and  were  l.-viid  cxcrvu  here 
■■•  .ill  knid>  ot  .^oo.ls.     "  Kven  an  or^an  i:rindir  .ould  not 

-  thr  .uates  ot   I'ari>  uith(.ut   niakin-  hi-  nionk(\   >ho\v 

!,.  ..  ..•  1,:    ...5 "      r 

1     .'  ''"~  ""•••■;  ••'.i\.        i>  V  i  r\  w  iu  r*.  ail  liii;  loulo  ol  (din- 

rif    were    monasteries   and  (a>tle.-,  and  ea(  h   \va>  a  toll 

t:"n  where  the  merchant  mu>t  >toi)  and  pay  a  tax  on  his 


*  '.ii 


!-<>     DAWN    OI     AMi-kK   \\    HlsroRN'    i\    i;(  Roi-j.; 


ware-.  In  the  loiirtcciitli  i<iUur>  there  were  >e\  tiity-four 
lull  Matiuii-  aldim  ihf  l.uire  Ri\er  in  |-raii.  e.  ( )iie  merchant 
-hipjHil  M.nie  elotli  irnin  |',,n\  t..  the  IlaM.  He  .t..|,jH(| 
at  e\-er_\-  -tatiuii  an.i  paid  lii^  tax.  |{y  a(.i<lent  the  eloth 
na>  wet  ami  had  tu  he  M'Mt  had  to  I'ari-^  to  l)e  redyt'd. 
and  i\er>where  aloii^  the  road  iht'  men  hant  had  to  pay 
th<'  toll-  auain. 

Why  Tolls  were  Paid.  For  all  tlu-e  ta.\e-  the  menhani 
;,'ot  nut hin,-,' in  return  e.\eept  tin  ri-ht  to  io.,k  out  for  hini- 
selt.  The  l..||>  were  -npl)OM'd  to  pa_\-  the  lord  to  jirotei  t  the 
men  hant  and  to  take  ean^  oj'  the  n.ad,-  and  hrid-e.-^;  liut 
tile  leudal  lord-  j)o(keted  the  money  and  did  n(.thinL:  in 
return.  .\l'ter  a  lime  the  lord-  e\-en  n't'u-e(l  t.  allow  new 
ami  hetter  n.ad-  to  hi'  huilt,  tor  I'ear  the  men  hant-  would 
(juil  u-in-  the  old  n.ad-  that  wen-  linin.Li  tlieir  pocket-  with 
^'old.  "  A  man  had  to  pa\-  toll,  not  onl>-  when  he  went  over 
a  hridire;  he  had  to  pa>  toll  when  he  went  under  it.  and 
could  not  e-tajie  the  toll  hy  .u'"in,i;  an.und  it."  When  -ucli 
ta.\e>  Wire  added  totheco-t  of  ware-,  they  made  the  prid 
ot  the  ,uood.-  -o  hiudi  that  the  menhant  often  (ould  not 
.•-ell  them  lor  what  lhe\-  (o-t  him,  and  thus  man_\-  were 
(lri\en  out  of  hu-ine--  hy  the-t'  iu\er  endint:  ta.x  station-. 

Loss  of  Time.  He-ide-  1,.-.  in  mone_\-  there  wa-  lo-.-  of 
time  in  haviiiLr  to  -top  and  unpack  Ljood-  at  each  station 
Many  time-  tlii-  (au-ed  the  merchant  to  rcai  h  hi-  market 
^""  I'"'-  ■■  I  lie  iiKMik-  of  a  uTtain  mona-ter\-  near  Pari- 
took  ilu-ee  pennyworth-  fnmi  cac  h  hor-eload  that  pa— ed  h\ . 
and  on  ta-t  day-  they  -jiit  -o  much  time  in  -electin.-,'  tluir 
li-h  that  the  nv-t  of  the  load  -|>oilrd  hefon-  it  n-aclied  Tari-." 

Money  Scarce.         i'here   wa-  al-o   ver\-   little   monev  in 

nsi'     .111(1    t  ln\  I    oi-i'il    til  iiii-   li  ,  >-.  I.  lii'i ,      ...    .1 


t  ;;v     ;:  w 


had   to   harter  or  eX(  han.u'e  one  ware  t"or  another,   when   Iv 
would  have  much  pn-ferred  money  to  tlu-  article   ni  eived 


«llMM*k.M~ 


(OMMIKi  i:    IN    nil;    |)\KK     \(,i;s 


k^iv^iiiii^: 


// 


\.il  (inly  ua-.  nii)iu\  ■'I  ;ir(  f.  l)ut  tlicn-  wcrr  in:ni\  (liricnnt 
-iiiil-.  I,\try  intty  loni  Ii.hI  lii>  own  iuuih a  tdiiicil  lop 
i'l-  iittlr  iiii.  rr,i<lir-~  IuuikI  iiuk  li  l.ilx-  money  and  many 
. '  lin-  -hoi't  in  wt-iLrht . 

Trade  Grows.  HouiAcr.  in  >|>itr  of  l)a(l  road-^  and 
I'  liluT  liaroii-.  in  -.\)\\v  o|  tolU  and  i)ad  nioms ,  or  none  at 
lii.  loninurrc  ^rtw  -lowly  and  hinanu-  a  little  -al'er  alter 
iiie  year  looo.  Ilun  >ome  of  the  \illa,ue-,  heiau-e  of  their 
!i,fl<.  l)ei,Mi  to  .^row  into  town-,  with  M'\eral  hundred,  or 
'  \  ell  -ewral  tliou-and  people. 

Serfs  Obtain  Freedom  or  Rights.  Sinee  tlie  peo|)le  ii- 
town-  wvrv  all  free,  there  wa>  a  -tron;f  tem|)tation  to  >erf-< 
1"  run  awa>-  from  their  lords  on  tlu-  manor-  and  to  tlo*  k  into 
ilie  town-,  where  the\-  hecame  free  after  a  year.  'I'lie  lords 
■  ■1  the  manor>  and  lief-  wire  fa-t  io-ini;  their  worker-,  -o 
I'hey  were  rompelled  to  ^'iw  their  serf-  better  treatment  in 
"ider  to  ketp  any  of  tht-ni.  I'luis  llu'  -erf-  (ame  to  ha\f 
-"me  rijihts. 

Where   Towns   Grew.       Sinee   town-   lould   not    thri\e 

viuiout  peate  and  proieclion,  the\    often  i^rew  up  near  a 

■..-real  ui-tle  or  mona.-ter}  .  where  the  -tronu'  hand  of  ,.  |i>rd 

"'■  .d)hol  alTorded  them  -heltir.      We  imd  the  larue-t  toun- 

-priiiuinL:  up  mainly  aloii^  .ome  line  of  travel,  on  a  ri\er 

■■''  I'y  a  ^'ood  har!)or  on  the  -ea  eoa-t.  when-  nurehant-  were 

ie  to  reach  them  -afel\  with  u'ood-.      \\here\(T  mere  haul-, 

•■■'le  likely   to  -to|)  on   their  journey  and  e\.  haiiue    ware-. 

~  •''   •'   I'^d  or  a   liridu'e  or  a  ferr\-.  wa-  al-o  a   pkue  for  a 

'    ■•'•n    to    uTow .      We    ,till    ha\e    town-    named    after    -la  h 

•' !' e- a- ( ).\-tord  and  ( "am-hrid^e. 

Still   Like    Villages.        While    the    town-   were   dilYtniit 

ni  \iila.ires,  ytt  the\    had  ,i:row  n  from  villa^'e-  and   kept 

ii\  \  illa.L^'  feature-.    Mo-l  of  the  town-pi'ople  owned  -ome 

nd  whidi  they  used  lor  .gardens,   and  out.-ide   eat  h   town 


n 


in 


It  . 
'HI 


V  ' 


ijS      I>\\\\    ol     AMIKIC.W    msT(>K^■    IN    IIROPK 

\va'>  (  Mii-idc  r:il)lr  \>\>>w  and  ]»avturr  lam!.  \vhi(  h  wa--  larmlx- 
owiiril  and  u<irki(l  t)\  i)((i|)lc  nf  the  town.  I'lic  tnwii^ 
Wire  iKit  Iaru'«'.  1  ir-t  i  la-'-  lu\vii>«'f  tho-c  linn- had.  (Ui  an 
a\ira^c.  iint  imrc  than  li\r  tlmu-and  })ti'i>lc.  while  \tr\ 
I'fW  had  -II  nian\  a-  ten  thou-and. 

Appearance  of  Towns.       'Ilu    -inrt-  wrrt,'  luirruw   and 
(  Tdukt'd,     ha\in^'    hnii    liuilt    alonir    trail-.     Sunu'    til"    the 


<zri'al('-t  -tPffts  of  l.iindiin  are  -aid  tn  ha\r  hitn  huih 
alniiLT  (ii\v|iath-.  Mrc'it-  were  not  j>a\ed.  and  all  kind- 
ot  hhh  and  LMrha^'c  wtrc  i>ilrd  in  them.  'I'hi-  i-  ])erha]i- 
why  the  |)ri>]ilf  wiirr  wtiiidcn  (i\  ir-lmc-  when  tlu\'  want 
out.  .\ll  hi>u-i-  Wire  (it  wiind.  I-'irc-  were  frffjiu-nt  and 
\  ry  de-lriu  ti\f.  I'nr  tlurc  \va-  mitlur  i  itv  water  nor  .1 
lire  deparlnieiit .  Wares  were  txjxi-t'd  I'.ir  sale,  eitlur  in 
the  <i])en  ni.irket  plaee.  or  in  a  little  -hop  like  a  ])ed(ller"- 
lituith  at  tin-  front  of  the  housi'.  There  was  no  ])oliee  pro- 
let  lion,  and  towns  weri'  >inks  of  erinie  a-  well  as  of  di-ea.-e. 


'3SS 


~.  -f 


tuW^vS? 


Mi 


fL,-^ 


.  «!l£iiSu». 


?l*^^.V.' 


(OMMIRCK    I\     II 1 1;    |)\KK     \(,l^ 


■  ;<) 


Labor  Began  to  be  Divided.  It  wi-  iiiijio-Mlilr  lui  a 
hm  inakir  td  mII  lunrv  than  two  ur  tlitii  lin/tn  |iair-  ut 
!i.i(-  a  vi-ar  in  a  villairf.  luHau^r  tin  it  wur  -n  i,  w  jHi-pli- 
inarliv.  So  111' had  tti -uplinrt  hi-  t'amil\  |>anl\  \>\  larrniii'^. 
i;i;I  a-  tile  popuhitioii  ^rtu  i'toin  a  \illiL'f  tn  a  touii.  .iiic 
:;' 111  (Miiid  ~r!l  tiKiu^h  >h(n--  t<i  krtj)  hiiii  lnH\.  Aiiothir 
>\a-  k(  |it  «H  I  up'id  a-  a  Ma»  k-niitli  ur  a  i  aip(  iit(  r  ;   and  many 

■  •'Ik  r-  urrc  cnipliiycd  .i>  ucaxaT-.  dyn-.  anil  tail.n-.  Iln  n 
iiM  n  I  aiiu'  to  lie  cxptrl  worknuii  uitii  l.ttltr  tool-  .\  man 
,\lio  -pent  all  hi-,  timi'  at  oiu-  kind  ot'  work  lould  make 
i.i  Iter  L,'oo(i>  and  niori'  of  tlitiii.  I  lit-  (oiiiiort-  and  (  oii- 
\t  niiiiit-  ol  lilt'  hiHaiiU'  (hcaptr. 

Different  Crafts.       A-  the  towns  lircw,  the  work  of  |if,- 

A. I-  di\i(K'(|    niorc   and    niorf.    and    the   dilffn  nt    kind-   of 

-ulltd  worknu'ii  iiu  na-^id.      Rutt  lur-,  hnwcr-.  ami  iiakrr- 

\'orf  ki'pl  1)U>_\-  fi-fdin^^  thf  people,  whilf  the  ntid  of  i  lothin;^' 

•  died  tor  taniK'r>.  furritT>.  and  tailor-.      l'''oplc  niu-t  !ia\c 

'    'U-t-^    and    furniture,    too;    so   there    wa>   a    demand    for 

i'lit  klaxcr--,  mason-,  earpinter-.  and  lahinet  maker-.      Mill 

■tiler-   made  too|>  and    wa.yon.-.   or  -addle-  and  hanie— e-. 

I  he  «  opi)(T>mith>  of   tho-e  da>s   heeome  the  tinner-  of  our 

''!n<'.     It  was  thi-  Work  of  fullers  to  im])ro\     th<   te.xture  of 

1 '"th  alter  it  liad   heeii    w.Acn,    hy   heat  int:  and  wa-hiiii;  it 

'iih  fuller'.-  earth,  a   kind  of  day  thai  ali-orl.-  the  .^rea-t' 

':"m  ihi'  Wool. 

Craft  Guilds.        Tiu-  men  who  li\((|  I)y  tlu-e  (raft-  1m- 

iiiie   or^^'anized    in    craft    ;,'uild>.    or    -o(i(ti(-.    whi(  h  wt  re 

■rnewhat   like  our  labor  union-  today.      i;\er\    tradt    had 

■  -  'juild  eoni])o-ed  of  the  worker-  of  that  trade.  I  lure  wa> 
:    leaver's  f,'uild.   a   haki-r'-  i^uild,   ^uild-   for  -lio, maker-, 

niier-.  ( oo])i'r-.  and  -o  on.  in  one  (it\  there  iniLdit  he 
!>  ormori'ol  >U(  h  union-.  Mac  h  brotherhood  of  workers 
d  it>  ^niilil  hall,  where  the  men  of  the  i  raft  met  to  make 


ii 

is 


{>! 


li 


I? 
II 
1^ 


i-  •: 


-i'\ 


,-^:\ 


i.So      I)  WW    «t|      WIl.kK    \\    lll^loRN     I\    IJkol'i: 

tile  Mil(  -  L'.,\  (  rriiiiL'  t  he  iiHinhrr-.  .iinl  I'l.r  li.iiKHift-  .iiui  dtlii  r 
Ml.  i.il  (\ini>.  \o  (iii/.(ii  I.!  thi-  luun  iuu|i{  make  or  m  li 
;iny  kiinl  ci  ^'.mkI-  utilt~-  In  liilnipjcil  t<i  llic  |ir'i|»i  r  ;^'uili| 
N'tillicr  (iiiild  .1  iiiaii  <(iinr  iiiln  ,i  touii  irum  ni  licr  (  il  ir- 
or  ii.uiitiii-  and  -(II.  uitliMut  -piijal  |nrini"ioii  i!-(,iii  the 
^'iiiM.  I!a(  1 1  L'liiM  had  thru  .  la  ■•-(•-  u|'  iik  ii,|,t  r-  :  thi'  nia>t(r-, 
j'lunicN  nirfi,  and  ,i|i|  nciiti.  r-. 

Apprentices.  U'licn  a  \»>\  w  i-hcd  to  lui  otnc  a  (  ari>tnt(  r, 
;i  iil.K  k-mith.  or  a  -killi  d  worker  ot  aii\  kind,  hi'  hoiind  him 
r-r|l  to  a  mailer  of  tliat  .  rail  a-  an  a|i|)r(  iiti'  c.  He  ua-  re 
(juircd  to  -crxc  him  without  |>a\  lor  a  l(  rm  ot'  three.  -e\en, 
or  tell  _\(ar-.  aiaordinir  to  ttie  law  o|'  the  iruild.  'I  he  ma- 
ter tunii-he(l  hiu)  loi.d  and  elothin^  and  taimlit  him  the 
trade. 

Journeymen  and  Master  Workmen.       .\!"t<r  hi-  aijpreii 
tite-hij>  he  heeame  a   tree  iourne\man  with  tin-  riLflU   to  l'o 
at'  where  and  |)rattiei'  hi-  <  rait  lor  pay.  Iml  -till  under  >onie 
ma-ter.     'I'he  journeyman  olten  tra\eled   aliout    tor   a    few 
\ear-  anioii;j  different  litit-.  w.irkin,<:  and  -eeiim  the  worM. 
When  at  la>t  he  hail  |>ro\rn  hi-  -kill  in  the  trade  hy  -om, 
"  ma-terpii'cc  ■'   line  enough  to    he   anepttd   li\    the    trafi 
.uuild,  lu'  heeame  a  ma-ter  workman.       I  hen  he  mi,i:ht  owii 
a  -hoj).  w  hieh  \\a-  -'-uallN  a  |)art  of  hi-  dwa  lliiiL'.  and  emplo\ 
jounu)  men,  or  take  api)rentii  a  -.    .\-  a  ma-ter  he  (  oiitiiuied 
to  work  with  hi-  hand-  anioiiL;  the  jouriieynu-n  ami  a|)pren- 
tiee-  of  hi-  -hoj). 

The  Object  of  Guilds.  The  iruild-  had  -everal  object-. 
The)  iixed  the  j)riee-  of  the  prodiK  t>  that  lhe_\  made,  and 
no  memluT  miLrht  tut  priee-,  nor  wa>  an\  one  allowed  to 
.-ell  ^oo<l-  e.xi  ejit  at  .the  appointed  time-  and  jikKc-.  .\o 
ina:~ler  \\a-  aiioWiii  in  oU\  >  lieapei  iav\  lualtaiai-  liian  hi- 
iellow-.  So  they  had  a  rule  that  an_\  member  had  a  ri-:ht 
to  -hari'  in  the  pureha-e  of  aiiotlu  r  by  payin.u  hi-  portion. 


(•()MMI;K(  I.    I\    nil     I)\KK     \(.|s 


iSr 


l!    .1   in,t>trr  uc,i\(r  Imhi'jIiI    u«m.!   \tr\    «hr.i['.   he  \v,i~-   ic 
.Hill   tti   -hare   lii-   |>uri  li,i~c  ,it    tin    >,itiir   priii    with   ,in\ 

■■■Mur  uliu  (|i'-ir((|  ii.  I  tin-  tlitrc  u.i-  u<>  t  MinpftitiMn 
:i   litlicr    liuyiiiL;   or   -tlliii;.'      StriM    rule-    were    mailr    lo 

'  '  ji  ii|>  t  111    ([ualit_\   ami  to  rcLlulatr  tin-  -i/r  a  in  I  \\(i;;lit  nl 

- !-.      'I  111'  .L'liihl  \va-  a  urrat  hell)  to  it-  Hit  iiilur-.      Wlii  n 

!iii  iiiIxT  lutaiiic  |iuur  or  ill.  lie  ua-  L'i\in  a--i-laiuc.      It 
!'   'ii<ii  ill  |>o\(rt_\,  hi-  lumral  t\|.(iiM-  win-  pai.l.  and  hi- 
•  'Miil\   \\a-  Hot  alloutd  to  -uritr. 
How  Guilds  Served  the  People.        I  In  ruh  -  oi  ihr  i;iiiliU 

''I  If  -lri(  t  1 1  an  artit  Ic  ua-~  not  made  at  i  onliiiu'  to  tin  ir 
'  :li  -  it  u  a--  t  a  111!  I  ■■  lal-c."  lor  -ut  h  "  l',il-c  work  '"  nuni 
ii-r-  wcrr  liiif.i.  <  >iic  hall'  ot"  tlu'  line  iiioiuA  went  to  the 
'  '■■'■11  .ind  the  rc-t  to  tin-  L'uiM.  If  a  iiifiiilicr  loiitiinucl 
:  i-  '■  lal-r  work  "  and  \va>  i  auiilit  the  lonrtli  tiiiic,  he  \va- 
'  xjullcd  iroin  the  miild.      I'iiit-  were  iinjio-rd  al-o  lor  [nit- 

■  iiiu'  Inttrr  ^'ood-  at  1  he  to|)  o|  a  hale  or  ha-krt  than  hclow, 
;•■;■  luoi.-tiiiinu'  uroi  rric-  to  make  thnn  wriLih  heavier.  I'or 
-'  iliiiL:    -ei  Olid  hand    tur>    tor    new,    tor    MilderiiiL'    l>roken 

.'.or.'-,  lor  -elliim  -heej*  Katlur  tor  doe  leather,  and  lor 
'  i\in^  poor  Wool  with  L'ood.  There  wen-  line-  lor  all  kiiid> 
'  :  di-hoiu-ty  in  work  and  hu-ine---. 

Labor  and  Capital.        'i'he  .miild-  were  unlike  our  lalior 

■  •'ioM-  in  thi>.  that  hoth  laliorer-  and  einplo\er-  helonu'ed 
■     iheni.     There  wa-  alwa\--  a  I'rieiidly  -jiirit   helweeii  the 

■  rkei-  and  tlu-  owner-  of  t  he  shop-,  i",ir  lioth  had  a    \oiie 
tixini:  the  u.tL'i-  of  labor   a-   well  a>  the  ]iri<e  at   whii  h 

i-  were  to  lie  -old.      Thw-  there  wa.-~   iio  -ui  h   thin-,;  a,^ 

-irike  or  a  lo(kou1.  The  man  with  nione\-  to  u^e.  and 
'  man  with  labor  to  -ell,  joined  hand-  to  L'et  the  hi'-l 
;!k(l  lor  both,  ^ui  h  i:ood  leeliii'/  i-  -adly  needed  to- 
>.  Laborer-  then  took  a  deejier  intere-t  in  their  iraft, 
i  the}-  turned  out  hi^hn  la>-  produi  1-  of  wliii  ii  they  mi^iht 


t  ♦ 


ft 


rl 


l,^..      l>\\\\    (II      \,\.l.l<li    W    lll-HiKN     l\    I  1  knil, 


TM 


JiU^^  r 


<  oMMI  k(  I     l\     Mil     [.\KK     \(,r 


i> 


1  I   iir.iiiii 


-I  \   in  L'' 


lit-r.     u,i-    ,1    hi-li   -.ii» 


I     111    liiiti..f    aiii 


U'ltk  lli.it  1  111-  u.irl 


nii--t-  11. lu 


Merchants'  Ciuilds.        .NhrJiani,  li.itl  i..riiu(l 


II     iir.itt  I  I  ii  HI    1(  iiiij    Ik  ii  Iff   t 


!<■    I  r.il  t  -ir,i  i\    (111 


;uili|-  h.r 


11  I! 


U-    '.mic    .iliniil    ill    tlii^    \\a\         I  hr   .l.iiiL'ir-    liom    ih, 
'"I-  aii.l  i>iitl.i\s-  I'liiini  ihrm  tc  liiriii  h.iinl-.  u!i<  n  tli.  \ 


it  ..II 


II    I  .,1- 


.  .iiliL^r.l 


iriii  \  -,  11 


kit 


11    I  ,ir,i\  ,iii~  111  ii 


ila\    111   .iHiiittH- 


lir\    in.iilr  -sill  li  ruli  -    a-    t  lit-i 


,\ii\    I. lie 


till  arr\    .irninr. 


.1   111  i\'t   aiiii  t  ui  1\  r  aril  i\\  -,  uii 


III  \  III  a  liiit 


\\r\   itiu-I   -tain 


11    !  ili'V    -it     out     Upnll    a    jnUI  in  \  I 

iii.t  -iihl  hi-  wan-,  the  iithii-  mii-t  wait  Inr  lii 


i>  til  111  i[i  niic  aimt Ik  r 


11  1  .i-f  iiin    nil  iiilnr 


in  <iin   i|a\ 


I    -Ih   ua-  iiiii.ri-iiiic.i,  tlir  nthcr-  in;i-t  ran-..iii  him        I 


IC-f 


i|    trailrr-   u''' w   iiitu   nun  liant- 


miilil-,  (ir   uiiiiiii- 


Mi  :i  1  anil-  I.)  lit'  a  jiart  lit'  tnwn  l'. i\  rrninciit .  ainl  the  tuu  n 
■  il  the  L'liil'U  in  |ui-hiiiu'  it-  trailt-  airaiii-t  it-  ri\al  Inwn-. 
Rights  of  Trade  Guilds         I  u  tlic-i  tra.lr  -uilil-  l.i  l<.n-c.l 


lun  liant-.    imti  litr 


aiul 


K  rntcn 


lir\     hail    the 


iii-iM-    riu'ht    iif    trailiim    uiihin    the    town.      Men  haul- 


ithir  town-  nii^'ht  liriiiL:  in  ^o.mI-  ainl  -rll  tluin  wl 


loir 


ml  thi\  wiir  l'oiliii|i|cn  to  k 


It  |i  -lioji  ami  >r!l  at  ritail 


ovcrniiK  lit  I'l  the  town  wa-  cntiri  l\    in  itic  I 


land-  o! 


L'uiM-   and  th.r.  wa-  oltcn  ;jr(  at  -trih'  h.twc.ii  lli 
lit-'   or   trade  L'uild-,  and  the  i  raft  ''uil 


V  nitr 


d-       >onii  turn 


'  iii-iiii 


1    rt-ultfd.     'I  he  un-kiilrd,    or  (oinnion    uork 


ir- 


II"  vohc  III  the  town  L'o\  cninM  lit- 


Laws   About   Trade         II 


ii-    oiiK     wa\-    to   li(    -urc    tliat 


\\a-  to   rt(iuir( 


>n'_'c  trailer-  had  not   -tojen   their  ;:ood- 

■:ir--i-  to  l)r  [)re-ent  w  lit  II  haiLTaiii-  or  trade-  were  niadt 

liii-   wa\-    nnrihant-   lould   i)ro\e    that   the\   had   i  om 


'tl\-  h\    their  ware-       ( "att 


e  and   -wine  were,  in  tho-e 


-kt 


line-,  the  I  liief  rii  he-  o|"  men,  and  the\-  i  ouid  ea-il\-  he 


ell 


I  net  law-  Were  m. 


le  -t.itiliL.'  where  and  when  i  at  tli- 


i,S4      hAUN    (il     AMKRICW    IIIMOKN     I\    I,(  KOPFC 


timtSm^m 


rO.MMKRCK    IN     rHK    DARK    Alll.S 


1S5 


...u!(i  he  bought  or  sold.  If  a  iiitTchaiit  could  iiol  proxc 
tiial  hv  liud  i)urrha.-cd  hi-  cattlr  or  j:oi.ul-,  lu-  \va>  treated 

t- a  thief.     Su(  h  hi\s's  were  a  ^Teat   lielp  to  hoiie-l  dealer-. 

The  Market.        Anotlur  ad\aiila,ue  gixcn  to  town  mer- 

.  ii.mt-  wa-  that  of  a  market.      'I'lie  lowii-piople  would  not 

.iiow  trader-  or  tarnuT-  to  eonie  to  tow  n  -iimi\-  and  >ell  their 
pindim',  l)ecau>e  they  niij^ht  ehartze  too  nun  h  for  it,  or  tlu'\ 
!:;ii,'ht  take  all  l)u>ines>  from  tlie  town  -Iiopki'eper-.  So 
\]\r  town-  e-tal)li>lu'd  tcrtain  da_\-  railed  markil  da\-, 
;»  rha])-  oiu-  or  two  a  week,  and  a  itrtain  market  piaet' ;  and 

ill  M)untr\  jH'ople  with  article-  to  di-jxise  of  were  riiiuired 
I" -ell  only  on  market  ihiy  and  at  the  markit  place.  'I'he\- 
'Mil  tried  to  force  farmer-  to  -ell  out  before  the  markc-t 
■o-ed.  1  hi-  plan,  it  wa-  I)elie\ed.  would  keej)  jirii  e-  low. 
Aner  the  families  ha<l  pun  ha-ed  enoULili  for  their  needs. 
-hiipkee]>er-  were  allowed  to  I)U\  Liood-  to  retail  from  their 
-liop-  durum  the  re-t  of  the  wei'k. 

Import  Taxes.  I'.;u  h  town  made  -u*  h  law-  about  trade 
.  1-  Would  ,ui\e  the  home  j)eople  the  aihantau'e  o\er  tho-e 
M^'in  other  town-.  They  taxed  all  uood-  broUL,dit  'n.  (  !ne 
"1  London"- law- wa-:    "•  i;\er\-  load  of  i)oultr\   that  rome- 

;pon  a  hor-e  -hall  i)ay  three  farthin!:-."'     Sometime-  wlien 

•  iriain  article  wa-  .-( arce  .md  dear,  the  town  iried  to 
priAcnt  -uch  t:ood-  trom  luinu  -hi|)ped  awa\  b\  ])!a(in!i  on 
'-'HI  a  tax  called  an  exitort  tax.     Or  the\-  made  -m  h  trade 

;:ilawful.      'I'liU-.  '•  \o  butt  her,  or  wife  of  a  butcher,  -hall 

•  \  t.dlow  or  lard  to  a  -lrani:e  |»er-on  fur  larrxiuL'  to  the 
:;t-  beyond  the  -t  a  ;    by  rea-on  ..'f  the  i/reat  dearm --  aiid 

.riit_\-  that  ha-  been  thereof  in  the  ut}'  of  late."" 

Fairs.        In  addition  to  their  market  da\-  once  or  twice 


.1.    .1,. 


•-(■time-  oftener.     To  tlie-e  fair-,  trader-  and   merchanl.- 
.'Cif  long  di-lance-,  e\c'n  froiu  otlur  (ountrie-.     The    fair 


I  i 


11'' 


I' I 


r-f 


i, 


iS6      I).\\V\   OF   AMKRICAN    HISTORY    IN    KlKOl'K 

grew  uf)  uncicr  the  protection  of  sonic  feudal  lord  or  abbot,  or 
possil)ly  a  bishoj),  uiio  was  to  have  the  taxes  collet  ted  here. 
The  fairs  were  usually  held  just  outside  the  town  limits  in  an 
open  field.  The  owner  of  the  fair  t)uilt  wooden  booth  or 
stalls  in  lonj,'  rows,  and,  as  the  merchants  t  ame,  they  were 
j.,Mven  j)laces  according  to  the  country  that  they  came  from, 
or  the  kind  of  g()()d>  that  they  had  to  sell  While  the  fair 
was  going  t-n.  all  buying  and  >elling  was  forbidden  in  the 
near-by  towns.  Tolls  were  collecti-d  for  the  lord  on  all 
goods  brought  in  or  taken  out  of  the  grounds.  Rent  was 
also  paid  for  the  booths  and  for  the  use  of  the  lord's  weight> 
and  scales.  .\  court  was  held  on  the  grounds  to  settle  dis- 
l)Utes  and  to  enforce  honest  dealing. 

Fairs  Encourage  Social  Life.  I  ople  (ame  to  these 
fairs  for  plea>ure  as  well  as  for  business.  TIutc  were  "  side 
shows  "  of  all  kinds  wild  animals,  trained  dogs,  musicians, 
actors  and  clowns,  dancing  and  gambling  halls.  "  I'here  was 
a  chance  to  turn  a  penny  dishone>tly  as  well  as  honestly." 
Thi'y  often  lasted  several  weeks,  and  then  the  merchants 
packed  up  and  trudged  away  to  .-^ome  other  fair.  .\t  last 
the  greedy  owners  ta.xed  the  merchants  who  came  so  heavily 
that  they  could  make  no  j)rotit  ;  and  so  fairs  grew  smaller 
and  fewer  and  tinally  died  out  altogether. 

OLKSTIONS 


Co.MMr.RCi:  —  I.  Why  was  tlnrr  so  little  trade  ?  2.  Di.scuss  lam! 
travel.  .^  Discuss  water  tr,iiisi)orlatiun.  4.  Why  were  there  .so 
many  rolilnrsi'  5.  Where  were  lolls  |)ai(i  '  ().  Why?  7.  How 
(lid  these  lolls  alTei  t  the  prirc  oi  ^'ou.ls  :^  S.  Why  .■'  o-  What  was 
paid  tor  fjDoils  ^-^  10.  Describe  ihr  towns  wlurc  did  thry  spriiiK 
up?  11.  Why  .^  1 .'.  What  is  the  meaning'  ot  '"Labor  began  to  he 
divided"?  !.•(.  What  wa>  gained  by  it?  14.  Was  anything  lost  ' 
15.    What   were  t!ie  emit  guilds?     16.    Who  belonged)'     17,    What 


COMMKKd:    IN    Tin:    DARK    ACKS 


187 


lu'liis  ha<l  these  Kuilils  ?     iS,    What   laws  were  ma<lc  ahout    trade? 
I)es(ril)e     the     market     |)Iaie.      Ji.    l)eMril>e     the 


1  I 
ni,ir 


Wliy 

kel 


JO. 


<iav. 


Of  what  value  was  this  market 


What  are 


Ajiort    ami   imiM)rt   dutirs?     .'4.    Why  are   they   laid;-' 
them  today  ?     j6.    Who  really  pays  an  imixirt  dtity 


I) 


o  we 


,i\i' 


\\1 


)(> 


il  the  lairs:-'     jS.    Whv 


.'() 


What  business  was  done  there  :■* 


What    pleasures    were     ther-?       \i.     What    good    eame     t 


roni 


llu-iii . 


t|i 


!» 
ill 

■,'i  ■ 


cnAi'Ti.k  XIV 

MOHAMMED    AND   THE    MOORS 

The  Early  Arabs.  About  a  triiturx  after  ("loxi^  built 
up  the  iiii[)irt'  of  the  l-'rank-,  and  uliili'  Au,uu-tiiu*  \va- 
l>rfa(  hiiii:  to  tin-  Saxoii-  in  IJritaiu.  then'  wa--  "irowiui;  up  a 
^tran.ur.  iitw  kinu'iloin  in  the  dt-crt-  of  Arat)ia.  Hitlurto 
tilt'  Arab^  had  m\tr  couw  inurii  into  |)ubli(  uotirt'.  'Ihrir 
iLrnoraiit  and  -iattcrc<i  tribr--  were  u-~uali\-  bu->-  niakinu' 
war  on  one  anotlur.  Thvy  uart.'  hrallun,  raih  tribe  haxini; 
it>  own  idol>. 

A  New  Prophet.  -  Hut  now  a  L'ri'at  man  aro-c  anioiiL.' 
thfiii  Mohamnu'd.  who  wa-^  t(»  do  wonderful  thin,i;>  lor 
hi>  peopli'.  .Mohaninied  wa-  born  at  .Meiea.  the  ihiil 
( it\-  of  the  de-^ert  eountrw  IK  wa>  of  noble  laniil\'.  but  he 
earlv  beiaiue  pennile--.  In  hi-  xouth  \\<-  wd-  a  -hei'li-Td, 
watehin'j;  the  iloi  k>  b\-  niLdit  a->  diil  Mosis  and  Abraham. 
Later  he  entered  the  -er\  iet-  of  a  weallh\-  widow  as  ranul 
dri\er  and  led  (.ara\ans  aero>s  the  de-erl  lor  trade.  He 
proved  to  lu'  a  >hrewd  merrhant  and  betanu'  wealth)'.  Later 
he  married  hi>  eniplo\ir.  .\>  he  traxcled  into  Lale-'tine 
and  el-ewhere  to  trade  he  -aw  nuu  h  of  the  Chn-tian  cix  ili/a- 
tion  of  other  eountries  and  he  re-ol\ed  t;)  raiM'  his  j)eoi)!e 
abo\  e  their  idol<. 

Mohammed's  Vision.  He  dainud  that  the  an.nel 
dabriel  ai>peared  while  he  wa<  om c  ])ra\inL'  in  the  desert. 
..j-jfj  ri'veid.eil  to  h.\w.  A  iiew  [U\'\  h.iLdler  religion.  1  his  new 
religion  taUL'ht  that  there  i-  but  oiu-  (lod.  and  that  Moluiin 
med  i-  His  prophet      Many  ol  the  hotter  teaehini:-  of  tiii- 


■iMi 


MOllAMMi.D    WD    Uli:    MOORS 


1S9 


;i(\v  faith  utTt'  drawn  from  tlu'  rcliuimi  of  thi'  ('liri-tiaii 
...'iA  ihtji-w.  It  taviizlu  that  .\l>rahani,  Mn-i-,  and  Chri-t 
,'..!(  trill'  ])n)j>hct>.  hut  tliat  Mohaniiiu-d  \va^  the  \,\A  and 
:,!r,itt-t  <it"  tiitiii  all  Thf  Mtihaimr-  an  rtli;,'i<in  was 
.  li'it  d  I  dam.  It  had  nn  |)ri(>t>  ni>r  -hnw  \  lunii--  nl  WDr-^hip. 
1  \\r  tinus  a  (hi\-  the  I'aithl'ul  nui>t  l>ra_\,  ahva\-  with  their 
1  ui.-.  turned  toward   Meiea.     During   uiu-    iiitinth    ot    the 


If 


■  it 


!    . 


^SfX 


I 


II: 


(■  Wll   I  ~    '■!      I  III      I  >l      I  K  1 


\t  ar  thc\- nuist  fa>t  ;    aiul  all  who  (.ould  iiiu--t   niakc  a  pil- 
jriiiiam'  to  ?»k'iia.  tlic  hirthphne  of  Mohanmu'd. 

The  Koran.       I'roni  time  to  time  Moliammcd  had  dreams 

.til    \  i>ions   in  wliii  h    more  and  more  ot    the    "Ili-axenly 

llNik"    wa>    revealed    to    him.      'l'hi>    he    tauj^ht     to    lii^ 

;   ilowiTs,  wlio  trta-'Uri'd  it  in  their  lieart-.     Sometime-  they 

r.ite  it  down  upon  piinc-  of  pottiT)  .  or  upon  the    houlder 

'' iiic-  of  sheep  or  upon  palm   leaves,      Moliamnied   nivt-r 

lined  to  read  or  write,  hut  after  hi-  death  hi-  teaJiin^'- 

!<    u'athered  into  a  hook  called  the  Koran,  whieh  heeame 

Mohammedan  KihU-. 
The  Arabs  and  the  New  Faith.  —  .MthoULdi  Mohamnml 
!  not  read  lu'  wa-  a  wi>e  man.      lie  wa-  a  lluent  sp<  aker 
prcaclier       a    man    horn    to    lead    and    to    ruli-.      His 


i<,o     D.WW    (>l     AMI.kK   \\    lli>I(»in     IN    l.lkol'l. 

wile  IptlitNcd  ill  lii>  ■.i-ioii-  at  oiuc.  and  hi^  fritiid-^  (jiiit  k!y 
UKcptcd  hi-  t(  at  liiiiL'>.  lUit  hi-  n(i;iliti<)r>,  the  pt^iplf  ui 
Mil  (  a.  jeered  and  -(  olTed  at  him.  "  \\h<>  are  you  ^^  "  tliey 
a-kt(l,  "to  teai  h  a  new  rehL'ioii?  W  C  ha\f  kiiowii  vnu 
Iriiin  \()ur  (  radle.  and  you  are  no  wi-er  than  the  re-t  oi 
u-.""  At  la-t  t!ie\  plotted  to  kill  him.  Hearini.,'  thii-. 
Mohannned  tleil  Irom  .Meii  a  in  the  \ ear  (>::.     Hi- follower- 


«;  '-r 


A     li  \l.  I  ■  \     1  1|  -l  K  I 

(ailed   thi-  \t;',r  the  \ear   i,  and  ha\e  sinte  reckoned  time 
from  it.  a-  we  do  from  th.e  birth  of  Chri-t. 

Taking  up  the  Sword.  Mohamnuirs  teadiinj^s  did 
not  -pread  \i  i\  fa-t  1)\  inert'  preachitiLr.  -o  hi'  now  took  up 
th.e    -word.      I>\    uoiim  on   the   wari>ath   he   not   only  pro 

tet  ted  hin:-elf.  hut  .u'a\e  hi-  followers  a  jjurjxise       sonu'tliini: 

1  1  ■    1    I.     .1.    ..    1,. \  I  :.      .1,    1   ..- (U..I,. 

ii',  iie..    w  :;;«  ;i  ;ie  ;  ;;;  i;;-..;i;;    ■.-.tj-,;;;;   ii:::ie    i::i:;:   .-.::'.;   ,i:!'-.:r-v    I::-  ;; 

eiithu-ia-m.      "   I'he  swor<l."'  -aid  he.  "  is  the  key  ol  hea\eii. 
.\  drop  of  hlood  -hed  in  the  eau-e  of  (iod  i-  of  more  a\ail 


Ill 


MOlIAMMi.I)    AM)    I  ill.    Moors 


101 


!:;iii   two  mi)nth>  of  prastT  and   I'a-tin.u;     wIkwo   lall^   in 
!.  ;!llr.  all  hi>sin>  arc  t'or^^ivcn  ;    at  tlu- da} of  judL'nunt  lii> 


lIKls 


II     \V< 


shall   inaki'   him   tilor 


mil- 


The   Arali.^   kii 


<  W     IK) 


)rd   a>   liar.        ClifX-   tnok    iij)    tlu'    .-^wdrd   caircrl 


nuni;  in  (kath  on  the  licld  ol  hatt 


If,  and  >o  lien  v\\  did 


!ir\  ti.udit  that  tluy  tarrirdall  Ixiorr  tluin.  Tlu)  -oon 
,  jiturid  .Met  (a,  whiih  hrcanu-  their  sai  red  (it\  ;  and  in  a 
1  A-  \(ar-  all  tlu'  j)eoi)lc  of  thi^  dt>ert  muntry  were  follower- 
C'l  l-lani. 

The  Califs  Spread  the  Faith.  Mohammed  li\(d  onlv 
•    ;i  \rar-  after  hi-^  lli^ht  from  .Mecca,  hut  ln'>  teaihin-:-  had 

;  ihe  [)eoi)le  u|)on  a  higher  plane  of  li\iim  tlian  the\-  had 

I    I  r  known,  and  had  started  them  on  a  world-wide  ( ru-ade 

'. -[.read  their  relii,M'on  hy  the  -word.      .\t  the  death  of  the 

\;M.~tl,.   hi-  -uc(i->-or.  who    wa-    L'i\en    the  title  of  Calif. 

■iliniu  d  to  extt  iid  the  rule  of  the  .\ral»  to  tlii    r.orth  and 

•  1  a-t.  I'ak-lini'  was  for  tha-  Mohammedan-,  a-  it  wa-  for 
• ;,'   I  hlirew-.  a  land  of  j)romi,-e.  llowinu  with  milk  and  honey, 

.'!  after  a  few  xcar-.  Calif  Omar  -et  out  for  Jeru-alem,  No 
'  lion  of  tile  F'".a-t  wa-  ahk-  to  with-taiid  the  fierce  louraue 
■  I  /.eal  of  the  .\ral)-,  and  Jeru-alem  -oon  opened  it-  ;iatis 
'  ■  I  Mnar,  who  rode  into  tlu'  -ac  red  i  it_\  ui>on  a  c  amel.  (  arryinu 
.  iih  him  a  ha.L'  'f  date>  and  -kin  of  water,  which  -uppliccl 
.:  i  hi-  nc'ed-. 

The  Mosque  of  Omar,  'Ihe  .\ral)-  re-pec  ted  the-  Chri- 
n-    and    allowed    ihem    to   continue    in    tluir    failh.    hut 

'  .   w>-re   reciuirecl  to  p.i}'   trihule   to   the   ruler-   of    I-lam. 

'    ■  ;-alc;m   wa-  not   de-troyed   hecau-e  il    wa-  alread\    hol\- 

iiid    for    the    .\rat)-.      <  >n    the    -itc-    ni    ihc-      Icinitle    of 

"      Miion    ()mar    huilt    a    maum'l'u  c-nt    church,    which    wa- 

Spreading  the  Greek  Civilization         .\ll  Syria  -ooi:    fell 
■  the  power  ot  the  Aral)-,  for  llie  emperor  of  Con-tai.ti 


I 


I  p  I 


1(1.'     I)  WW    "I      \.MI.kI(  AN    lll-IOKN     l\    KlKol'i; 


iKijilc  w.i-  liclplc--  l)rt'i)ir  thiir  lirr\-  ttitlui-i;i--in.  'I'lir  Arah 
rt;iilil\-  iiilcplt  (1  all  the  In  -t  thin.L'-  <>\  llif  (irri'k  t  i\  ili/.atiun. 
All  llic  liook-  of  ( ii-cik  1(  ariiiii'4  wcrr  traii-hitid  into  Araliii  . 
( ircck  know  l(  (lt:r  o!  art  ami  an  hitti  tun-,  of  the  \Vfa\in^  of 
liiu-  (  loth-,  ami  .)llur  i  rail-,  of  a,L;ri(  ult  urr,  all  that  \va- 
"oo(|  tlir  \ral)-  i  arried  with  thcin  in  their  iourm\  throuijli 
I'.gxpt  ami  to  the  .vot,  for  they  now  lurmd  lluir  >tri>s  \vi>l- 


ward,  ami  hcfort'  many  _\Tars  tliry  had  overrun  all  riorthirn 
Afriia. 

The  Moors  Cross  the  Straits.        The  Straits  of  (iihraltar 
did  not  ( luek  thcni.      In  the  year  711  an  arni_\' of  Moliaiii 
nu'dan  Moor:-  »  ro—ed  into  Sjjain. 

Workers  Mistreated.  i'lu  ikojik  of  Sjiain  wen  nr.; 
loyal  to  their  (lothic  kinu  and  nohle-.  Thi'M-  licrniaii 
o\erloril-  had  ne\er  mixed  with  tlu-  common  i)co]ik'.  hut 


MOIIAMMII)    AM)    nil.    M(">KS 


U) 


iKi4  h<l<l  llu-nist'KtN  altovf  tlic  wi)rktr<,  trtatin.u'  tluin  ;i> 
-i,i\i>.     So  now  llu-  i^nat  l>o(l\  ol  (oinmoii  ])co|ilr  \\i  it  iiii 
.■.  iiliiii;  lo  liiihl   lor  lliur  kin:^.      llns  wt-rc  ul.ul  to  » li.m^c 
ilhir   iiui.->trr>   t)i-t,iUM-   thi>-    thought    ihiii;,'--   loul.l    i\ot    la- 
;:'i.  h  worse  for  thciii. 

The  Jews  Dissatisfied.         Ihcrr  wen-  al-o  in  Spain  m  my 
I    A-,  who  wcri'  the  Wfalthit->t  ami  mo-t    iut(  llii;<nt  pcoiilr 
nl   ihc  citic.>.        rtu\'  h;iil  often  heeu  l)er-erute(!  ami   r-ihliid 
li\    tile   (iotliie  i\ol)le-.,   >o   they,   too,   were  aii\ii)Us   \,,   turn 
"-■.'. tin  over  to  the  Moor>.  who  lielon'jed  to  tluir  own  r.n  e. 
I'uilcr   the    Moor-,   the  Jew->  luul    reason   to  exjut  t    lietter 
irt.itnieut  and  more  power. 
The  Moors  Victorious.       So  the  (iothii   kin,::.  Roderiek, 
M  1  his  nobles  were  I'oreed  to  I'l^lit  the  .\rali-  and  the  Moors 
ilone,  and  ihev  wen-  too  few  to  hold   their  ground.     '1  he 
M.Hirs  fou^'ht  desperati'ly.      l''or  them,  defeat    would  ha\c' 
i:;.  ,int  death,  as  the}-  eould  not  retreat   with  the  -trait-  at 
linir  iiaek.  The  (loths  were  routed  ami  l^oderit  k  wa-  -lain. 
Tile  unreal  titles  of  Spain  \ielded  witliout  a  hlow.  ,iiid  the 
louiitrv  was  abandoned  to  the  .\rab-  and   Nb>or<.      It  w.is 
,;!!  ea-V  vii'torv.      The  doth-  were  dri\en  into  the  Tn  re  nees 
Mountains,  and   reniaine(l  here,   holding    their   (ountr_\    -o 
fiiiilv  bv  its  borderland,  that  they  never  were  dri\en  out. 
liie  Moors  passed  on  intii  ITanee.  wluri-  thi_\   were  bi-.iten 
',  the  Franks  an<l  their  aiKanee  wa-  eheeked. 
Moorish  Cities.        In  Sjjain  the  Moor-  beiran  a  brilliant 
liter.     Larue  nundK-rs  canu'  from  .\friea  to    -ettle    lure. 
I  h''  lanirs,  as  the  Moori-h  ruler-  were  <  ailed,  showed  them- 
'\ts  far  above  the  Christian  princi-  of  lairope  in  i  ulture 
■id  eivilization,     Cordowi  beeame  their  lajiitcd.      It   -o-ai 
M-led  of  t\\"  iuunired  iiiou-.inil  iioii-e-  .tini  iVn.ri    ;;i;u'.   a 
illion  peo[)le.      The   street-   wiTc  made  -trai.udi!  ;     and  it 
■■  -aid.  a  man  mlLdit  w.dk  throuudi  the  ut>  after  dark  for 


I  M 


1^ 


i.)|     l)\\\\    (tl      \MI  kl(  AN    lll-r(iK\     IN    I  I  ROI'i: 

till  milt  -  ill  ntic  (liici  tioii  li)  the  Ii;,'lit  i>l"  juiMit  Luiip-.    I\\«n 
xAtii  liiiii(ir(i|  _\(,ir^  later,  itun    u:i-  riot  <inc  jiuMii    -street 
li^lit    ill   l.uiiildii        ('()t(lii\a    -tntt^  ucrc  ji.i\  (li   anil  (  If.iii. 
while    liir    (illlurie-    -till    to  (ume   \vh'ie\er   -te|ijieil    into    till 
-trei  t-  I'l   I'ari-  un  a  rain>   ila\   -aiik  ti>  lli■^   aiikle-   in    imuj. 


1 

- 

1 

i 

.  ^^^^^^^^L 

hii    I 


\.\-  'S  -,      \l  11  Wll  K  1 


'I'luTe  were  other  larire  litie-  ot'  the    Moor>  a>  >])liinli(l  a> 
('orilo\a        (iranaila.  Se\ille,  ami    Toleilo. 

The  Califs  Palace.  ilu-  Alohammeilans  hail  l)ri)U<,'ht 
with  tliem  the  i  i\ili/atioii  anil  luxurie--  of  A-ia.  The  Calif's 
j>alaie  al   C"oiilo\a   ua>  of  j)oli>heil   marble.      i'he  ceilin,L'> 


MDll  \\I\II  1)     \\h     nil      \!iH>K- 


ll»- 


M  ;■(■  ot'  -t.iiiud  t:l.i"  -Jit  (  kin!  will)  i;nlil  'I  In  llom-  \m n  ..| 
'.,  ,!!itil'iil  iHM-^aii  -.  ami  tin-  u.ilU  ui  it  .  ii\(  it  '1  ullli  -ph mliM 
'.  iinlin'j- rt  |irr^riiliii,Lr  \  irw- "I  I'.ir.i.li-c.  I'lnin  ihf  i  <  iliiiu- 
' 'iii'j  ^riat  (  liainliliir-.  i>nc  <•!  uhiili  luM  ih.ii  l\  twi'ilimi- 
,i!p1  Kinip-.  I'Iktc  were  iiiarMr  I  iiluiiin-.  liMint.iin-.  aiul 
I'-.wcr  L^ardri:-.  Tlir  (  "url  -  im  .  hililii  n  lnpl.iv  in  ui  it  t.! 
Mi,irlili\      III  wiiilt  r  tlif  riMiin-  i.i   t'n   |iala>  c  \\i  n   lnmu  uitli 

!!.  h   ta|it-lr\   and  thf  ll -  wire  <  o\,  i.  d  with  I't  i-ian  t  ai- 

;„  1,.  riu  liiiiMiii.i:>  wi Tf  -upiilit  tl  !>>  lilt  lal  pip<  -  with  Imt 
;n.l  oiM  water  t'T  thf  mart. If  Itatli-.  Tht  <\ilil'-.  iilirar> 
■.>.a-\fr>  urtat  anil  uraml.  Iht-  tatalomst  ahuit  lilltil  tt>rl> 
■vmIuihc^.  Till  re  wcri-  ronni-  l.ir  ttip\in.:.  luiaii-i-  i-iinlini,' 
|i,,.l  nut  \it  l)fiii  iiuiiitiil  ;  al-ti  rotun-  inr  liiiuliim  ami 
■  ^naimnliii'-'  tumk^. 

How  Christian  Rulers  Lived.  Sm  h  wa-  the  i.alnf 
■  ■^.  thf  Aral)-  <it  Spain,  wliilf  the  ruKr-  ul  I'irjiaml.  I  i.im  f, 
ml  Inrniain-  wrrr  -till  lixini:  in  ilwfllini:-  -iartil\  hitter 
liian  -tahU'-.  witht.ut  wimluw-.  an'l  with  a  !i'>li-  in  th.-  n>t>l 
n.r  -nitikc  to  ,ut>  I'Ut,  like  Imliaii  wiizwam-.  1  htir  ia-li<- 
,vi  re  ilark  aivl  ^lt(t)in>'  ami  li.ul  l>ut  lew  iipinturl-. 

Moorish  Parks.  The  .Mum--  had  |.lea-ure  ^'arileii-  where 
'tie\  rai-ed  tliiuar-  and  iriiit-.  riie\-  lirmiLdit  the  peat  h 
Mid  tither  truit-  iVt'iii  the  |-;a-t.  The)  made  artilu  ial  lakt  -. 
win  re  the\  rai-e<l  li-h  l'i>r  the  table,  'I  he>  ha.i  a  •'/inp.  ' 
\:\  uhith  main'  -tranirt-  animal-  were  to  In-  -ecu. 

How  They  Dressed.        While  the  peoplf  ■,!  Iraiite,  I.nu' 

■mi.  and  derman)'  were  -till  ilothiiii:  thein-ehe-  in   4.in- 

'!■  rutle  eloth.  the  Mtmr-  hail  -killed  wurkmeii  ueavim:  -ilk. 

a.lMi).  linen,  ami  all  the  wtimKr-  nt'  tht   l<Him      1  he  .Mimri-h 

...men  l(.\-eil  liner_\-.      I''re(|Uentl_\-  their  miter  garment-  were 

.f    -.ill      i-'v.! -.r:  liitiTei!    :i!i.d    deitiraled    with.    L'e!?!-    a.ni!    W()\el) 

'Id.  ""St)  t'linil  weri'  the  Mtit>ri-h  wtmien  ><l  L:a>  eulur-  and 
■Tetit>u>  >lt>nes  that,  it  i>  .-aid,  the  interior  of  an>   kiiildinu 


T       * 


t^'' 


,,,(,     hWW    ol     \MI  kH   \\    III-^K'KN     1\    I  I  Kol'i; 

v.lurr  iliiA    \\<rc  |Hri:iiltri|  ti.  ,ij)ii<,ir  I'.oktil  like  a    tluu.r 
;:.ii.l<n  ill  ttir  -ptiti'_'  Im  -|.riiik!i  il  with  r,iiii," 

Schools  and  Learning  I  lu  ^|.ini-li  C.ilil-  tiuciiramil 
.,  h.Mil-  .iiiii  li-.iniini:  I  Ik  ir  .L'r«  ,it  iii:i\  cr-it  ii-  wire  tillnl 
willi  -liidt  III-  n-Mni  .ill  "\i  r  I'.uriij"  .  I  lu-  Call  I-  tluni-cKt  - 
\vt  IT  iiiitr.l  -ilicikir^.  aii<l  <iii(  .  ai  k  a-l  \\a-  tin  autlior  m| 
liiaii>  ti'Mik-.  >ninr  kanicl  incii  wi"!,  oil  .\li:tl)ra,  -uiiic 
1  Mill  iriiinLi  A-l  riiihiiii\  ,  hiIh  r-  (  ciiiij>ii-ii|  mu-ii  I  hf\  (■\  a  n 
li.iil  ,1  (,i|kLr<-  "I  mii~i.  with  tamiai-  jirutc--ur'.  Tin  ir 
iiiiih'(  aii<!  i>Mitr>.  .-ptn  iall>  ttuir  k'\i-  -kh--..  wirr  kit<  r 
(.iiricil  <A(r  tin-  r_\r<iuT-.  aiiii  tMrnit.l  itu-  iH^'innini:  ni 
l„,,lry  ami  liliiaturc  in  Immiki  ami  in  utlur  iDiintrir-. 
riir  waml.riiiL'  inin-tnl-  <>\  lair.'jx'  .i.jiinl  lluir  iiiu-it  ami 
ji...  lr\  triiiii  1  111'  MiM-.r-  i>\  ">i>aiii. 

Schools.  \'.\<v\  t.iwii  h.id  it-  likr.irx  .  am!  cxcr)  iiin~(iuf 
it,  niilili.  -.  hiM'l.  in  wlii(  li  the  iliiklnn  "I  tin-  ]nu>r  were 
iauu'li!  til  r<a<i  ami  writt  am!  were  in-tru*  tnl  in  the  Knr.in 
a-  our  (hiklrcii  an-  in  tlif  I'.iMc  I  Ikit  uarc  .u  ailtiiiif  l^r 
t!iM-r  wliu  uarr  will  to  «lo.  Ill  tilt  ir  uni\  cr-itir-  tlir  Arali- 
viihlir.l  l)(itan>-.  \vlii>  h  i-  a  knowlclirr  <>\  i>laMt-.  a-Ton()ni\  , 
or  liif  knowlrdm'  oi'  -tar-,  ami  (  lunii-t  r_\  .  \siii<h  they  ii-cd 
in  inc(!i(iiu'.  t"or  tlu\  IkuI  -i  linol-  for  .1ik  tor-  ami  >iir.irf<'ii  . 
Their  -killtul  -ururon-  u-«d  tin-  knilr  in  o|.i-ratioii>  withou' 
any  lu-ilalion.  WhiK  thr  Chri-lian  )>ra-ant,  who  wa- 
l"c\ir  -trit  km  or  oNrrlakcii  li>  an  arcidrnt,  wa-  luirricd 
to  llu'  luarr-t  -aim  -hrinc,  when-  lu-  cxiici  trd  to  he  i  urcd 
Ik  !ica\in,  thr  >i)ani-h  Moor  nlinl  on  a  jin-t  riptioii,  or 
on   the   knilc  and   handau'c  of  a   -urL'tou. 

We  Use  Their  Arithmetic  To  day.  Irom  India  thr 
Aral)>    Karncd     Arithniftii.    i-iuiially     tlic    ninf    diu'it-; 

.  1  .1  \         ^  1    1       1    i  1,       _ 

I  J  ;,  1  ;;,  o,  ,  ;>,  ij.  alni  (o  i  in ->  i  !u  .\rato,-  .aiin;;  ;;i-  .-. 
l-',uro]ic  wa-  -till  n-iir.:  thr  olii  Roman  lumural-  -m  h  a-  X  IX 
What  a  drradful  la-k  it  nui-l  ha\>-  tKcn  to  add  or  -uUtra.  l 


Moll  \MMI,I»    \\1>    I  III      M<inK> 


i*r. 


. -r  luimrr.il-'  I{!'t  wiir-c  -till  t'l.ink  ■•!'  ,i  j>r<iMiin  in 
•  ,j  ,ii\i-iMii  (ir  ii;  liMi  li.'M-,  ll'U  lhr\  inii-t  Ii.im  1<mImI, 
,    ir.ihipls     M|)(((\II    \'\     \\.\\  llhlr.,1    il     U.t-    Ml.  h 

!  i-'k  1 1 1,1 1  1  lit  \  1  .lilt  'I  I  hr-c  l\i'ip  m  luiniiiMi  ■  I  hi    '    -w  ,il  - 

i_'    (  ,il.  iiLitii' -  "       A-     -Mdii     .1-     llir     mcri'MiiI-    I  I     Italy 

irnrd    Imu    imu  li   iH-tttr  llu-  Ar.iMi    lumilHr-  urit     tlu\ 


....]■:  tlictii  11]).  .iiiii  till'  oiii  "11U--  l.rL-  •!>■  v.t-nt  ..ut  ni   n^r  in 

■  i-iric--. 

Some  Things  the  Arabs  Learned  llu  Ar.i!.-  Ixcunc 
•r.it  -tudiiil-  i>|"  niatliitnatit -.  Tlu)  hrlicsrd  the  r.irtli 
•  }>r  muml  ami  <  ntii])Uti(l  it-  .  orm  t  -i/c  It  i-  -aid  \\\ry 
■■  !\   ttat  liiiii:  i,'r(><:ra|)h>-  in  tliiir  -»  hi.nU  irniii  L-'Inhr-.  uliiU- 

■  r  Chri-tiaii-  ucrc  -till    maiiitainiiii:    that    tlif   earth    \va- 

■  t,      riu-  Aral.-  .Ktmnincd  that  th<-  carlh'-  atinn-iih.n-  i> 
\,..,t    I'iHx-  .•i'r!.!    niilc-  d.cr!>.  and  thf\   Ui-rc   (I  rrrt  t .        I  licv 

alt   nli-iT\;nnrir-  fur  -tudNiiiL'  the  -tar-,  and    tlic>    luadc 
■   tir-t  ildtk  with  a  prnduluni.  while  the  Ciiri-tiaii  nation- 


,,,S     Ii\\\\    or     \MI  KK    \\    IH-l«»kN     1\    1.1  K<il>i. 


\V(  re  -till  u-in,::  tlu-.iii'i 
in  ilir  ImurL:!.!---  I<>i" 
lUiM-iirinL:  linv. 

WhattheWest  Owes 
to  Them         llu   Mnm- 

WiTi-     -kinlul     ill      lilliilL' 

ili(    -wil  .Mill  ill    r.ii-inL: 
lint-   -h(i|).      'I'lifir 
iiMi-M-    arc    t\(ti    now 
t.iiiM  ill-  tlu-  VvtirM  ii\  ii\ 
riu\    liinULilit    int.. 
Spain   rii  f.   -tiuMr.  i  ..t 
t..n.    -ilk.    aii'l    niaii) 
a.ll   till-  luu'  .iiariit  I.  ah'! 
nn  iiai''i    I'niil  ~.      l.at<r 
till  \     l>i-..i'_:lii     to    the 
\\  (  -t     '.iiiiipow  I  liT    ami 
(  .Uiiniii    iiiaijc   '  <\     ifi  pii, 
.iini      -till      lat.r.      liir 
inariiur-  <  <  iiniia--. 

The  Arabs  Make  a 
Cheap  Paper.  I  Ik 
Aral)^  al-o  tauulu  tin 
]uMj,lc  •<{  luinipc  1m\v 
t.i  niakr  a  i  heap  pajn  r 
(lui  ..l'  *  ntton  or  linen, 
'l"lii-  \va-  a  Ncry  im- 
portant (li-ro\rry  tor 
tin-  world.  rill-  pap\- 
ru-  plant  u-i-il  li>  tb.c 
l\onian-~     had     prat  li- 


Ml.-.\KI    1     Kl      M.-.,H   I      CK     Ml 
k  \1    a   N,    t'.MK'). 


II..      1 : 
i  a  i  i  \    ; ;  i  ■ 


!      ^-i    1   i   W 


•I'l' 


ii    wa-  \i.r_\-  t.\iKiv>i\i' 


■M 


*«f  . 


1^ 


\lt  »1I  \MM1  1)     \\|i     111!      Mi'i  )K-. 


I'lij 


■  makf    hunk-    out    III'    -hcfp-kiii-,    ui-    p.iri  hnniit        Hut 
.il'iu   iif    liiKM   |i.i|Hr  u  .1- t  hcij' ;    .iinl  \\  lu-n  tin    iii\  liil  inn 

•   jiiii'.tiiiL;   I, Mill'   a    lillir    l.iti-r.    'hunk-    aiiii   h'ariii;i^   wire 

:  I'i'ilit   \M'l!iiii  tin-  fell  h  III'  the  pnnr.      Siiiic  ciiiii  at  inn   i> 

<    ;ir-t   -tr]i  in  -n  urinu  ri^lit-  auij  lil)crt_\  Inr  ihc  jinnr  aiiil 

■  ;-iir--cii.  wrian  -cr  In  i\\  iiiut  li  [lajirr  ami  print  in,:,' meant 

■  \  lit    \vi  irjil. 

How  Could  Europe  be  in  the  Dark/  \\  >  aia  -urpri-nl 
.  laaij  111'  all  thi-  IraniinL'  anil  ■  i\  ili/at  inn  in  Spain,  uliilr 
:>i  ni  iur  i  nuntrir-  ni  l-'.iwnpc  wiTc  in  tin  iniii-t  n|  the  hark 
\jr.  ;  i)ut  \vc  knnw  that  tlu-  mail-  were  pnnr.  ami  that  tlufc 
.1-  \i  r\  little  tra\el  ><v  trade.  In  aiMilinii,  the  ('hri-tian> 
,il,i,|  upnn  the  MiHir-  ,i-  hateil  ininh-l-.  w  hn-c  KarninL:. 
■ .:    ('!u"i-tian-  lielie\eil,   niu-t    ha\e  i  nme  tmiu  >alan. 

What  the  Arabs  Saved  for    Us.        'I  lu    Mnhnnnieil  m- 

!'ii;i-ei|  In^ciher  the  hnnk-.  t lu  leamini;.  ami  the  -kill  nt 
'i  the  I  nun  trie-  thai  the\  >  mn  juereii,  and  the)  addeil  mut  h 
it.  We  ,ire  \er\  L'lad  iinh  d  that  the\-  v.ere  ahle  In 
:  X  e  thi-  learniii'4  until  nur  rude  derinan  Inniather-  were 
.  ai\  tn  take  it  Up  and  earry  it  I'nrward.  \l<w  muv  h  ni 
'a    I  i\  ili/atinn  <<\   the   Ma-t   eanie  thruULih   Spain  and   imw 

a  h  \\a-  iimuLiht  hai  k  1)_\  the  *  ru-ader-,  ua-  il<  imt  kimw  ; 
a'    at  an\   rate,  the  .\raJ)-  and  Mn.ir-  d.id  the  We-t  a  ureal 

r\  ii  e. 

(.iri;->  I  i(i\s 

M'iH  WIMMI    \\n    i  Ml     MnnKs  |,      \\  ll  \    \S  a -,  -i  i  I  i  U  Ir   k  lU  iw  M  i  it    I  lie 

■■■!.■,-  What   w.i-  die  i  >i!Mli'iun  111'  ilieir  1  r.  iji/.iti'i'i  .'      ,      Wli.it 

;lu\-   Herd-      ;.    [)>-crilM    .Mnh.iiniiu  d'-  <  .ir!>    liii        -       I'lu-  liie 

llil!!     !i)     !1!.;ke     wh.r,      T', >ii!\'    ■'       'i      Willi      vi^i.ai     'li.l     he     h.i\'e,^ 

Ulial   V..1- hi- .illiuide  lu'Aard  (  hri-tiaiiily  ^      ■-      Wl;  ii  '.\  a^  hi-  lie- 

I       II.iw  ',\,i^  llu-   Knlaa  n;.iili    '       lO.     I  I   .w  did   1  he    \r.it.-.  re.  ri\  e 

■.■:■:'.    e!!!h  -       M       Wh.i!   did    Moll  !!H!l!'d     n,.,mnli^li^       I   •        Who 

.    Cihi-      i~     What    w.i-    ihe    .iniliition    ui    ihr    .Muhaiiiiihd.ui- ^ 
W  ll.n    did   tluy   ioni|Ueri-'       l  ,.     Wh.it    w.e^  their  altllude   to.'.ard 


! 


..'oo     l>\\\\    (M      \MI,k|(    \\    Ill^ioKN     l\    1.1  koi'i; 


MH.iliii.^  ,|i.l  ill,.,,.  \r,,!,,  ,h..u  '  IN.  \\h,,v  .!i.|  iii,\  j,,urh,.y.- 
I.).  I)''^' nlir  ill,  jr  .I'l'.Mih  .•  iiii,,  ■^piiii  .-;.  Who  ucfr  !li,-  .M,i,,r>-- 
-'•  II"A  '!•' \nu  .iM.iimi  I'll- iluir  >  I'i,  >  ^  j.:.  (  mnii  ire  ilu  li,.nir>  :;i 
l!i<-  M<Miis  .in,l  Chri-ti.in,,  .•;.  I'.il  .ilMiur  t  !i,.ir  v  1i,m,U.  :,.  \\"ii,it 
uvn-  !iir  -uv.itmu  ,,il,  lil.ilur.:^  j;.  Why  wm  th.y  m)  lalli-.l? 
.').     \\h,;t  i^'aii,-,  laiiR-  lo  ui^hri)  l-uniiir  lhruu;;li  thi-  Arab.-,/ 


rii  ,"ri:F<  xv 


THE    CRUSADES 


il 


3 

m 


as 


Christiaiis  of  Jerusalem  Persecuted  Alter  ()m;ii> 
'ir.ith,  the  ('hri-.tian>  oi"  Jmi^aKiii  were  trr.itnl  iiiorc 
li,ir-hly  tluii  hfl'urr.  'I'lit-y  uiTc  I'urtcd  tu  inincal  thrir 
'  rii--t  ■  ami  thrir  liihlc-.  Sumctiinc-  tlicv  um-  iiri\cii  tVuni 
liirir  luiiiH--  ami  iii-ultcil  in  'heir  (  hiir(  In--.  riic  Sarairii- 
ii'iw  ilcmauilfd  a  hcaxicr  trihutr  and  lOrbadc  thmi  to  i  arr\- 
rin-  or  [>>  \n-  -nn  nil  liDr-rhark.  Thr  Cliri-I  iall.-^  were 
b'T'cd  l(»  wear  a  girdle  of  Itatlur,  whit  h  \\a-  the  hadL'f  of 
'  ;<ir  .-tT\-iludc  ;  ami  tlu'}-  wm.'  not  allowrd  to  -peak  the 
\rd)ii    lan.L:ua;:r. 

Sunshine  and  Storm.  Sonictinu-  thr  Chri-tian-  wm- 
•  'I  prr^tH  utcil  for  a  lotiL;  tinif ;  then  under  a  new  (",dif 
.11  wiir-hi])  \va>  [irohiliitid.  thc\'  were  dri\cn  from  the  -arred 
''.'}.  and  thrir  (hurt  In-  were  turned  into  >tal)|e-.  I  hen 
■!i.  e  more.  lhe_\-  were  permitteij  to  return  and  to  reliuild 
Mieir  ^ilur^he■^.  iiut  all  ihi^  persecution  ( ouid  not  -top 
"ia  I  rowd  ot  (  hri-tian  pilurini>  from  L'oiiiLr  to  Jerusalem. 
l!:-tead  till)'  inerea-ed  in  numl)er>.  until  n\\v  liand  of 
:'i!L:rini>  numhered  >e\-eral  thou-and.  'I'he  Sarai  i-ti-  u-uall\- 
'i<  ouratred  the-e  ] iili:rimam>  heeau>t'  of  the  tuone\  trihute 
'  'ii  >■  wrunii  from  them. 

Saracens  and  Turks.—  .\t)out  a  hundred  vivar-  after 
'  :e  deatii  ot    .\llred   the  (ireat.   the   Mohammedan  empire 

1-  attacked  in  the  lla-l  hy  t  lu'  Turk-  They  wen-  a 
■mil,  cruel,  and  harharou-  jieopie.  In  their  \\.i\-  of 
■  ini:.  their  nianncTs,  hahit-,  and  -kill  in  labor,  the  Turks 

.'01 


:oj     l)\\\\    (»l     \.Mi:kl(  AN    lil-^|(•k^    |\    l.l  koI'I; 


were  lar  ]nl<w  the  S.inii  cti-.,  wlium  tlu'V  now  att.K  keel  wilh 
-rr.it  I'ury.  Ilic  Arah^  had  aliMirlxil  tin  .  ulturc  ami  -kill. 
•  iiiil  the  ar  u|  till  drcck  life  ahi-ul  them,  and  had  -rttlcd 
diiwii  to  i|uii',  (i\ili/(<i  haliit-.  In  (Iiu'iil:  ihi-  tlic\  \>i^\ 
mill  h  III  thiir  licry  (niiram-  and  their  k  n- iw  jnlu'c  ^l  war, 
'I'hu-  thf  ciiipirc  n|  ihr  >arat  (  ii-  nil  to  the  rude  .'.ml  warhda 


.>- 


ft^H 


i 

I 


-*.»%="^,  »w 


£J^ 


^^ifM 


[■ii..i,,M- 1 


.1        ,1      .     \      I     ii:  .Mi.       I   I 


lurk-.     'I'liduu'li  llu-\   aMtptid  l>lam.  llic   i'lirk-  rrmaincd 
trucl  and  -a\a^c  a-  lnl.irc. 

Turks  and  Christians.  —  Ihc  lurk-  t.uik  Jrru-alcni 
(l07()^  rohhrd  the  ( "hri-t iaii>.  and  rcdund,  thrni  to  t'riuht 
tul  nn'-cr\  .  .\-  niorr  and  luwrr  .if  i'alc-tinc  tVll  intu  their 
hand-,  tin-  j>iluriin-  lo  Jeru-alem  lnL'ati  tn  meet  with  ver\ 
har>h  treatment.  .\l'ter  a  \  i-it  t<.  the  -aired  iil\.  iIk 
|)il.uriMi>  returned  to  iuirope  and  told  with  Liroan-  ol"  tluir 
wsiii,^-.  aii'i  r.i  I f K  .lUir.iue-  uiai  ilii-  i  ink-  iia(i  (nnimilieii 
upon  the  toml.  of  Chri-t.     Chri-tian  hi-hop.-.  ihfv  said.wtTc 


,lllll 


I  iii:  t  1^1  >\i»i.>  203 

tnini  tin  ir  I  hui'i  lu-s  .mil  llimwn   into  (iuiim'on^  to 
the  lull      tr>  III  Jr-u>  wi  ic  tnrnuiitiii  in  touiitK» 


Ptter  the  Hermit  in  Jerusalem.  huriiiL,'  tlu-c  «la\>. 
.  ■■liJiiiL'  til  the  Miiry.  iVicr  the  Hermit,  a  rc-tlc--  iimnk. 

ill  A  jiilLrriiua^r  tn  Jcru-aliin.  He  lulliiwril  tlic  i  ro\V(l> 
■:  pilirriiii-  to  ('al\ar\  aiul  tu  thr  timil)  nt'  ("liri>l.  Ik- 
.  !-ilrii  r\ cry  -arrril  -|)iit  with  head  huunl  in  Mirruw.  lu-i  au>f 
;l  that  hv  >a\v  \va>  in  the  haiul-  of  the  inhuman  'l'urk>. 

Peter  and  Simeon.  'Ihrn  I'ctcr  apptarril  tu't'uri' 
"-iMiiuii,  tlu-  thill'  Chri-tian  l)i>h(ij)  uf  Jcru>alrin.  aiul  to- 
_■  Hii  r  the)  wr|)t  ii\(T  the  \vriinu->  ilnnc  the  Christian-.  I  In- 
1  h  rmit  ,i-kc(l  win  tlu  r  tlurc  ua--  tu  he  iiu  rml  tn  >ih  h  -ultCr- 
:'  ..'  and  in-ult-.  Tht-  uiiiti-jiairt'd  Sinuoii  nplicd  :  "Oh 
!  'M  laithl'ui  lit  Christian-'  .Ml  .\>ia  i-  in  tlu' iimsir  nt"  the 
I  .;k-  all  th.'  Ma-t  i-  >unk  into  a  -tatr  nl  ^la\rr\  ;  nn  [muir 
'-.  larth  ran  a--i->l  u-  '"  Then  I'ttcr  tuld  Sinumi  that 
:  '  rhap-  thr  Chri-lian  prinn>  uf  thf  \\'t-.l  miLrht  -umc  dav 
-  Mu  and  tri f  Jrru>alfm  tVom  tin-  inlldcU.  At  tluM'  words, 
■  i-  -ud.  IVlrr  and  Sinu'iui  t'ml)raif(l  tai  h  uthtT.  >lu'ddinL; 
■  ir-  III'  j(i_\  and  hupi'.  'I'lu'ii  tlu'  fnlhu.-ia.^-m  of  IV-tiT  kiU'W 
:.  ■  lii'UP.d-. 

Peter  Hears  a  Voice.  Oiu-  day  whili-  pra\in-,'  htl'ort- 
'  ^  Iliily  Sipuhlur.  iu'  iKlicxcd  that  he  heard  thr  Noiic  ut' 
(     ri-t  ^a_\in,u'.  ""  IVtcr,  ari^'.  hapten  ti>  prut  laim  tlu'  ^ut'l'tT- 

-  u|  my  pcuplf  ;   it  is  linu' that  my  >trvaiit>  >huulil  rtiti\r 

i't'  .mil  that  thf  Imly  plate-  >hnultl  In-  dfli\  t  rtil."'      \\'ith 

'     -I    \\uril>  fViT  in  his  ears,   I'fttT  hit    I'alc-tinr.  trt»>fd 

Mtditirranran.  landt-d  on  tht.'  tua>t  ol   Italv.  and  ha>- 

id  tutast  himsi'h'at  the  iVi-t  of  tht,' pi)]»c.     1\>]k-  Urban  II 

<i\id  I'ftfr  kintily.  listcni'tl  tt)  his  story,  ami  hatit-  him 
.1-  thf   \-oiit'  hatl  (iirt.'ttftl       pruelaim   that  Jc-rusalcm 

.-t  soon  hi-  (itJiviTfd. 


If 


-V. 


JO.}      .DAWN    n\      \MI.K1(   \\    lll^loKN     I\    l,(  koI'K 


Peter  Preaching  the  Crusade.  iVtir  then  ini—cd  llu- 
Alp-.  \i-iti(l  >ill  jiarN  (il  I'raiuc.  ami  iicarl)  all  ><[  I'.uiopc, 
aiMU-iiiL:  the  jifi'plf  r\tr_\  where  with  hi-.  /.<  .il.  lie  tr.isclfd 
atxiiil,  niiiimted  on  a  mule,  a  erm  ilix  in  hi-  Ii.mhI.  hi.>  feet 
hare,  hi-  head  uin  1 1\ cred,  hi-  inii.u  Irmk  girded  liv  a  curd. 
\\diere\er  lu'  ajipiared  he  wa>  I'Kikeil  ujiuii  a>  a  -a.inl. 
I'rum  (  ity  In  ( iiy.  I'rutn  I  .mnlry  in  ( <iumry  he  went.  ]>reat  h- 
Iul:  a  I  ru-ade  Uom  tlu-  ])iil]iit-  of  'hurt  he-,  in  tlie  liijih- 
mad-,  and  ntlur  puhlie  plate-.      Iii\i\id  word-  I'eter  told 


I'liiK    nil     llihsr.i    l'i;i\Miis..    I'l    ill'     ( 'k  I  -  M'l  k  - 

liow  the  lilodd  of  ("hri-tiaii-  wa>  -hed  in  torrents  in  the 
-ireet-  'if  Jeru-aleni.  W'iieii  he  had  -tirred  u\)  the  ignorant 
multitude  with  hi-  fur)  word.-,  he  -howed  t!u-  (.rurili.x 
that  he  carried  with  him.  .\11  tile  while  he  wept,  -trikinu 
hi-  hrea-t  and  wapiindinu'  hi-  tle-h. 

The  People  Aroused.  1  he  people  followrtl  the  >tt]is 
of  I'eier  in  crowd-.  Those  whi>  (ould  hut  touch  hi.-  gar- 
ment- deemed  them-elve-  h.ii>!)\  .  and  a  hair  ijulled  from  his 
mule  wa-  pri'ser\ed  a-  a  holy  relii'.  The)  rai-ed  their 
\oi(e-  to  luaxt'n  in  pra}er.     Some  ottered  all  their  riche-. 


Illl.    I  kl^ADI > 


jo; 


n 
i 


•inr-  till  if  prayer- ;    ,iiiil  all  [)r<inii-i«l    tu   la_\  (jnuii    their 

. .  -    I'lr    the    re-evie  "I    the    \l<>\\    (it)    iruiu    the    wiiked 

i   .rk-. 

Alexis  Asking  Help.        Ahuit   thi-  time  the    lurk-  were 

:!.  hiim  t(i  lake  Ciin-taiitini'jile.  the  tapital  <i|   the  (Ireek 

>   ::|)ire;    and  tlie  llmpernr  Alexi-  -eiit   urueiit  letter-  to  the 

M  j,c  and  ti)  we-teni  j)riiue-.  a-kiiiu'  thein  to  eoiiie  ti>  hel|) 

:  \:\]   ilri\e   haek    lile-e   -a\-a;ie-.       lie   wrote  ot    the   trea-ure- 

■.d  tiiaut\  of  hi-  L'reat  litw  n,  it-  many  -aered  relii. -.  and 

'I,  _'u'eti  the  harmi-  and  kni^ht-  to  defend  them.      \lv  loiild. 

.  ■    -,<](].  heal    the  lo--  nf  hi-  (ri>wn,  hut   iidI    tlie  -hame  ot 

^  i'lU  hi-  empire  plundtTed  hy  the  inluiiiian  'I'urk- 

The   Council   of   War.        I'npe    I'rhan    II    now   ealle<l   a 

.  .jihil  to  meet  at   (deniiout   in   I'Vaiiie  to  (K-eide  what   to 

Immeii-e  (  rowd- were  i)re-ent .       The  pope  a-t  ended  a 

;id  of  tiiroiie.  whieh  had  been  huilt   for  him  in  the  u'reat 

•.ri-et    plaee  ;     and    hy    hi-    ^ide    wa>    I'ettT    the    Hermit, 

rr.-rd  in  hi--  u-ual  rude  manner. 

The  Hermit  s  Stirring  Speech         IVtir  -poke  t"ir>l  :    "  I 

,(   -eeii,"  he  -aiiL  "  Cliri-tian-  loaded  with  iron-.  draiiLTeil 

iio  -ia\erv.  or  harne-M(l  to  the  yoke  like  the  \ile-t  animal-. 

I'll     Turk-   tore   from    them    their   \ery   hrt'ad   a-   trihute. 

111.    'v'hri-tian-  eould   r^.ot   i'\en   -alate  the  ti'mple  of   their 

i.."l  without  ])a\in,i:  the  aei  ur-ed  Turk-  a  tax.      Mini.-ter-« 

■  (io<l  were  draji'jed  from  their  i  hun  he-,  healt'ii  with    o<l-, 

d  (ondenuud  to  di'uth."     A-  Peter  told  of  tlu'-i'  wroi\^'- 

ihe  Christians  at  Jeru-alein,  hi-  face  wa-  i  a-t  down  and 

\oiii-  wa-  choked   with   -oh.-;    while  the   peopK'  wept. 

:.  i;  l'o])e  L'rhaii  r-])oki'.      He  hejif^eil  the  ( "hristian  kniuhts 

'  ea-e  iheir  pflt\'  wars  upon  one  anothtr.     "  If  you  mu-l 

1  .   "'   .   .:.!    !-  ,     I'  t  .1...     ;_,-._    ......;,_.    »},..__..,   :.,  1, ...,,.. .,    '!';.rL-_ 

"  ari'  doecratin^Mhe  toml)  of  the  Savior."     When  hi' told 
'ihe  mi-erie-  of  JiTu-alem.  the  whole  a--emt)ly  wa-  a^aiii 


:o(}      I>\\\\    (>l      \.\Ii;kl(  AN    IIIMORN     IN    UkoPK 


in  tcar-^;  the  warrior-  who  hVtcrnd  to  tiitn  dutclud  tluir 
>W(ir(|>  and  -wore  in  thtir  luart>  tn  awnirf  the  tauM-  oi 
Chri-t.  •■  ("hri>tian  \Varri..r,-."  lu'  -aid,  "  listen  to  tlu- 
1,'roans  of  Jrru>akni  ;  Jc-us  Christ  taiU  \(>vi  t.)  hi-  (Irfcn-r."' 
And  he  (luoti'd  from  the  Hihlc  ilu'  wor(i>  of  Jou-.  Vhv 
whole  a>sinil)ly  arose  in  a  nia»  a>  one  man.  and  (rii-d, 
'■  II  i>  the  will  of  (iod  :  It  i>  [\u-  will  of  (iod  :  "  ••  \  e>, 
without  doui>t.  it   i>  tlu-  will  of  dod.""  (ontiniu.l  tht'  elo- 

(|Ufnt    pope,      "  Let    tho>e 
Words  1)1'  your  war  crv." 
The  War  of  the   Cross. 
Thf  haroiis  and  knights 
now    for<,'<it     tlu'ir    prixatr 
(juarrtU  and  took  a  >okiini 
oath    to    ri'stui'    the    tomb 
of  ("hri>t.     So  war  wa>  dc- 
dart'd  aj^'ain-t    tiic    inlidd 
Turk.s.     As  thi-  l)i>hops  re- 
turned   to    thiir    diurthfs 
tlu'V  (ontiiuu-d  to  hk'ss  the 
crowd   of  Christians  aloni; 
the  wa>-.  who  wi-hed  lobe 
led     to     the     Holy    Land. 
They    took    the    name    of 
"  Hearers    of    the    ("r<)s^,"' 
and  the  holy  war  was  called 
a     Crusade,       The     cros-. 
which    was    their  emblem, 
was    of    red   doth    or   silk.     It   was    I'lrst    blessed   by   the 
])<)pe    or    some   bishop   and    then    sewed    ui)on    the   rij^ht, 
shoulder    or    fastened    upon     the     front    of     the    helmet. 
The   Ousaders  beuj,'ed  the  i)ope  to  lead  them  in  person, 
but    he   felt   that   his   presence  was   needed   at   home,   so 


.\    KSK.HT    OF    TIU     in 


im;   (  KISADKS 


207 


i 


.    ;i[)|)oiiitiil    tlu'    Hi>li()|)  of    I'uy   ;i>   hi>   legate  witli  the 
•  ;;i\   (ti  ( "rUNadiTs. 

Preparing  for  the  Journey  Thf  farm-  of  the  holy  war 
-."111  -jircad  ahroa<l,  and  cxiTV  oiu-  \va->  lagtT  to  mari  h  to 
(1  ru-aliir.  All  luiropc  >ci-iiu'd  to  he  tak.in;i  arni>  against 
\-ii.  r  ic  ("oumil  of  ('U'rinoiit  \va>  held  in  \o\i'nil)tT 
,.,05.  while  the  departure  o.'  the  (■ru>ader>  \va>  tix^'d  for 
ihr  following  >pring.  During  the  wintiT  n.>thing  was 
'hought  of  hut  i)reparation>  for  the  \oyage  to  the  Holy 
1.  slid.  Men  were  eager  to  >ell  everything  that  they  eould 
lii.t  I  arry  with  them. 

A  Queer  Army.  As  soon  as  s])ring  came  tht'  peo])Ie 
hiMent'd  to  the  plaees  where  they  were  to  assemble.  'I'lu' 
L'M  ,iter  number  \vent  on  foot,  some  on  horsebatk,  and  many 
in  ox  wagons.  They  were  arme<l  with  lanci's,  >words. 
ii\eli:is,  iron  elubs,  or  other  rude  weai)()ns.  The  crowds 
were  a  curiou>  mi.xture  of  all  >()rts  of  peopii'  knight>  and 
i:.i>nks,  rich  and  poor,  old  men  and  boys,  and  even  women 
:uid  ihildren. 

Europe  Taking  Arms,  F'veryw  here  was  heard  the  clang 
"!  arm>  and  armitr  or  the  braying  of  trumpets.  The  zealous 
K:iight>  were  even  now  chanting  their  songs  of  victory. 
• 'n  all  sides  resounded  the  war  cry  of  the  Crusaders: 
ll  i-  the  will  of  Ciod  :  It  is  the  will  of  liod  !  '"  Entire 
;  iiulies  and  whole  villages  set  out  ior  Palestine;  even  the 
-i<  k  and  weak  often  dragged  themselves  along.  Those 
" 'io  could  ncit  go  wept  as  the  Crusaders  set  out. 

Expecting    Food     from    Heaven         The    thousands    of 

!      'r.  ignorant  people  who  made  uj)  the  m(»b  never  stop])e(l 

a>k    themselves   where    they    were    to    get    their    food. 

'■>•  thought  that  surely  (iod  would   not   lea\e  pilgrims 

thed  with  the  holy  cross  to  perish  from  hunger.     Even 

great  lords  knevv-  litlh-  of  the  world  or  what  a  long  and 


fi 

it 


n 


I'i 


'I 


^O.S      I'WW    HI      \MI  Kl(    \\    III-|(1RN     IN    1,1  k(iri. 


(lillh  lilt  m.iri  li  tlu\  U(rc  uiidtrt.ikinu.  Sniiit-  tuuk  thn'r 
liinitiiiL'  .mil  li-liiim  nutlit-  .iml  man  hid  a\v,i\  willi  tluii 
tall  oil-  nil  llitir  uri-t-.  iiro  tilnl  1)\   llicir  lnniiid-. 

The  Army  is  Divided.  Sui  li  louiiilc^^  iuiiiiIkt^  IkuI 
taken  u|)  thr  im---  llial  tlurc  wtrc  ciiuu^'h  to  turni  -iviral 
lari^T  ariiiii's;  and  a-  lluy  wiuilil  li.i\f  to  Ii\r  iipiin  thr 
(uiiiitrii-  tlirou;.'li  \vhi(  li  tlu\  |>a>-(il,  it  \va>  tliouu'ht  In-t 
tor  the  (  liitf  print  t-  to  had  tlitir  t"olloutr>  alonu  dilYt  nut 
routes,  and  ti>r  all  to  meet   latir  at   (  on-tantiiiopir. 

Peter  in  Command.  —  'I  In-  multitude  who  lojlowed  Peter 
t  lio^e  him  I'nr  their  general.  He  took  lonimand.  mounted 
upoti  hi-'  mule,  and  -oon  found  a  nioh  of  one  huniired 
thou.-and  people  at  hi->  hatk.  Amoni;  them  were  wonitii. 
children,  and  m,  iiy  >i»k.  who  thouuht  that  (iod  himxlf 
would  ])roteet  thein.  that  the  ri\ir-  wouM  |)arl  for  ihem  tn 
]>,!->  o\-er.  and  that  manna  would  fall  from  iiea\fn  to  iad 
them.  The  mullitu<le  wa-  di\ided  into  two  armie-. 
Waller  the  I'eiinile-  led  tlu'  way  with  oid_\-  I'i.uht  hor-emei 
and  a  part  of  I'eter'-  army  tollowinu  on  foot.  IVler  \va>  t 
>et  out  >ome  time  later  with  the  remaining;  ho>l.  A>  eai  h 
new  eity  (anu'  into  \iew,  the  t  hildnn  tried  out:  "  Is  thai 
Jerusalem  ':'  " 

The  Crusaders  in  Bulgaria.  The  (■ru>aders  were  will 
led  hy  the  jjeople  a^  loni,'  a-  ihey  were  on  Trench  and  (ier- 
man  >oil  ;  hut  on  the  hank-  of  the  Danube  Walter  found 
a  (old  neeplion  anionj,'  the  Hul^'arians.  When  the  gov- 
ernor of  the  Bulgarians  wa>  unal)le  to  supply  the  army  of  the 
('ro>s  with  tood.  the  Ou>a(lers  sjiread  o\er  the  country. 
carr:\'d  otf  the  tlock>.  burnt  the  hoii>es.  and  massacred  some 
of  the  people,  wlio  objected  to  being  ])lunclerc'd.  The  Bui 
garuins  rari  lo  arni>  .uid  leii  upon  iIk-  >oidIei>  oi  Waiur 
loaded  with  booty.  A  hundred  and  forty  Crusaders  per- 
i>hed  in  the  tlame>  of  a  church  in  which  thev  hud  taken 


■n. 
II 


nil     (  Kl  >\l>l.> 


JOi) 


ML.'!,  whilr  the  rot   -i>UL'hl    -atti\    in  tliulit.     'Ilu    u  n  i  k 
\\,  liter'-  .iriiis .  -.ufYtrinu'  Irom  i, mi  inc.  ( ■•ntiiuicl  it-  ni.iri  h 

■  ;  'imh    the   l'urt>t-.      Alter   twn    lUDtith-   <>\    l,iti.i;ui'.    tlie\ 

;  ■  i\  eil  under  the  w.ilU  ni  I'Mn-t.intiiiuj.le  w  lit  re  the  eiiijn  r^ir 
\;i  \i-  perinitletl  lluni  to  w.ul  ti>r  the  arnu  nt  I'eter  the 
W  niiit. 

Peter  Bringing  up  the  Rear  I't  ttr'-  arni\  \vi-  then 
iii^-in;,'  thruULrh  (iertnanx  r.ixl  ahmit  tu  re(ei\-e  w.tr-e 
M(  atMient  than  that  ot"  Walter,      rpiin  arrixini:  at  the  uate- 

'!  >einlin,  in  llunLrar\-.  I'eter"-  ho-t  heheld  tlu'  -lain  iMidi*-, 

■  •  -e\eral  Cru-ader-  han^'in^'  on  im-t-.  Thi-  arou-ed 
r  !i  r-  wrath,  and  he  L;a\e  the  -iunal  l'i>r  rexi-ni^e  Mure 
'h.m  lour  thdU-and  n\  the  inhahilant-  nl'  Sendin  fell  under 
•iie  -Word  of  the  ("ru-ader-. 

Peters  Army  Beyond  Control.       The  kini:  ot   Hunuir) 
;    '.v  ^^atluTed  an  army,  and  hi-  ])i-o])le  lltd  from  their  uii 
i-rtilied    eitie-    into    the    fore-t-    and    mountain-.      I'eter'- 
•  ;ii>  .  ,1-  it  proceeded,  fouml  the  c  itii>  .md  \  illaixe-  <ie-erted. 
:id    there  \va>  no  food    for   thi-   IninuM)'  ho-,t.     'I'lie   leader 
!■  -t   lontrol  o.  hi-  nioh.  and  when  they  burnt   -onie  mill-, 
i  Army  of  the  enemy  fell  upon  hi-  re.ir  ;^'uard.  ma->ai  re(l 
i    iiidreds  of  hi-  tollower-.  laptured   two  thou>un(l  waj^ons 
m!  a  t^'reat  numl'cr  of  pri-oner>. 

The  Host  of  Peter  Routed.       .\  battle  followtd.  and  the 

'iljrim  mob,  tinhtin^  without  orders  and  without  leader-. 

.'  ;-  routctl  and  (  ut  to  pit-ces.     The  wom<ii.  the  ehildren, 

'■'    horses,   even   the   (hot   that    lontaiiu'd    the   numerou> 

i  rin^s  of  the  faithful,  all  fell  into  the  hand-  of  the  furious 

euiy.     'i"he  Hermit   Peter  escaped  with  the  w  re(  k  of  liis 

nn)-.     Only  thirty  thousand  were  left  ;    and  thi^  ra^'.^ed 

;;d  starvin<f  mob  was  no  lonj^er  feared,     lieintr  >upi)lied 

iih  food  thnjuffh  pitv,  thev  at  last  ;;rrived  at  ("on>tanti- 

,.j>Ie. 

p 


li 


P 


li- 


ft 


•1 


-MO       I»\\\\     f)|       WII   k|(    \\      ||lsl(,{<\      l\      II    k 


nl'i. 


Alexias  Lending  a  Hand        I  h.  .irniir^..|  I',  trrnnl  U.li.r 
n..\v   iiunil..r..|   .,iir   luiiulr.,!    ihuu^aiid        I  ti.v    uIma,.!    ,„, 
""«  ■  I'liI  I'ill.i.:;..]    tth-  .nuiitr\   ,in.l  .a.ii  iIh-  ,  (mr,  h.  -  .it),,u! 
the  (ity.      .\l.\i~,    I,,  in-  ,i!!\iwi|,   |.,   ^,  t    riM   ..|    til,  in.    lui 
iii^h..!  ^hi|w  tM,,irr>  ih.ni  t.,  llic.ih.r  mM.  oi  iti.   |{...|,uru- 
.\-MM,n.r  h.Hl  th.  \  Ml  lunt  ,i|M,n  .\>i,i  lit. ,11  tlu>  .,,nunittr,| 
;tli   -'Tt.  ..I    xiMKiHf   ,iM(|   (rime.      'I'h.y    imM,,-,!   ,,n<l    pluii 
.icrtd  ,\,r>uh.rc.   (  hri-lian^  an.l  Turk.  ,.likr;    ,nul   ili,  „ 
1. 11  intn  ,jii,irrr!>  .Miion-  thcniMlxr^  n\,r  ilic  Im.mIx. 

Christian  Army  Slain.        'I  lu-  I  r.iuh  I.o,,M!uII\  \  l.tirn.  ,| 
tndit  turcvcn  ,1'u.Mi  turtun.-.      S,,  tf,r  (..rin.iii-.  ,in.|  It.iliau- 
iIkm'  111. ir  own  ;;rncral.  uhu  |,,1  tluin  ,it  nn.  .■  l..  nu.l  ih,- 
'\'mk>.     Thi.  ua.  ju.t  tlirdiaii.rth.'rurk^d.Mrr.i.     'j'luv 
"I'l   'lii>  part  ..I   the  army  m   thr  .  ru~~  ;,nd  put    th.-  ulmlr 
nuiltitu.ic  tM  tl„-  .uur.i.     Wh.n  ll..-  dr.atllul  n.w.  na.li.-,! 
thf  i)n.ii.|    I  rciuh.   ihry   ,purn.-.|  all  a.Ki..-  an-l  mI   mit    ia 
ha>tr  t.,  av.-n-.   the  dau-htcr  ni  ih.ir  Irlluu-  jiil-riin^.     'I  h,- 
'rurk>  .un.ial.-.l   a   part    ..f   tluir  army    in    the   tnr.-t    and 
awaitrd  the  {  liriMian  h.,.t.     Thr  M,ldi',r>  m  the  .r.,v,  w.  r, 
>.Mm    -urn.undc.l    and    cut    d..\\n    amid    liorrihlr    .arna-. 
V,  alter,    \vli..>i'    (nmman(l>    were    no    lon.-rr    lucdrd,    t.li, 
luVrud    l.y    M'Vcn    arrow.,     'jhr    wh..lf    armv    luridud    in 
thi>  >iii-lc  haul.';    and  of   tin-  multitudr  who  had    mI    out 
fur  Jerusdfm  there  rrmaiiud  only  a  .  onlu>r(l  hrap  o|  hot,,  , 
spread  over  ,he  plain-  of  .\i,ra. 

Why  They  Failed.  Peter  had  returned  to  (•on>ta:-.;; 
""pl*'  1'  Ion-  the  battle.  He  said  that  the  ( "m.-ader^  had 
bcrome  a  hnA  ul  l,ri,uan<l>  and  that  (iod  was  utuvillin-  t., 
have  them  look  upon  the  tomb  of  Hi>  Son.  Thus  the  count- 
less multitude  who  set  ..ut  from  Kurope  with  e.-nliden,.- 
perished  miserably  and  in  vain,  without  .ettin-  .  \  es  u]Hm 
tne  Iloiy  Ciiy.  Can  you  think  of  >ome  rea>on>  whv  thev 
failed  :■' 


nil      (   KM   ^  \hl 


-•  I  I 


\'.,ll,r 

III       ?lM 

.lin  >Ut 

.    Mil 

lOl'll- 

liltnl 
|i|uil 

ill.  n 

iiiiK  i| 
iliaii- 
■1  the 
■I'Ihv 
vhi.lr 
l.llc! 
Ut  i,l 
'lllr 

aii'l 
wcri' 

frl!, 

li    in 

nut 
I'.-.li 

ha^i 

uni- 

i}xin 
htv 


'I 


Godfrey    and    His    KniRhts         ll<.u.\rr.    th.ir    i.  rriMc 

''    I'Hild   11, ,1   ,li,.k   ih.-  (  ru-ailiii-   -j.itil.   |..r  .illitr  tmilli 

,-    urn-    n..w    ■..iiiiiiu'    tn-.ilirr    in    It.iK,    Ir.iihr,    ai    , 

.   r.':;iii>         I  lir     lliron-^     wlw    |,,ll..u,,|     |',  i,r     lia^i     t-.t  ii 

■'I'    """■'■   tlian    iumI  ,  Ml     wr.t.h,,!     l.tL'^ar-   ami   rniih.  r>. 

•    ;li.    }\v\\  ariii>   n,)\\   r<a,i_\    to  -tart  \va>  i  hi.t1\   ma.ir  u]. 

'   .Mil  arncil  i-.niuiit  -  ami  iidili-  K-,1  li\   (,,,.|ir(\.  a  I'aniiiii-, 

■aj!il    and    duk<'.      (i..(|frr_\    ua-    hra\r.    virlunu-.    ami    ut 

■■'•'rliil  l.uiM  .    ami   fmn)   hi.  rarli.-t   _\..ulli,   li--  had  l„vii 

aiixl    tu    imht.      .Maii>    a    kiii-hl    had    lall.  n    l.tjorr    lii> 

Mil    a\.      Ili-ariii\   wa- coti!]  Mi-,-,i  ,.t' t  lu   ^natt -t  uarrillr^ 

■  l.!:rii|ic.  I  lad  in  llir  I'lnr-I  -trci. 

Money  for  the  Holy  War.        Iai  r>  tliiiiL:  wa-  M,ld  to  pru- 

:■     arm-,      Knii:lit-   and    !iar..n-    -,,|d    .li.irt.T-   <•{    lih.rty 

'  !n,  ir  ti.wn-,  tti<  \   -..Id  ali  tin-  i  rup-  ..l  tlicir  .-latt-.  ili.  y 

■•'i-ht   li.rtli   tlicir  -ci  ret    -t..rr-  ,.|'  -,.1,|  ;    tlu\    cvan   -..Id 

.  ir  .  a-tic-  ami  lamU  t..  pri.c  ur.    all  tiiiiit:-  mcih  d  t..r  the 

■'\  war. 

Signs  in  the  Heavens.  During'  t)i.-r  dax-  ulun  the 
'I'll-  uiTc  \cry  i^'iinraiit  ami  -uprr-tit  i..u-,  the  m.M.n 
!i'    iiiti.  ft  lip-r.  ami    the   I'riLrlitencd   iicn|)lf  -,iid    that    it 

-  llu-  (i.li.r  i,\   1.1 1.     Suinc  week-  alter  this  the  \vh..U' 

n/..n  -tcnicd  t..  l.r  ..n  lire,  and  \hv  tcrrilitd  jx-opli-  !.,■- 
•  i!  that  the  (•luiii)-  \va>  advamin.,'  I'mni  tin-  mirth,  lire 
■i   -w.ird   in   liand.      Thc-c   portent-,   with   ..ther  -i^'n-   in 

■  heaven-    the  people  >.iid.  forelold  the  terril.le  war. 
Nobles  in  Arms.        Tho-e  who  had  m.t   \tt   tak<'ii  oath 
iiu'ht  auain-t   the  inliijel-  hastened  ii..w  to  take  the  .To-, 
iierl  of  \orniand>.  the  eldiNt  son  of  William  the  Coii- 

:  ror,  led  hi>  \as-al-  lo  the  holy  war;  Rol.ert.  Count  of 
:!id<T-.i)laie(i  him-e!f  at  theheai!  of  hi-  kni;.dits;  Stei.heii. 
ant  ol  lilois.  had  taken  u]*  the  ( ro-- ;  and  knight-  and 
'le-enli.sted  by  lhchuntired>  in  all  the  Christian  (nuntrie-. 


-MJ      I)\\\\    ()|     AM!    ;l(\\    HI.S'IOK\     I\    |;iK()l>K 

An  Army.  Not  a  M.ib  -  In  dittcrcnt  armies  they  si-t  out 
and  were  midii  ciuai  ;u(|  near  Constantinople.  Kvcrv- 
wluTc  thi-\  SI'.'  the  w  iiiteninj,'  horns  of  the  pilgrims  who 
had  hcin  with  Walter  and  Peter,  The  !ea(h  rs  learned 
ie-^-on>  from  thcM-  ,arly  cahimities.  and  laiil  down  strict 
ruh'>  of  (h'x  ii)h"iie  for  their  tn-ops.  They  advaneed  in  the 
ln->t   ot  order  liirou.uh  Asia  Minor. 

Headed  for  Palestine.  .\fter  defeat in<;  the  Turks  at 
Xieea.  liie  host  advaiued  '.oward  Pale.-tin-.  i>a»in,u  some- 
time- through  (h'sert.-.  where  they  met  with  untold  >utTer- 
m^'  and  where  hundred-  died  <»f  thirst.  At  one  lime  when 
the  whole  army  \\a>  aliout  to  peri>h  in  the  parched  desert, 
the  doj^'s  were  >ei'n  to  depart  from  the  camp  and  to  come 
haek  later  (overed  with  wet  >an<l.  The  whole  army  rushed 
headlong  following'  the  tracks  of  the  dojrs,  and  came  to  a 
river,  SutTerin;;  from  heat  and  thir.-t.  they  plun.ued  in  and 
drank  S(.  eauerly  that  three  hundred  of  them  died  alnio.-t 
immediately,  while  many  others  became  ill  and  could  not 
continue  the  march. 

Crusaders  at  Antibch.  .\t  la-t.  after  losinj,'  manv 
soldier-  in  battles  with  the  Turks,  the  Crusaders  reached 
the  ancient  city  of  .\ntioch,  where  lay  the  ashes  of  hundreds 
ol  Christian  saints  and  martyrs.  Before  its  walls  the 
Ousaders  suffered  greatly  from  hunger  and  di.sease.  for 
th<'  lleets  had  ceased  to  follow  them  with  food.  After  a 
sie^^e  of  seven  months,  Antioch  fell  to  the  Christians,  who 
ru-hed  in  with  the  cry:  '•  It  is  the  will  of  (iod  :  It  i> 
the  will  of  Cod:"  They  found  i^rfiU  riches,  but  little 
lood.  and  they  were  soon  shut  up  in  the  city  and  besieged 
l)y  a  great  army  of  Saracens. 

The  Christian  Army  Starving.  Articles  of  food  cost 
their  weitdit  in  <Mld  wliil''  -i  khiui,!  ,a"  cil\-(.r  ,■•-..;  ,rU-.,r,  f. ••• 
the  head  of  a  horse  or  of  an  o.\.     The  poor  who  followed 


^^*M   '■VmfV'''^ 


,m',m--^^:-^<- 


%m^.^B^^m:'^m^z^^M:^ji:s. 


THK   CkLSADKS 


-'I  > 


the  army  wtTc  cctmpcllcd  to  >ul)sist  on  roots  and  k-avt-s  ; 
-unit'  I'vcn  (if\-ourt.'(l  tlu-  It-atluT  of  tluir  hiuklcrs  and 
-liuis.  l-"amint'  carrii-d  off  cxcry  day  a  grt-at  niimliiT  of 
\hv  Christians.  The  living  ht-canu-  >o  wt-ak  that  thi-\- 
Ti'  -!  arii'l\-  ahk-  to  lift   their  armor  or  to  l)ur\-  tht-  dead. 


V.l 


Their    Only    Hope.        In    thi>   starvin<,'   condition 


th 


cv 


iruinhrd    out    against    the   cni'nu-,    >in!iing   hvmn>.     'I'l 


uv 


!'»ikfd  iikt-aii  army  of  beggars  loming  to  a>k  alm>.  but  they 
liiire  down  upon  the  Saracens  in  >uih  a  desperate  charge 
tli.it  the  Saracen  army  lied.  Their  camj)  was  taken,  with 
ininunse  booty  in  treasure,  jiroxisions.  camels,  and  horses. 
lAiry  Crusader  >uddenly  became  rich.  It  i>  said  the 
liuidels   left   one   hundred   thousand   dead   on    the   field   of 


ittle,  while  the  Crusaders  lost  but   four  th 


ousanc 


1.     Fif- 

hcn  thou-and  camel>  and  a  great   number  of    horses   fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Christian  army. 

Through  Syria.      Si.\  months  passed  before  the  Crusaders 
-it  out  from  Antioch  for  Jerusalem.     On  the  wav  thev  re- 


i\ed  with  great  joy  a  reenforcement  of  new  Crusad 
i>in  Holland  and  England.     In  passing  through  the  pn 


ers 


nice 


ol!\ 


of  Syria,  the  Crusaders  came 


uj)<)n  great   groves  of 


e  trees,  oranges,  and  a  new  j)lant.  which  attracted  at- 
!(iition  because  it  was  sweeter  than  hone>-.     The  inhabit- 
ant- called    it    /.ucra ;    it    was    what   is    now    called    sugar 
'  nie.      This  plant  afforded  much  assistance  to  the  Cru.-aders 
inring  famine.     Sugar  cane  had  been  unknown  in  the  West, 
■it  it  >o()n  became  of  great  imj)ortance  in  commerce. 
Following  the  Coast.       The  c  rusading  army  wa>  now  re- 
duced by  losses  and  desertion  to  lifty  thousand.      I'irhaps 
''n">  made  them  the  stronger,  for  they  were  not  burdened 
>  a  multitude  who  were  of  no  helj)  in  battle.     Following  the 
.;  t  in  order  to  be  pro\'i>iuiu  I  by  (ieiiooe  and  Flemish 
'  <  ts.  they  passed  by  Sidon  and  Tyre  and  Acre  and  Joppa. 


!l 


'J 

I' 

f:  : 


n^  ' 


'■:P>-Z'yWi 


214      I>A\VN    Ol     A.MKRIC.W    UlS'lOkV    IN    KlKOI'i: 


Nearing    Jerusalem.    -  And    now    with    frrcat    jov    the 
Cru.-adcTs   approachi'd    Ji-rusik'm.     Whi-n    thi'y    a-»an(ltd 
thi-  hi-iV'ht>  of   Knimaus  aii.i   hrhcld   tlu-   Holy  ("itv  iisrlf 
hfforc  Ihfir  i'yf>.    they  shouted  :  "  JiTu.sdfm:     JiTUsali'in.' 
It  is  ihf  will  of  (Jod:     It  is  the  will  of  (iodl  "     Their  shout 
resounded  over  Mt.  Zion  and  the  Mount  of  Oiises.     Some 
cast  themselves  ujjon  their  knee>  on  l)eholdiii^'  the  >ai  red 
places,  others  kissed  the  earth  where  the  Savior  had  trod. 
The  horsemen  dismounted  and   marehed  barefooted.     Uy 
turns  they  passed  from  joy  to  saihiess.     Thev  wept  over 
their  sins,  and  rejoieed    that  the  en<i  of   their    Ion<;.  Ion;,' 
journey  was  in  sij^ht.     They  all  renewi-d  the  oath  they  had 
so  often  made  to  deliver  the  Holy  ("ity  from  the  yoke  of 
the  Saracens.     There  was  not  a  valley  or  a  rock  hut  had  a 
name  sacred  to  the  Christians,  and  they  could  not   with- 
draw their  eyes  from  th(>  Holy  City,  nor  lea^c  to  lament 
over  its  misfortunes.     It  looked  as  thouuh  it   were  l)uried 
in  its  own  ruins. 

Turks  Making  Ready.  Vhv  Turk.s  had  rava^'ed  the 
surrounding  plains,  burnt  the  villages,  tilied  uj)  or  jjoisoned 
the  cisterns,  and  made  the  country  a  desiTt.  So  the  Chris- 
tians soon  began  to  suffer  from  famine  and  di>ease.  The 
Calif  had  Ijrought  to  the  city  j)rovisi()n>  for  a  long  -ifm.. 
had  called  uj)on  all  the  Turks  to  come  to  the  defenM.-  of 
Jerusalem,  and  had  employed  a  great  number  of  workmen, 
day  and  night,  to  construct  machines  of  v.ar.  and  to  rejiair 
the  towers.  The  garrison  of  !he  city  amounted  to  fortv 
thousand  men  besides  twenty  thousand  of  the  inhabit- 
ants who  had  taken  uj)  arms. 

An  Immediate  Attack.  Some  of  the  Christian  leaders 
urged  an  immediate  attack,  although  they  had  neither 
uultlers  'ior  iruuTiino  sif  war.  Thiy  thought  thai  >urel\ 
God   liimself   would   come    to    their   aid.     The    Christian 


^^^ii'J-^^-i^SPS^ 


^5T«^^tl«i^^¥7^ 


'     ' »  tf 


9f^fm^mPyiP^7- 


IHi:   CRUSADES 


21 


"       '    „-l-''..A 


,s   ■-  /.       .  I 


7v_ 


>-  > 


■^  \ 


>  (U  If, 


3C       ',    " 


Tin:  ( la  sAi>i:s 

>  .•:■•    .  ;    M.„.. 

U  On         i   »(J        .:/ii         JtAi        _Ju         rtJ« 


.  wri  (Tusuiii  <  A 


{f «.  //.ir.'^r  .«a  -^ 
A.-'ir,  „^( 


l.-«c'ul«    I'm*        J4'      ftvtn    (irwnwijb 


Palestink.  showing  thk  Routes  of  thk  Cki  sades. 


If 


If 


Jf?.i  J'-ifX         '    '  ■ 


„.   i^A/ 


2\(>     IJ.WVN    OF   A.MFKU.W    HIST()k^■    IN    ElKOI-K 

;irmy,  thcrcfort.-.  aj)i)r()a(  lu'd  the  walls  with  ^rcat  zi-al, 
hohh'n^f  thfir  bucklers  (>\er  tlu-ir  hea(l>  ami  tryini,'  with 
j)ikes  and  hammers  to  deNtroy  the  walls.  Some  stood 
farther  away  and  used  their  slinks  and  ( ros^hows  to  dri\f 
ihe  enemy  away  from  the  walls.  The  Turks  threw  down 
from  the  parapet  oil,  boilinj^  pitth.  larj^e  stones,  and  enor- 
mous l)eam>;  but  the\-  could  not  check  the  enthu>iasm  df 
the  ("hri>tians. 

The  Inner  Wall  Solid.  The  Crusaders  tore  down  the 
outer  wall,  but  found  an  inner  one  which  was  solid.  Thev 
mu>t  either  >cale  it  with  ladders  or  ^ive  it  uj).  Having  one 
ladder  that  was  lonj^  enough  to  reach  the  toj).  the  bravest 
mounted  upon  it  and  fought  the  Turks  hand  to  hand.  Hut 
so  few  could  gain  the  toj)  with  but  one  ladder  that  thev 
could  not  hold  their  own  against  the  >warm  of  Saracens. 
Ileaxen  did  not  come  to  their  aid.  and  their  bravery  was 
unvailing.     So  the  Christians  had  to  retreat. 

Building  Machines  of  War.  They  now  set  to  work  at 
once  to  build  machines  of  war.  Hut  it  was  dithcult  to 
tmd  the  necessary  wood  in  a  country  of  l)arren  >ands  and 
rocks.  'I'hey  tore  down  hou>es  and  even  churches  near  the 
city  to  o!)tain  timber  for  the  hurling  machines  and  batter- 
ing rams. 

Dying  of  Thirst.  The  most  intense  heat  of  summer  now 
came  upon  them.  A  scorching  sun  and  hot  southern  winds 
loaded  with  the  sands  of  the  desert  sv.ept  the  countrx. 
Plants  and  animals  perished.  stream>  and  springs  dried  up 
The  Christian  army  soon  became  a  prey  to  all  the  horror^ 
of  thir-t.  •  Mver)'  morning,  "i  is  said,  the  sufferers  glued 
their  parched  lijis  to  the  marl)les  coxered  with  clew.  The\ 
e\-en  plowed  uj)  the  ground  with  their  swords  to  bur\-  their 
heati>  in  the  moi->t  earth. 

Quarrels    Break    Out.   -  Those    who    were    fortunate 


it^nS^.'ii.Aii/ 


THE   (.RLSADi-.S 


21 


I 


.nrtiv^h  to  discover  a  >I>ring  concealed  it  from  other>, 
,iiul  ([uarrels  broke  out.     Olttimes  the  CruMiders  drew  their 

-,vurii>  upon  one  another  lor  the  sake  of  a  little  muddywater. 

I  lit  animals  were  released  and  wandered  over  the  desert 
\<>  die  of  thir>t.  The  Saracens  mij^ht  have  attacked  them 
!!'.'  11  ;ind  won  an  ea>y  victory,  hut  they  feared  the  famous 
kiiiuht>. 

Heaven  Sends  Aid.  Just  at  this  time  the  Christians 
!:•  ard  that  a  (jem)ese  tleet  with  j)rovision>  was  sailing;  for 
till   ]»ort  of  Joppa.  and  they  sent  a  hand  to  meet  it.     Soon 

iiti  r  the  lleet  arrived,  it  was  surprised  and  captured  hy  a 
il'  rt  of  the  Turks,  hut  not  until  >ome  j)rovisions  and  mate- 
ri,il>  of  war  had  been  landed.  Knj;ineers  and  carpenters 
li.id  also  landed  fn»T"  the  lleet.  These  hastened  toward 
'In-  >a(  red  city  and  soon  ai)j)eared  before  the  walls  of  Jeru- 

,iKin.  Kvery  one  renewed  his  zeal.  Those  who  could  help 
A  >  irked  night  and  day  uj)on  the  machines  of  war.  Three 
"I  these  machines  were  huge  towers  built  on  rollers.  Kach 
i"Wir  had  three  stages,  or  stories,  the  lowest  for  the  men 
who  were  to  move  it  uj)  to  the  walls,  and  the  second  and 
third  ■^tories,  for  the  warriors  who  were  to  clear  the  parapets 

•:  ill-lenders  and  to  mount  u[)on  them.  These  towers  were 
iii-rhcr  than  the  walls.     At   the  toj)  was  ti.xed  a  kind  of 

irawbridge,  which  could  be  let  down  upon  the  wa!l>  for  the 
r. nights  to  j)ass  over. 

Ready  for  Another  Attack.  When  the  machines  were 
'■  HJy.  the  Christian  army  began  to  work  uj)  their  courage. 
\:trr  a   three  days"   fast,  the  whole  army  marched  bare- 

I  adid  and  barefooted  around  the  city,  preceded  by  jjriests 
'thrd  in  white,  carrying  images  of  the  saints  and  singing 

'i>  -ongs.  They  stopped  on  the  very  spot.  u[)on  the 
Mount  of  ( )lives,  where  Christ  ascended  into  heaven.     They 

okerl  upon  the  rocks  of  Calvary  and  fell  ujxjn  their  knees 


*  » 


t  . 


=  !i 


r 

■I  i 


*'^'-*«b-C? 


2i8      DAWN    (»1     AMKkK  AN    lIl^|()k^     IN    I.l  kol'K 


to  pray.  Thi}-  pa^xd  1)}  the  jxiol  of  Siloaiu,  wluTc  ('hri>t 
R'stori'd  ^ight  to  llu'  man  horn  blind;  tlu'V  niardud  alon;^ 
the  foot  of  Mount  Zion.  and  to\varil>  ivtning  ihi}  rcturmd 
to  thi'ir  tamp,  where  nian\  >piiil  the  night  in  praxer. 

An  All-day  Battle.  At  (hi\  l)reak  on  tlie  morning  of  July 
14.  iO(>(>.  the  clarion>  soundt'd  the  (all  to  battle  in  tlie 
Christian  lamp,  and  the  (■ru>a([er>  llew  to  arm.>.  All  the 
machines  were  moved  to  the  wall>.  .nui  the  Christians  at 
tacked  tlie  enemy  with  great  fury.  While  the  bowmen 
discharged  a  storm  of  arrows,  the  men  raided  ladcler:^  to 
scale  the  walls,  the  hurling  machines  threw  huge  atones, 
and  the  baltc-ring  rams  hanimi-red  at  tlie  tower-.  The 
Turks,  in  turn,  fought  with  a  great  courage.  They  shot 
arrows,  hurled  javelins,  and  threw  down  boiling  oil  and 
(ireek  lire,  which  vinegar  alone  would  cjuench.  .\nd  thus 
the  fiercest  lighting  went  on  all  da\-  and  until  darknes^ 
came.  The  Christians  had  the  be>t  of  the  light  and  re- 
newed it  the  ne.xt  morning. 

Jerusalem  Taken.  The  Turk>  uj)on  the  walls  now 
taunted  the  Christians  for  worshiping  a  Cod  who  was  not 
able  to  defend  them.  Again  the_\-  hurled  torclies.  lirepot>. 
and  innumerable  stone-,  for  they  had  fourteen  machine- 
within  the  walls.  The  Christians  continued  to  light 
bravely,  facing  the  greatest  dangers.  .\t  last  the  tower  of 
(iodfrey,  although  on  tire,  wa>  pu-hed  up  close  enough  for 
the  drawbridge  to  reach  the  wall;  and  Codfrey  and  hi- 
powerful  knight-  leajied  upon  it.  lighting  like  giants.  Other- 
quickly  followed.  Th"  llames  and  smoke  from  some  burn- 
ing straw  were  carried  by  the  wind  into  the  faces  of  the 
'i'urks.  and  they  retreated  from  the  walls  before  the  sword- 
ol  the  knight-.  i  he  wall-  were  now  easily  scaiecl  with 
ladders,  the  gates  wc-re  o])ened.  and  the  Christian  host  en- 
tered shouting,   "It   i>  the    will    of    Cod,"'     The    Saracen- 


Hi*] 


«'TaisF'»*M-  >>j<- 


■^^MmhL^'^^'   '  1 


im-:  CKisAbK 


2Ii 


•iij: 


a  I 


U'll 


<»t 


()\V 


'In 


lor 


u- 


ith 


ui   I 


d 


r,si 


Aw  '!*;&* 


E^^± 


"m^^ 


mMiM 


220     DAWN    OI    AMKKKAX   HISTORY   IN    KUROPE 

wire  nius>;u  rtd  in  the  streets  and  in  the  houses  hv  the  tens 
ol  lh(»u>;iii(l>;  anrl  Jerusalem  was  filled  with  bl«K)d  and 
m()urnin<f. 

A  Thanksgiving.       (;()dfrey  repaired   to  the  ehunh  of 
the   Holy  Sepukher.   l)arefooted  and   unarmed,   to  render 


Kii  II  \k;i  1   IN   I'M  1  ^riM 

thanks.  When  the  others  heard  of  thi>.  they  ceased  slayinj,', 
east  away  their  bloody  garments,  and  marched  bareheaded 
and  barefooted  to  the  church  of  the  Resurrection.  While 
they  were  thus  as>embled  on  Calvary,  night  came  on. 

Wearing  a  Crown.  The  ne.xt  day  the  slaughter  ,)f  the 
Turks  began  anew.  For  weeks  the  Saracens  were  hunted 
down  and  put  to  the  sword.     Then  came  a  desire  for  j)eace, 

'T'll:.      an-:     ^•■•.  t  !  l!:l:vi;i.        Ijwtlin}       U  UN     (.  ilU.-Ctl     KHlg,      rjUt 

he  would  not  wear  a  crown  of  gold  in  thi-  cit\'  where  the 
S"'vior  wore  a  crown  of  thorns.     Instead  of  king  he  was 


■.J^J_\i>1iLi'l«L.!lir*^<.,4*  iW 


Tin;   CKL'SADES 


221 


,illtd  "  DefcndiT  and  Haron  (if  the  Holy  SipuUluT."  Of 
'iu  va>t  thrones  of  ('ru>a(kr>  who  srt  out  from  thiir  homes 
i  1  tlu'  Wot  for  thi'  Holy  Land,  only  a  few  were  now  alive. 
Many  of  tlusi-  soon  embarknl  for  home.  Thiir  i)ri'scnef  in 
i.uroiH-  stirred  up  ^'real  enthusiasm,  and  tliousinds  were 
'  imr  for  a  new  i  ru>ade. 

The  Second  Crusade.  -  The  Crusader  kni^diis  who  re- 
inaiiied  in  Jerusalem  drove  hack  the  Turks  from  I'ale>tine 
iiid  huilt  uj)  a  Christian  empire  in  .\>ia,  hut  it  wa>  not  lon<,' 
Iniore  the  Turk  was  a;;ain  K'^ii'iin-  ^roun.i.  .\  second 
<ru>ade  therefore  took  jilaee  about  lifty  years  after  the 
;ir^t.  It  was  led  hy  Kmi)eror  Conrad  III  and  L(.ui.  \TI  of 
1  r.nu  e,  hut  it  failed  miserably  becau.se  of  i^norarue  and  bad 
u'<  neral>hip. 

Another  Failure.       Forty  years  lat«r.  wluii  the    Turks 
had  reeai)tured  Jerusalem,  a  third  erusade  was  attempted. 


■ii 


h  I 


il' 


i^*l#^ 


222      DAWN    Of     AMF.klCAN    ms!OR^•    i\    F.rRDl'K 

This  ♦inu'  thrcr  rulers  of  Kiintin-  took  jKirt:  rrtdcrii  k 
Hiirhuro^sa  of  (iirmaiiy.  I'hilij)  II  of  IVaiuc.  and  Ridianl 
of  Kn^kiud.  This  \va>  the  hc-t  known  of  alithr  (■rii>a(it>. 
hut  it  also  faik-(i.  The  death  of  l're(hTi(  k  and  the  jealousy 
between  I'hihi)  an<l   Ri(  hard   ruin-d  \\u-  expedition. 

More  Ignorance  and  Folly.  Still  other  I'.xpeditions 
aj^ainst  the  Turks  >et  forth,  only  to  fail.  There  was  even 
a  children's  ('ru>adi'  in  which  ten>  of  thou-and-  of  children 
lost  their  lives.  All  this  show.-<  how  ij^norant  and  fooli>li 
the  people  of  those  times  weri'.  'Ihe  iurk.'^  held  their  own 
a^'ainst  all  comers,  and  Jerusalem  remained  at  la>t  in  their 
hands.  It  now  heiame  more  po])ular  f(  tho^e  who  wished 
to  make  war  on  the  intidels  to  helj)  th.  Spani>h  (loths  in 
their  efforts  to  drive  out  the  Moors  from  Spain. 

QI'F.STIO.VS 

I.  How  uirc  (■liri.>li.iiisliviiij,' ill  i1k' Holy  Lan.l  treatf.l  •'  j.  How 
dill     till'    Sarairns    trcit     thf    pil<,'riiii>    to    J<ru>altTii  ."     s-    Win  .^ 

4.  Who  Win-  llu-  Tiirk^.^  5.  How  did  tiny  ihanjic  al'tir  taking  itu' 
Saraien  cnij)iri.-'  ().  Did  tluy  litliavc  ditTcnritl)  toward  the  (■hri^- 
tiati  piJK'rim^:^     7.    'IVI!  ahout    I'ctir  thi'  Hermit   in  the  Holy  Land 

5.  Describe  l'eier'>  later  preadiiiij;.  o.  How  wa>  he  reieiscd  by  the 
people  ;■'  10,  Who  was  Ah'xis  and  why  did  he  hate  tlie  Turks  •' 
II.  Tell  about  the  (■ouiuii  of  Clermonl  1:.  Des(  ribe  Peter's  army 
and  tell  what  iiecameof  it.  i  ^  (iive  some  reasons  whv  he  I'.iiled  to 
riaih  Jerusalem.  14.  How  did  (iodirey's  army  dilTer  from  I'etcr'.-- ." 
iv  Des<  ribe  the  man  h  thn)u>;h  .\sia  Minor  towanl  Jerusalem. 
If).  Locale  the  cities  lluouKh  whiih  the  army  o|  the  t  m.^s  marehed. 
17.  W  hat  mistakes  did  tile  {'hrislians  make '^  i.S  Tell  about  the  tap- 
lun-  of  Jerusalem,  u,.  Discuss  the  later  crusader  and  tell  whv  thev 
faile.i. 


(•h.\iti;f<  XVI 


\u\ 


RESULTS   OF   THE   CRUSADES 

Saracens  Not  Horned  Devils."  I  lu'  Cru-a.its  were 
M  ,ilttri-(l  throii.-,'!!  a  tii-l.l  oi'  two  luin.lrnl  year-  during 
Ahiih  time  tlirunj,'s  ..i'  men  of  all  (■la».'>  niatrhtd  >\vonl> 
Mill  tlif  Tiirk-^.  And  allhouK'h  tlu-y  all  lailcd  to  rt  m  Uf  the 
I  Inly  Land,  -till  i:uro|.r  n-ajH'd  ^'rrat  >:ain  trom  tlicni.  'I'lic 
;rmy  o|'  the  '.  ro»  mI  out.  a>  tlu-y  thoiif^dit.  to  "  kill  lioriud 
d.  \  iU."'  hut  thoM'  frw  who  ixapfd  <kMth  c  arm-  hat  k  to  ttil 
"I  the  wondiTl'ul  ritii'-,  and  thi'  -;rfat  tountrio  that  tluy 
had  \  i-itrd,  and  oi'  thr  fdu(  atrd  jKopIc  whoni  tluy  had  m.t. 

The  Returning  Knights.  .\..t  only  the  nuiltitu<lcs  who 
^Miil.  hut  those  wh..  >tayfd  In-hind,  wen-  wonderfully 
-liniulatid  and  educated  l,y  the  Crusades;  for  the  nlurn- 
i'i'-r  knights  of  the  cnos  were  welcomed  to  every  tiroide.  and 
!lu'  i)eoi)le  wert'  never  tired  of  h^tenin-,'  to  their  e.\(itin<,' 
I  Aperiences. 

Europe  Ready   to   Learn.        Kuropean-  found   that   the 

•"lid  was  larjzcr  than  they  had  dreamed,  and   that   there 

' '  re  many  ^reat  nation>,  who  had  newer  idea.-^,  higher  way> 

'  ■  li\in^,  and  better  wa\.-  of  doing  things  than  thev  had. 

rile  people  of  Kuroi)e  >aw  that  they  mu>t  learn  the  greai 

-onsof -ivili/.ed  living  from  the>e  hated  Saraten-,  if  they 

died  to  he  the  leading  j)eopli-  <if  the  world.      Kurope  was 

'A-  ready  to  learn,  and  the  .\ral)>  proved  tine  teachers. 

New  Fashions  and  New  Foods,      The  (•ru>ader>  brought 

nie  among  other  ideas  new  fashions,  su(  h  a>  -having  and 

'thing.     The)    al,-o    taught    to    Kuroi)e    the   growing    of 


Jh^i^mws^K^mie^m' 


'•':^»«i»  «,S^;>,, y.:^    !;«„'^fa« 


:ffm. 


::\      l»\\V\    ()|     AMI.KK   \\    |||s|()k\     |\    |,|  KfHI. 

I(  nic'i-.  .iprii  <it-,  wattrim  lull-,,  rii  c.  and  -imar  (  anc.     'I'Ih  -i 
tliiii.y-  made  lilC  in  ilu-  \\  c^t  nm,  h  pNa-aiittr 

Ship  Building.        'I  hr  Cru-adtr^  aN.i  ;:riatl\    Miniulat.d 
^liip  l)uildiii^.      Man_\    m  w   \t>-.(N   had   l<<   he  Imili    in   th, 
Mfditi  rraiuaii  to  (.trr\    -ii|)i.li(s  t,,  th,.  army  ol  the  .  n.-- 
'I  lif  la.tiT  ( "ru-^adir-.  in  order  to  a\oid  tlif  lotitr.  t"i|M,ni, 
and  dan<:(roiiN  journey  o\erland.   took  pa-^ane   on    wattr 
Thu-  inan>    new  -lii|.>  were  lucded.     'I  he  -hip-  thai  i)H((l 


thi'  Miiliterranean  were  hirt^'er  than  lho>e  ajxin  the  Atlanti.  . 
I)ei;.a>e  the  inland  >ea  i>  not  a>  rouudi  a-  tiie  oeean,  .•.\]<\ 
there  were  jinat  nunilier-  of  men  -eekini,'  jia->am  l(.r  tli. 
Holy  Land.  The  \c-m1>  were  (.fteii  a  huiKired  leet  Ion- 
and  (uuld  carrw  ht-sido  several  x  ore  ot"  oar>men,  a  hundred 
or    m(»ri'    pa-senders    with    their    pro\i,-.ion>    and    lKi.u,L:aj.'< 

The  >hips  were  propi-IK'd   maiidy   hy  oar>,   hut   sail>  wen 

I,.  ...I  ...1 —  .1,   ^    ,•  II        •     ,       .,,,        ,  . 

•.:.-v  w  ■.-... I.;  t::i.i    v,  a  ^  a  id  \  or.i  riii   w  iHo .       i  he  --inji  I  aplani- 

in  early  time>.   took   their  live-  in   their  hands  when  the\ 
\-enlured  out  of  .Mght  of  land.     'I'luy  had  to  re|\-  upon  tin 


■-■si  fc%. 


''■'■     „  .1  ' .-'  'f    .  .S-'Sir--"-,,  -':        -V'f-'*!' 


MH 


J,.*:: 


kr>i  i.is  (II    I  in;  (  ,.( ^\[,, 


li  .111(1  ^tar- 


;uiMt  -.  and  ih. n  ua>  alwa\  -  d. 


iiu<r  ..t  ilif 


'^  <  II.  hi  nil,'  Indilt  I 


1  l'\   (  ioud-      Slii|)> 


''■'    I'V    a-    null  h 


"illtii  I1II--I  d  tli(  ir 


a>    li\i-   (iiiiidr 


til    IllIU  >. 


Mut 


<  r.i-a 


'l<^  taiiu-  Kriatc  r  kiicwlcd^'c  u|  t 


uilli    Ihf 


H   -ta  and  ul  tli 


f    U--«' 


HI).. 


The    Compass.        Slmrtlv    alttr    ilu-   lir^i    ( 


Ml-.!dt-     tlir 


r"|K,in->  icari.    I  il 


\ral,,, 


If  u>f  III   the  niariiur 


<  <iiii|ia--  IroiH 


uni.  hnumlii   It   tn.ni  llir  |.i-,|.      \\l 


111  inv  cnti  < 


!!l, 


■nipa-v  uf  do  nut  knew  ,  Imt  it 


i\f  <  "iiK-  from  China.     Siiuc  tl 


1-   -ll[t|M)N(  d    hy    -iitIK     til 


Ili'W  till  tlu 


'  I  'lit    iinrtli.  >ailt>r>  Knilt 

■■irnliiin-     in     t  luud)     wcatlur.       11 


If  I  iinijia---  alua\  -  i>«iint- 


ic 


-t  ti.nipa^-t.-.  wtrc  nurt  i\- 


niai'iitti/i'i 


dif-  li.Xfd  upt.n  (i.rk  and  tloalin^ 
'II  w-itir  M.  that  they  (<.ul,i  turn 
W  titn  thf  >fa  \va>  ndii^di.  the 
<ilr  11. 


-il\ 


■■  "ir  un  unit  h  the  lu-cdU'  llt.atcd  wa^        ^i^^imk.  t  ,.m,.v.- 
•ii-tur!.fd,  and  the  luvdK-  ,..ul.|  n..t  d-.  it.  wurk.     At  ki,t 
-  "'If  i.nf  tri.d  l.akuuin;,'  the  nft-tlii.  upon  a  p.,int.  and  thi. 
M-Vfd  >atisfa,  tt.ry  in  ail  ucathcT.     The-  (,.mpa»  .  uuM  n.-w 
'■•    nhfti   upt.n,  an.i   it    hrtanif  a  ^T.at   ai.l   t..  t..mnHr.f. 
^.iiIhil;  dirtt  ti<.n>  -  al.M>  lamc  int..  u>f.     'I  h.-..-  u.n-  h-ftlf 
■  -k.  tfiiin^r  the  sailor  alx.ut  thr  t..a>ts,  the  tid.>.  and  tht- 
-".lilnws  t.r  riKk>  mar  thf  Mirfatc  of  thf  sra. 
Water    Transportation    Costly,       \oya-fs    ,,,nu     to    hr 
■n-i  r,  hut  thf  f.xpcnM-  o|  >hippin-  wa-  ^tili  -rcat       Spi.^. 
■-t  ihrtr  tinu's  a.  mut  h  in  Hrl-ium  as  in  Wni.  r,  an.l  Kn-- 
-li  w.M.I  .old  in  Italy  lor  twilvf  timc<  as  mut  h  as  at  honu-. 
'    "li   >hip  had   to  carry  a   l.an.l  of  armrd   sailors,   for  s.-a 
-htiu-   was  a    rt-ular  practice   oftc-n   amon^   rcsp,.,  tahlc- 
'  ■'    _     •••••.•:<■;:;.•:!■.    .lii     onnnatx     iiicTt  hanlnian     tunifd 
'■"f.  it  it  met  a  wt-.akvr  ship,      Kven  a  Cantfrburv  ahhot 
-  proNcd  to  have  pIundcTcd  a  vt-sscl  loaded  with  wine.     Ii 
Q 


.-(<  „»• 


,.4f-i*fc_«:*.«^fc: 


2:.()      DAWN    <)!•    A.MKKK  AN    HISTORV    IN    Kl  kOl'E 

is  said  that  (■hri>t()i>luT  Culumhus  was  known  to  ^ 
taki'n  part  in  i)irati' (-•xpfWition-.  'I'lu' i  rcws  and  i>av,i.  ^.  ..> 
of  thr  captuml  vrsM'l  were  Imjucntly  tossed  overboard, 
sometimes  with  their  han.l>  tie<l  behind  their  baek>.  or 
they  were  mur(kred  on  the  <leek  with  hearth^.,  eruelty. 
All  this  added  t(»  the  daii,L;er>  of  the  sea  and  to  the  eost  of 
transj)ortin},'  ^oods  by   water. 

Spices  and  Luxuries,  from  the  r':st.  Hut  in  >pite  of  tie 
dangers,  eommeree  ^rew  rapidly.  Spiie>.  siu  h  as  elove:>. 
cinnamon,  and  nutme<i,  became  cheaper.  They  were  m 
j^reat  demand  for  sea>onin^  in  every  home,  because  the 
food  of  even  the  nobles  was.  in  those  days.  coar>e  and  un- 
invitin.u.  Spii  es  were  also  neede.l  in  preserving  food  for 
winter  use.  Dates  and  oils  were  now  to  be  had.  .Merchant> 
brouj^ht  cotton  },^)od^  such  as  calicoes  from  Calicut,  and 
muslin  from  Mo>ul ;  they  brou^dit  tine  satins  and  >ilks  from 
Syria,  tapestries  and  carpets  from  IVr>ia,  and  preciou> 
stones  and  i)erfunies  from  Arabia. 

Desire  for  Travel.  Men  bei^an  to  want  to  travel  and  to 
visit  stranj^e  and  far-olT  peoi)le.  Such  men  as  Marco  Polo 
set  out  for  C^iina.  goinji  overland  through  .Asia.  In  this  way 
new  trade  routes  were  opened,  niw  countries  aj>peared  on 
the  map,  and  new  luxuries  wi-re  M»ld  in  the  market  i)lace. 

The  Crossbow  and  Gunpowder.  Soon  the  crossl)ow 
appeared,  comin-;  also  from  the  Kast.  It  was  used  in  war 
an<l  in  ihv  i  hase.  until  gunjiowder  took  its  i)lace.  Xobody 
knows  who  invented  «;uni)owder  or  where  it  came  from,  but 
many  think  that  it.  too.  was  brou«^ht  from  the  Kast  by  the 
Arabs.  ( )ther>  believe  that  Ko<;er  Hacon.  an  Knf,dishman. 
invented  it.  Bacon  read  much  from  the  tlreeks.  and  he 
had  a  laboratory  where  he  performeil  ex])eriments.  He 
said  that  anybody  who  wanted  to  make  a  big  Hash  and  a 
great  noise  could  do  so  by  mixing  saltpeter,  charcoal,  and 


^e-m>^^. 


RKSLLIS    Ol-     rHK    (  Kl  >\l)i:s 


^'-'7 


i 


-'li!> 


tint      ]■ 


hur,  and  touchinj^  fin-  to  it. 


rulv 


;ii( 


i,  '■  I  am 


)kin! 


N 


(»   one   \v( 


)ul(l    think   of   >avin^    now    that 


an  tound   out    that 


:an])o\v<k'r  is  a  joki'. 

The  First  Gun.       Sonu-  unknown  ni 
.owdtT  would  throw  ohjctts  that  win-  lyinj,'  upon  it  when 
and  hnallv  >om(.'  j^^cnius  thou^'ht  of  usin;,'  a 


■\i)lod 


I'd 


hollow  iron  tuhf.  closed  at  one  end.  so  that  the  |)<)wder 
,,.uld  throw  strai>;ht.  And  thu>  the  ^un  wa>  invented. 
Woe  to  the  knight  with  all  hi>  armor,  for  the  poorest  serf 
with  a  <fun  could  now  ti^ht  better. 

The  Windmill.  .\nother  machine  very  useful  to  man 
.  ,inie  into  Kuroj)e  ju^t  after  the  C'ru>ades.  A^'ain  we  cannot 
iiarn  where  or  by  whom  it  wa>  invented,  but  it.  too.  i> 
!  relieved  to  have  come  ihroujih  the  .Arabs.  This  was  the 
windmill.  Anythin<,'  that  will  help  mankind  to  }iet  food 
or  clothing  more  ea>ily.  or  that  will  save  labor,  is  a  great 
hlf»ing  ;  for  when  man  does  not  ha\e  to  >pend  every  hour 
ill  >eareh  of  his  daily  food,  he  •.--  time  to  think,  time  to 
make  better  tools  and  to  invent  new  ones.  The  peoi)le  had 
long  used  water  power  and  horse  power,  but  not  wind 
i)'iwer.  save  in  the  ease  of  the  sails  of  shii)s. 

Use  of  the  Windmill.  'I'he  l'ir>t  windmills  were  built  on 
wooden  towers,  but  whenever  the  wind  changed,  the  whole 
lower  had  to  be  turned  so  the  breeze  could  again  catch  the 
wlieel.  After  a  time  some  clever  man  made  one  >o  that  he 
.  .luld  turn  the  wheel  to  the  wiml  without  moving  the  towc-r. 
I  hen  i)eoj)le  came  to  build  the  towers  of  brick  and  stone. 


\hhough   rudelv   made,   the  windmill  was  early  usee 


1  for 


nndmg  corn 


when  the  water  was  too  low  for  water  mills  to 


in. 


Besides,  windmills  might  be  built  anywhere,  while 
atermill>  could  be  useful  only  along  >wift  rivers. 
Money   a   Help.        To  carry  on   the  increasing  tra<le  ol 
urope  after  the  Cru^ade>,  it  was  necessary  to  have  to  make 


22.S      D.WVX   OF   AMKRKAN    ^I.S^()K^     I.N    KL  KOl'K 


fxi  lump's  (■;i>ily  :  and  wlu'ii  mdiicy  came  in  altuiulamc.  it 
a((<)iiii)li>hi'(l  other  tliin^'>  hoidcs  helping'  tlu-  nuTthant- 
and  trader^.  Tiiiatit-  no  Ioiij^ht  had  to  |)a\  thtir  nnt-  in 
j)rodu(c  or  in  day">  labor  lOr  tlitir  lor<l  ;  thty  |)ai(l  moncx 
rcnt>  in>trad.  for  tht'y  t  oiild  now  si-l|  ihcir  -nr|)ki>  prodiK  t> 


A    !MT(  II    WlNDlllI  L. 

for  ca>h.     Moiii-y  rents  freed  tenants  and  serfs  from  many 
burdens. 

King  Grows  Stronger.       The  kinu>,  {oo.  were  <^dad  that 
money  had  eome  back,  into  use  ;  beeausi'  now  they  could  col 
lei  t  a  tax  for  the  state  and  use  it  to  keep  up  a  standing' 
army.     With  a  jjood  army  they  were  able  to  make  the  nol)le- 
und  barons  obey  them.     So  instead  of  a  very  j;reat  number 


ki  >;  i.i>  (II    Mil    (  Kr-^\i)i> 


--0 


jirtt\    itud.il   ^l;itr>.   tluTc  ( ,mv   to  !ic  ,;    It  w    l.irL'f  atid 

■  >.;ii.'   kiiiLrd'iir.s  with   pnucriul    run  r-. 

The  Third  Estate.        l]!   to   the   time   .-t    thr   (  ri;- .i.ic-. 

■  .  !(■  h.iil  t)t'i-n  liiit  twii  fviliiii:  I  la— r^  utm  li.'.'!  .ii!\  puurr 
•  -l;arr  in  the  l;m\  crmnrnt .  'Ihc}  wcrr  \\\v  i)<<\>]v-  .md  the 
iircimim.  or  i  Krux  .  \ii\v  uc  tiutiir  ,i  third  <  la^:-  ri-iim 
■  '  \  iiu  li  \\a-  i.dK'd  llu-  I  liird  l^-tati,  >>r  I  hr  tnUM-. 
Towns  Buy  Freedom.  Maii\  Inrd-  and  aldi'it-..  aiid 
.  ti   kiiiu'-.   ware   in   hard   -trait-   lor  nioni-\    m  d(  ira\    the 

\|.iii-t-  ot    thi-ir  i\])tihlii>n-  to  Ji-ru-alctii.      So  thcx    -old 
.Iter-  ot  h'lnrtii-  irtrly  lo  the  Lrrowini:  town-  u])iin  their 

■  -:al(-       '1  lu--r  (  iiartcr-  -t  itcd  what  ])ri\  ilc.m-  ami  trcidoin 
:  '    lo\vn-])ro[)U'  wrrc  to  ha\f  and  rnjo\  ,  ami  thi-  wrilltri 

:   rliT  hound  \hv  kini:  or  noMt   or  alihot  a-  inanl)  a-  it  did 

■  :    town,  for  hi-  nanii.'  wa-  -iLrncd  to  it.      In  tl:i-  way  many 

■  '.Ml-  oldaincd    irffdoiii    ironi    ta.xi-   to   their   it  udai    lortU 

■  i  irri'doni  troll)  toll-  and  troni  all  -ort-  of  hiirdtii-. 
Other  Towns  Free.        Hundred-  and  thou-and-of  nohle- 

::o  erni)arkeil   tor  the   llojy   Land    ne\tr    tame  hatk.   and 

•    in\  town-  uot  their  liberty  in  thi-  wa\.      Still  other  titit- 

.   I  'ante  and   (ierniany   made  war  on   their  lord-.      Some 

ie-  ro:-e  u])  in  arm-  u\v.  -i\,  or  a  do/en  tinu-,  hefore  the\ 

■>'.  ■!!  their  freedom. 

Towns  Ask  a  Share  in  the  Government.       '!  lie  town- 

■  "Iile   were  ohlainiii^   ri(  he-   Irom    the   urowini:  lomnierei' 

I  maiuif.n  tures.  and  with  rielie-  lame  lei-ure.  They 
i  time  to  think,  to  rea<l.  to  tra\ cI.  and  to  het  ome  a-  well 
uated  a-  the  iiolile-  and  ileri:\'.  I  hen  the  town-  I)et.'.'.n 
demand  a  -hare  in  the  uoseri.ment   '.\ith  the  other  two 

The  King  and  the  Towns  Join  Hands.  i  he  kinu  wa- 
!idl\'  to  tlu'  towii-.  The)  touM  lurni-h  the  mone\  he 
ded  lo  kt'ej)  .i  -landing  army.      TIk'  kinj:  alone  (ouid  in- 


ill 


•II 


,5  > 


2:;o      DAWN    Ol     AMKKICAN    MISTOKV    IN    KLROI'K 

Mirc  the  pcacr  and  frirdom  for  trade  that  the  towns  wantid 
hcrau-f  (if  hi>  >tandin^  army  and  his  j^rowine  power  over 
the  rolihcr  i)iiron>.  So  the  towns  and  the  kinj,' joined  hand> 
a<:ain^t  the  feudal  l(»r(i>.  The  noliles  were  no  longer  to  he 
ruliT>  o\tT  their  e>tales.  l)iit  wire  forced  to  ohe\'  the  kinii's 
hiws.  'I  hi>.  alon;,'  with  nioiU'V  rent>,  eau>ed  feiidaH-ni 
^raduallw  hut  >urely,  to  (iisaj)pear. 

Serfs  in  Cities.  I)urin;i  all  these  years  the  common 
workinji  people  had  no  rijiht-'  whatever;  these  helonj^ed 
only  to  ihi'  nol)le>  and  tht  ilerj^y.  and  now  to  the  town>. 
Hut  the  (ondition  of  the  worker-  tended  gradually  toward- 
frei'dom.  ailhou.nh  \ery  -lowly  in  .-ome  eountrie-.  Sert> 
in  (he  town-  and  (itie>  often  j)urehased  their  lil)ert\  with 
nione\  that  they  earned.  Others  wen-  not  worth  the  food 
and  ( lothinj,'  that  they  re(|uired.  and  the  master-  were  glad 
to  ])v  rid  of  them.  Some  ran  away  to  othiT  towns,  and 
some  were  gi\en  their  freedom.  'I'hus  serfdom  di-ai)j)eareil 
in  thi-  eitie-. 

Free  Farm  Laborers.  In  the  country  di.-triet-  it  was  a 
muih  lomrer  time  !)efore  all  the  serfs  \vere  free.  Some  few 
landowners  gave  liberty  to  their  serfs  because  they  knew 
that  free  laborer>  d<i  more  and  better  work  than  serfs.  'Ihe 
king  was  always  ready  to  help  tiie  sirf  to  freei'om,  becau-e 
he  wanted  to  weaken  the  unruly  nobles  })y  taking  their 
laborers  from  them.  Hut  possibly  the  strongest  friend  of 
the  unfrei'd  workers  was  the  church.  On  church  lands  the 
tiiiant>  or  -irfs  retei\ed  kind  treatment,  and  ofttimes  they 
wi  rt  -et  free.  '1  he  clergy  also  urged  the  n<»bli's  to  do  like- 
wi-e.  Lords  who  wire  old  and  near  their  deathbed  fre- 
(luently  granted  libert\-  to  their  serfs  as  a  peace  otTering  to 
heaven. 

The  King  and  the  Serf.  Kings,  in  order  to  get  money, 
often  -old  freedom  to  all  toilers  on  lands  belonging  to  th'' 


::/'-W.^ap»»    ■-  ^; -2*»v««i»*s"«i' 


RKSLi;is  or  rm:  ckr.sADKs 


-\u 


■i 


ir'Wii;  hut  sonu'times  iht'prkf  was  ><>  hi^h  that  thr  tenants 
;(  ium(1  to  take  advanta^'e  of  the  olTrr.  Howi'mt.  M-rf^  and 
■,  t—aU  no  longer  had  t»)  ^'rind  their  corn  in  thr  lnrd'>  mill, 
!  ■  I  ru>h  their  ^rapi-s  in  his  wine  pre».  or  to  i)ake  their 
'.K.id  in  his  oven.  e\ery  time  paying  toll  to  him.  'I'hey 
liiiame  more  and  more  suhjett  to  the  kinj,''>  law>  and  le>s 
1"  tliose  of  their  lord.  In  thi.^  way  tlu-  kin^'  and  the  <  entra! 
-Airnment   were  ^mwinji  >tron<,'er  at   the  txi)en>e  of  the 

liiih 

hif  waues 


es.  and  tinally  the  .serf  became  a  free  laborer,  workinj; 


OIKSTIONS 

1.    How  wtTo  \hv  ("hristians  surpriseil  in  what   tluy  toiiinl  in  tlu- 

H.'ly   hand:-'      j.    'IVll    alxiul    thf    retuniirif;    kiii^,'lits.      i,.    Wlu)    was 

iiiiri'  liijihly  livilizcd  at  thi.s  linif.  KuroiK'  or  tin-  ,\rah>.-'     4.    Whv  ? 

What  ilTi'(  t  (lid  ihc  C'rusadts  havi-  u|m>ii  ^hip?.  ami  tiavlKatioii  ■' 

Dcsrribf  iht-  t-ariy  compass  and  li-ll  what  piod  it  did.     7.    How 

■  <rv  K'oods  trans{H>rtt  '  in  those  days  '    S.    Wen-  fori'iu'ti  wans  lostly  ■' 

Why  ?     10.    Name  the  ihiel  >piifs  obtained  from  the  Kast  and  tell 

iiiw   laih    was   used.      11.    Tell   alxmt    the    I'oles.      u.    What   made 

'l.rin  ri.sk  the  dangers  of  distant  lountries  '      i  ^  Do  pe(>[)ie  visit  wild 

!!;  1^  to-day  for  the  s;mn-  or  for  different  puriM)se.s?     14.    '["til  alioiit 

■'•'.<■   ( rosslK)w    and    guniMJwder.      15.    What      hange  did  guniK)wder 

11, ike  in  the  world?     16.    Tell  how  you  think  the  tirst  gun  was  in 

•viiited.      17.    Diseuss  the   windmill.      iS.    How  do  you  think  it  was 

I'^I  invented  o:  thought  out  ?      nj.    How  diil  the  ("ru>ades  atTet  t  the 

i!g^   in    KurojM- .^     20.     The   trading   (la>>es  or   town-..-'     :i.    Why 

i-  the  king  friendly  to  the  towns?     jj.     What  1  hange  now  eame 

■iiut  for  the  serfs?     .'^.    Who  was  now  growing  stronger  and  uho 

.' .  ,iker  :■' 


t! 


M 


("HAI'IKR    X\II 

IriE    GROWTH    OF    FRANCE 

The  King  a  Figurehead.  U(  ha\c  xi  n  that  in  tin- 
ti-U(laI  lime-  I'raiKc  \va-  hmkiii  u|)  iiitu  a  t^rt-at  many  littl/ 
(iistrirt-.  In  cai  li  ol'  tlit-ni  a  (duiil  or  dukr  or  otIuT  iioli.c 
rulc'ij  iiki-  a  kiiiL'.  ]ia\iim  ii«i  atlriitidii  \v!ialc\  ir  to  thi'  r  al 
sovt-nimi  at  l'ari>.  htcau-c  hr  h.id  lu-t  nearly  all  of  hi> 
power.  Sonic  ol  tlu>e  duke--  and  rount>  were  ^tron;icr  'hail 
tin-  monarch  hiniM'll".  and  they  did  not  hoitate  to  make  war 
uj)on  him.  'I'ln'n;;-  had  eonie  lo  .-.u<  h  a  j)a->  that  it  \va> 
-~rar( cly  -al"e  for  the  kini:  to  tra\tl  about  fret-!\-  ox'it  Fr.nne. 

The  Country  Divided.  I  hire  was  not  only  a  larue 
numluT  of  leudal  .-tate>.  which  wiTe  ])raeti(ally  indei)end- 
ent.  l)Lit  -he  iH'o].lf  of  the>e  lietV  or  duehie>  usually -poke 
(hTferent  IVi  lu  h  dialeet>.  They  had  dilYerent  law.-^.  (h'f- 
tereiit  kind.->  ot  monew  and.  of  lourM',  sej)arate  ruKr-. 
What  wa-^  nee<ii'd  was  a  -^trom,'  kini:  to  mold  these  manv 
unlike  pcopU-  into  a  united  nation  with  one  lan^^ua^'e,  one 
s\>ti'm  ol  law-,  and  one  ruler.  'l"he  t  hureh  was  «,dad  to 
oiler  aid  to  any  k'lwj.  >trong  enou^^h  to  protect  both  the 
ihurcho  and  the  ])eoj)le  a^'ainst  the  i^reedy  and  wicked 
nohli's. 

The  Capetian  Kings  Durin-,'  the  -tormy  feudal  aiie 
CharlemaLme'-  (Town  had  fallen  to  a  new  familv,  the  ("a]n' 
lian-.   who  were  to  rule    I'raiuc   for  ei.L'ht    hundre«l   vear- 

I  he  e.l  rle  T  '  n  i.  t  i  i  n..;  /-i  m,.  iiil. .  >>.  .,1-...-  ',.^    p.,  -:        1 .   <  I 

fouirlit  off  the  .\orthmen  hraxtly  from  the  Seine  and  Loir. 
valley>. 


m 


'ismK-wsL^isf^^s- 


ims^jf^w^^im^ws^^i^  ■■■  ^ "»; 


•  r^;!. ''  *    iii  :'^i* ' 


THE  (.kowrn  or  rk.wri; 


M3 


Dividing   up   the   Kings   Duchy.        Hut    x.tnc  <.f   tlu 


tian  kiii''>  did  not  ha\ 


r  a  MTV  iirin  hold  upon 


th 


nr 


[I  du(  h_\-.     Certain  liau^ht}-  haron^.  cmii  in  tin-  nri;;li- 
1  ot   l'ari>,  had  l)uilt  >tronu  ia>t 


■  rliiKK 


(■-,  and  dt'lu'd 


thf 

MU'  iu  hi>  own  provintr.  'I'hcy  hol.lly  ]>huid(ri(l  tlic 
'  Ti  hant>  and  pi'a>ants  on  (  hur(  li  laiuK,  aim  oilm  optniv 
t.itcd  \\u'  kin<,'  with  rontfnij)t.  The)  imaiit  to  lK(onu- 
dt|Hn(li'nt  of  thi'  kin^'.  ju>t  a>  llu'  greater  haron-  had 
'Mc  all  o\i'r  I'raiur. 

Louis  the  Fighter.  However,  thtrc  (anic  a  kinu  at  hi-t, 
ho  ua^  -tron^cr  tlian  thi'  ruliT-  lul'orc  him.     Thi-  kini:. 


I,"ui-   till'    lighter.    rr-ol\fd    to   hrini:    hi- 


own   (!u<  h\ 


at 


i-t.   into  hcttir  ohcdii'iu c.     With   thi>  >oh'd   >ui>port    he 
■pr<l  to  build  uj)  a  ^reat.  united  I'raiac  out  ot"  the  nianv 


ir.i 


;incnt>.     When  he  wa-  hut   tweiit\- 


\ear-  old.  he  niadi 


.\:ir  upon  thi'  unruly  harons  of  hi>  duih\   and  kept   it   up 


lil   his  death.      He  (ai»tured   their  <a>tl(-.   j 


)ulii(i    them 


'un,  aiK 


I   threw   the   haron^  into  ])ri^on.      .\fter   tlii-   hi> 


•rd  was  law  throuuhout  hi>  own  dm  h\ ,  and  the 


<uie>  anit 


i-<\\\-~  trom  hi>  va>-al>  all  lame  into  hi>  own  liand>  in-ttad 
■;  L'oini:  to  the  feudal  lord--. 
righting  the  Greater  Dukes.       Willi  thi-  (\tra  r^nt  and 


!ltl 


■'Up])ort.  Loui>  now  t'elt  -tronir  enoui:h  to  make  war 


I'll    -ome   ot    tin     greater   i 
)hl 


luk( 


and    tount-   ol 


raiue. 


t  -e  not)iemfn  railed  hull  kniu  and  owtd  him  aile^nan<i\ 
I    tht\-  utterl\-  refu-ed  to  obey  him.     One  of  them  was 
Duke  of  Normandy,  who  had  (oii(|uered  Mn.uland.  and 

Iiut  he  >till  held  a  larj:e  part 


heeuMK  t;u'  |-"nuli>h  ki 


the  land  ol  we-tern  Frantf  a>  a  \a--,d  of  the  I'rens  h 
iir.  The  I',ni,di-h  kinplom.  with  the  dm  hy  of  Xormandv, 
>  to  t(u'  >.U(eie(lin^'  -o\-ereiuri--  of  l-ji^dand.  Louis  eould 
'  make  mueh  hea<lway  aj.;ain--t  the  laiL'll.-h  kinu,  who  was 
1<  il  Ij}-  the  tierman  emp(  ror  and  otlier  allies. 


h 


M 


■I 


m 


E^aEa»aF^a'*::?3»:a^-3!g«r«!ass!.wB^»ssi-3t-?x.i;';^^ 


i'?-,,  ^''  - '-  ^.-■'I'i^iS^'^V'-^'?'  £E 


f5v5^ 


234     DAWN   <>l     AMKKICAN    HISTORY    IN    KIKOI'K 


King  Henry  of  England.  —  Henry  II,  who  now  bttamc 
kiii;^  of  I'ni^'land,  actually  ^aint-d  Urritory  in  Frann . 
for  he  had  married  Klianor  of  Aciuitainc,  and  thus  had 
added  nearly  one  fourth  of  Frame  to  what  he  had  alrcadv 
held  a>  Duke  of  Xormandy.  In  fact  Henry  of  Knjiland 
now  ruled  over  thne  times  as  muth  territory  in  France  a> 
did  llu    Fiiiii  li  WiU'^. 

Another  Strong  French  King.  Louis  the  Fighter  had 
l(  ft  his  own  (huh>  imited  and  stronji  as  a  startinj^  point 
for  his  siun'ssor>.  The  French  crown  fell,  a  few  years  later, 
tt)  Louis's  grand>on,  Philip  Auj^ustus,  who  made  uj)  his 
mind  to  e.xlend  the  boundaries  of  his  duchy  hy  seizing  other 
liifs  and  driving  out  the  feudal  lords.  I'hilip  was  a  great 
king.  He  knew  what  to  do  and  how  to  do  it,  be.sitles  having 
the  patienif  to  wait  until  the  time  was  ripe.  He  was  only 
tiftei-n  )\ars  old  when  he  took  the  crown,  but  in  si.x  years 
he  had  beaten  the  feudal  barons,  ami  had  annexed  to  his 
royal  domains  three  great  lounties;  and  before  long  he 
forced  Henry  II,  one  of  Fngland's  strongest  kings,  to  give 
to  him  another  big  county  in  France. 

A  Weak  English  King.  After  the  short  rule  of  Richard 
the  Crusader,  the  Fnglish  crown  fell  to  John,  a  weak  and 
good-for-noihing  king  ;  and  Philip's  hour  had  come.  He  re- 
solved to  drive  John  from  liis  French  domains.  A  quarrel 
was  ea>ily  hatched  ;  and  Philip  won  a  glorious  victory,  taking 
from  John  several  large  French  provinces,  but  not  all  of  them. 

France  Nearly  United.  Thus  Philip  had  multiplied  b\ 
three  the  ti-rritory  of  the  French  crown,  and  his  jjeople  were 
wild  with  joy.  They  began  to  feel  proud  of  their  name  and 
to  long  ftir  a  great  united  nation.  Later  kings  gained  otht  f 
territory  from  the  vassal  barons,  and  after  a  time,  all  France, 
save  what  v>as  still  held  by  the  Fnglish  crown,  was  united 
under  the  French  king. 


TMK   (IROWTII   OF--    [RANCK 


^35 


The  French  Kings  Hold  Their  Grip.  Thi-  kiiius  oi 
I  r.iiuf  iiol  only  won  mw  tirritorw  hut  tht\-  |>lannt(l  to 
'krt|>  ;i  tirni  hold  upon  all  tht-  distant  provimo.  >o  that 
ill.  tfudal  nol)k-s  miV'ht  not  a<,Min  xi/r  power.  How  loiild 
\hv  kinji  make  his  j)ower  tVlt  >o  far  from  hi>  i  ajiital  ?  I'liilip 
^mKccI  the-  j)rot)k'm  in  thi>  wa\.  Hi'  appointed  auents 
•  ''"'4;  :ifftT  hi-  :ttT:iir-  in  thr  di-t;;nt  pr  I'.im  t-.  He  kej)t 
tian^terrin^  these  men  from  one  region  to  another  at  retru- 
l.ir  times,  for  fear  they  miudit  become  too  well  acijuainted 
with  the  feudal  barons  and  plot  with  them  ai,Min-t  him. 
Ill  thi>  way  the  agents  were  held  under  >tri(t  lontrol  bv 
tilt   kin^'.  and  were  loyal  to  liim. 

The  Work  of  the  King's  Agent.  In  the  diMri(t  to 
.'.hit  h  he  was  sent  the  auent  wa>  to  aet  for  the  kin^.  to  M-e 
th.it  the  kind's  laws  were  obeyed,  and  that  the  taxe-  wen- 
p.iid  into  the  royal  hands.  He  wa.-^  a  kind  of  ro\al  judi^e. 
i"o.  Thus  these  ajjents  helped  the  kinj.;  to  make  hi>  powt  r 
'It  everywhere  in  the  lan<l.  and  M)metime>  they  e\-en  helped 
t'l  add  new  territory  to  the  kinji's  domains. 

The  Noble  St.  Louis.  The  j^rand-on  of  Philij)  was 
.ti-i>  a  noble  and  j^ood  kinir,  though  he  wa->  not  a  u'reat 
'  u'hter.  He  did  not  jjain  territory,  but  neither  di<l  he  lo>e 
ny.  save  what  he  j,Mve  baek  to  Henry  of  Ilnjilaml.  be(au>e 
lii  believed  that  his  grandfather  had  >eized  it  uriju>tl\ 
Hi-  victories  were  victories  of  peace;  and  he  wa-  i  ailed 
~^!  Louis  because  he  was  so  ju>t  and  fair,  not  oid\-  t..  hi^ 
:ni  nds.  but  to  his  enemies.  Louis  did  not  hesitate  to  op])()vt. 
t  :«•  bishops  and  the  poi>es  when  he  thought  that  the\-  were 
•'>n-;.     He  believed  that  what  wa>  right  should  alw.i\-  be 

iie,  no  matter  who  sutTered  ;  >o  he  puni>hed  the  nobler  of 
:   -'hest  rank  or  even  his  nearest  friends,  if  they  i  ..tnmitted 

'Tong.     He  even  punished  his  loyal  oIVh  ers  if  thev  <iid 
inju.stice   in   trying   to  advance    the   king'>    iiilere.-,ts. 


1,1 


:f  i 


;lll 


~\    \ 


"fc_>J«':«r 


:\(,      hWW    (il      \MI  kl(    \\    lll-|nl;\     1\    |.l  Rol'l. 


Si  l.uiii-  w.i-  .mitiitiiiii-  tn  li.i\c  |k,i(c  aiul  ju-tiic  pn-wiii 
ill  1  \  iry  |irii\  iiK  r.  I'hiliji  IkhI  u.itlit  rid  in  all  llir  Ir.i^nu-ii!  - 
<i|  Ir.iriM.  aii'l  "^1  l.oiii-  \\i-lni|  to  him!  all  iIk-c  ]),irt-  "i 
till-  kitiL'iliirn  lirii)K    In;;.!  Ikt  iiinlcr  liini-t  II. 

The  King  ■=  Fairness  Makes  Friends  A-  the  kiiii; - 
pdWiT  t-Tcw  ami  hi-  ti-rri|iir\  t\]),iiu|i  (|,  the  fiU'lal  l'iri!> 
l)c;:aii  to  -how  u'rrat(  r  rr-]K(t  lor  the  kiiit,'  -  -U]>riinr  (ourt 
at  I'ari-,  and  to  olny  iii'iif  williiiL'ly  the  dtt  i-ioti-  of  th.it 
loiirt.  So  lair  and  Jii-t  \va-  >t.  I.oiii-  th.it  iii,in\-  i)aroii> 
were  '^d.id  to  h,i\r  hiin  ■•(•ttic  their  di-|uiti-.  ,ind  hi>  (ourt 
at  I'.iri-  hit  .iiiii-  jio|iul,tr. 

Keeping  Peace  and  Order  lluit  \v.i-<  another  thiiii,' 
tli.it  l.oiii-  the  Saint  \\i-!it(|  \vr\  mm  h  to  do  in  order  tn 
make  hi-  power  iMrNulnrc  i  oi^pKlc.  Ihi-  \v,i-  lo  ( -- 
t.dili-li  in  .dl  the  |)ro\  iiu  i-  n,iti<ni,il  c  ourt-,  or  kini:"-  ( (Uirt-. 
u  hi(  h  -liould  Iff  hi;:lu  r  th.m  tlic  ifud.d  lonrt-  ol  the  lonU. 
In  thi-  \v,t\  till'  kin^  lonld  t  ntori  c  ptat  c  anil  order,  aii'l 
tin  a\va\  with  all  jittty  jiriN.itf  war-  hctwcfn  the  lord>  and 
\a»al-;  lor  we  inn-t  rtnuiiilKr  that  lii^htin^  had  hec-n  the 
( hift'  !)U-inr--  oi"  the  nolilc-  lOr  (cnturic-.  and  tlicy  fill 
ih.il  (ki\-  ol  jiciic  were  jn-t  -o  main  da\>  io-t.  W'c  nui-t 
al-o  nin.iiihcr  tli.it  tlu-  nit-nh.int-  .md  the  town-  'tsircd 
|K;ur  \rry  iniii  h.  and  for  it  thr\  were  willing  to  j'.ax'  ta.\t> 
to  the  kinu  to  he  u-cd  for  hi-  -taiKhni:  arm_\\ 

The  King's  Courts  Win.  I'lu-  kini;'-  aL:tnt>  in  tlu' 
di-tri(t  ])ro\iiut-  wtMt.'  tailed  ii])i)n  more  ami  niore  to  -I'ttlc 
ili>putf-  liitwttii  the  (|Uarrtl>onu'  lord-  ami  va>sals.  and 
fhu-  niui  h  of  thtir  tinif  wa-  taken  up  a-  kinji"--  jud<zc<  in 
the-e  law-uit-.  Sotm  there  tanie  to  he  a  kintr  ■-  lourt  in 
t\try  ])ro\inte.  .\fter  ,i  tiine  these  >ul)i>rdinati'  kinii - 
t  Durl-  ware  jttoked  U])oii  a-  hetttr  liian  the  t>i(i  leiida!  couri- 
hetau-e  the  judm-  were  fair  ami  ju-t.  and  heeau-e  thu  kini: 
foried  the  petiple  to  ohey  tlu'  ttiurt's  order.s. 


a-'-jRa>-±!'-:A!  Arf  Mi-  4ii>  a'a^-^mt'. 


•;«J^.-- 


I.I  t 


rill     (-k(/\\ill    (tl     I  k  \\(  i;  ,,7 

Carrying   a    Dispute   to   a    Higher    Judge        <  »,i,     m.n. 
jMirt.iiit   Ihiim  hapjMiud     win.  h   111. id. ■   tl-    kini;'^  .oiirt- 
r\    ]><•]. iiliir.      It    w.i-   tlii-:     uli.n    tu..   imi,    -nt    int..    a 
..irr.l  uv.r  j.r<.i)rrt\  .  th.\  t.-.k  tluir  .li^put.    t,,  ih,-  kiii-\ 
■wri    in   tin-  '...viiiic   t.ir    a    -tttl.  ni.iit       ii   .itlhi    n|    the 
•  11  Were  nut   -ali^iifd  with  the  ...iirt^  dc.  i-i..ii.  In    11  iu'lil 
irr\   tin-  law-uit  to  thr  kini;"-  -u|)r(ini'  (.>nrl   .i'    r.iti-  .m.l 
I  anntlitr  trial  with    |>.rlia|)>.  a  dilYcrc  nl  .|c.  in'..!!        I  iiis 
'  .ill'.l  ai)|H-alin','  a  (  aM-  to  a  lii-licr  <  ourt.       \  ,  a^    (  ould 
■[  onl\    he  appealed  from  one  kiiii:'-   lourl     :..    a    liiirli.  r 
nL.'>  (ourl,  hut  tlu'  kiti^  lould  lone  the  unuillin.j  I,    idal 
ir..n>  to  |)erniit  anyone  to  ai)peal  tn.in  the  letnial  curt 
If  kin-;'-  court.      I  hi-  riu'lil  ol  appeal  the  kin.u  lalx.red 
i\    earnestly   to  hrinu  ah.-ut  ;  and   uiien   it   tani.     it   di<l 
■'•a\    entirely  with  the  independent  e  ol'  itu.Jal  l.ird-.  and 
I  lied    nnieh    niort-   re>pet  t    lor   'he   kin: 
Studying    Roman    Law.       .\n..iher    tliinj,'    that    a.jded 
111  h  to  the  j)ower  of  the  I'Vein  h  kin.u  wa>  the  -tu.l\    of 
"inan  law.     The  trained  law\-er>  of  Traih  e  ware  ~tud\in" 
'.man  law  very  diligently;    I'or  lure,  w.'  know,  the\  found 
:.   l)i>t  >y>teni  of  law  that  the  world  had  e\er  >een.      lUit 
'    laws  of  the  Roman  empire  were  all  framed  upon  the 
<  a  that  thi'  Roman  I'Piperor  wa-  ill.-  >u])reme  head  of  the 
Av.      He  was  the  kin^'.   the  lawmaker,   and    th.'    jud^'e. 
in  one,  and  the  i)eoi)le  of    th,-   Roman  emi)ire  had   id 
ire  and  no  voice  in  their  ,uo\  <rnment . 
Roman  Laws  Copied  in  France        .\"ow  In  m  h  lawyer-, 
in.'d  in  the  laws  of  Rome,  hrou.uht  thex-  -ame  idia-  int. 
x'urts  of  the  kinir  of  Frame.      The  kin-;  liked  the  idea> 
'1  was  very  ,i,da(l  indeed  to  appoint  the  lawv.  r-  trained 
-uih  manner  as  his  ju(l^e>.     .So  ^n-at  wa-  the  intlmwKe 
these  lawyers  that  after  a  time  thi-  kinu'  <.f  I'ran.  e  be- 
ne an  absolute  monarch.     The  F-"re:uh  people,  liki'  tlu- 


ir 


:v^     l>\UN    nl     AMIRICW    Ill^IOkV    IN    l,(  k(»IT'. 

|)ti>j(lc  of  Konu',  (iiiiir  til  lui\f  i)(i  ri^hl>  and  ni»  jxiwcr  ni 
ilttiilillU  how  llii\   -llould  lie  ruled. 

The  King  Holds  the  Nations  Pocketbook         I  In    kin:,' 
not   only  iii.idc  all   the  la\v>  and  apiiointcd  all  tlu'  jml^i  ^. 
hut    the  time  tame  when  he  lt\  icd  all   tlu-  taxiN  u|>on   tlir 
]H'<i|)|f   o|    I'ranic.    and    iitllcitcd    the    inont\    throuj^'h    hi> 
ai,'fnt>  without   (on->ultin^  the  pcopK',     A-  u>ual  the  kiii:: 
hind  a  -landing  arin\    with  thr^r  taxo.  whii  h  he  umcI  \n 
niakf  the  ixoplc  olttv  him.     'I'hcy  wrri-  thu^  fort  rd  to  hoM 
tlhir   |)ta(f.    I(a\inji   him    free    to   do  a>   ]\v   wi-hcd.     'I  Ik 
kin^  wa■^  now  all  powiTful,  with  the  people  jjrat  tii  all\-  hi^ 
^la\t'-.      llowiAcr.  the    peoj)!e    were    happier    than    in    tin 
feudal  a<;e  wlun  there  wa-^  (ontimied  li.iihtinj,'.      I'hi^  ah-n 
lute  rule  i>  \fry  dit'l'ereni   from  the  ;,'o\tTnmetit  that  ;,'re\v 
up   in    I'!nj,dand.      There   the   jHiiple   in>i>te(l   on   ha\ini,'    i 
\iiite  in  the  making  of  law>  and  some  way  oi  iluikinj^  the 
ta.\i>  that  ihey  were  to  pa\ . 

(.UKSIIONS 

1.  ("(imparl-  the  I'riiu  li  kinj;'^  |M)\\ir  uiih  that  of  his  nol.lcN. 
J  W.i.s  t!ii>.  .1  K'>"'l  'hiiiu  !'  V  \\  hy,  (ir  why  111)1  .'  .^  llowdidtln- 
('.ipttiaii  hoUM'  (oiiif  iiitt)  |M)\vtr  in  l';iris^-'  5.  \\'h;it  ^ond  ilil 
l.n\iis  tlu'  l-'ijihicr  ilii  lor  hi>  kiii^^doni '-■  (>  How  did  I'r.iiui'  mt  uj" 
trouliie  with  Falkland.'  7.  'I'cll  about  I'hilip  .\uk'u>.iu^  ;in<l  Kii.k' 
John  of  !'ai>rlai\<l.     "^     \\  hat  p)od  thiiiKsiiid  I'liilip  do  for  hi.s  kinpjon."-' 

0  How  clid  the  kinj,' ninkf  tin-  di-<t;nu  provim  e  ol)e\- him?  10  I  >  ii 
.iliout  St.  l.oui-.  11.  \\h\-  wa.s  il  hard  to  lie  a  K""d  "laii  in  tho-<' 
d.i>>.'      I  J.    \\.l■^    the   kinji's   toiirt    a   >;oo(i    thiajj    for    the    jK-oplt  ' 

1  i.  Why"  I  I  What  <  lian^cs  came  aliout  because  of  studying  K- 
man  !a\\  •'  1;  \\  liv  do  people  pa\-  taxes  to  dav '"  i<>  What  v  > 
the  mone\-  u>e<i  for  in  tho>e  da\>'''  17.  Huw  did  the  pixeninu;  ' 
in  I' r.ini'i' ditt'T  Ironi  ih.il  in  Ivn.tihip.ii  •' 


\l^    ' 


W  lb '-     •- 


2-'--'A-?-'fflEI&. 


.JS^ 


.ukA-Jiuk. 


*»_!-*». 


( iiAi'iKk  Win 


k 


THE  COMING  OF  THE  NORTHMEN 

Northmen  in  France.     At  jhout  the  time  that  Kinu  Alind 

i-  -Iru^'^lin-i  t(.  -avr  Ijiirlarid   irnm  tlu-  \..rtlinit  n   tluM- 

■me  -ca  wolvr^  wrrr  al-o  plunilcriiiK'  nn  tlu-  ..|.|..,Mir  ,i,|,. 

:    llir  .liaiinci  in  Fratuc.     One  of   thf^'  pirat.'  l.ati.N  \va> 

I  1>\  a  1  hiiitain  nanuil  K(.Il.  or  Kull,,.     He  w.,s  a  man  of 

i-at    >taturr.    powi-rful    and    l)arl)arou>.     It    i>   >ai(|    that 

MTf  ua>  iin  horM-  in   Nurway   tall  vmnv^h  [,,  lift    k.,ir> 

'I    from   the  ground  a>  h.-  uhIv.     That    i>  whv   lu-   w  i-, 

'    ll'd    Rolf   the   WalktT. 

Normans  in  Normandy.       Thi-  kiiiu'  of  I"ran(r  wa^  no 
i!'.it.h  lor  Rolf  and  hi>  liircr  M-a  r(.vrr>.     So  tlu'   I'rcrK  h 
h-m  made  a  tnaty  with  the  Northman,  ^ivinj:  him  land-. 
'"'Ut  the  month  of  the  S.inr  Rivi-r.     In  nturn  for  tht-c 
:  Md>   Rolf  was   to  protrct    thr   Kraniis  from   other   hands 
'  1  .\nrthmin.     Rolf  calk-d  his  m-w  provinn-  uiM.n  thf  Stint- 
\   rniandy.  ant]  his  propU-  .\orman>.     HithtT  tamr  many 
hi-  kin-mi'n  fn)m  thi-  sra  until  a  larm'  ili>trii  t  wa-  otiu- 
i  '  d  by  thc-m.     Tht-y  intermarrictl  with  the  i-arlitr  inhal.it- 
■.!-.  actqXctl   ihf  Chri.stian  faith,  and  gradually  took  up 
"  '   lan'Tuagf  of  thi-  Franks. 
William  the  Great.        Rt.lf  was  foliowt-d  a  hunrlrt-d  \fars 
•  r  I.y  another  strong  Duke  of  Normandy,  talkil  hy  mtn 
hi-^   own   liay   William    the   (ircat.     I,.iter   the    Knidi-h 
■vvi\    him    William    the    Contiueror.      It    was    .siitl    that 
kni^'ht    under   heaven   was   his  equal.     No   man   touM 
•'d  his  bow,  and  the  hlt.ws  of  his  matt  were  fatal.     So 

239 


ri! 


:i 


ill 


> 


w%3i  ='^jr.* 


"rxs^^^Ss"- 


'.aFip,'^. 


:.\o     DAWN    (II     \.MI:KI(\\    [IIST()K\     1\    KIROF'K 


p'lWirlul  ;nit|  >(>  turd-  \va>  he,  that   iioru'  darrd  rt-sist   hi> 
ir(in  will. 

Putting    Normandy  in   Order.       William   was   tn.uhKd 
Imp  many  yrar-  l)\  thr  nihln-r  lord-  of  hi-  du<  hv.      Ills  vir\- 

kin>t'(dk  made 
war  on  him,  hut 
two  <,'rt'at  \i(- 
torii's  hrouLjlit 
them  all  to  hi- 
left.  Some  of 
hi-  incmii--  dit-d 
in  his  dun^'foii-, 
whih'  others  wiTf 
driven  into  ixilc. 
'rhu>  Normandy 
xttlcd  down  at 
la-t  to  peace  and 
order. 

Harold  and 
William  Rivals 
lid  ward  the 
Saint,  whtt  wa- 
t  h e n  king  of 
Mngiand.  had  no 
ihildren.  II  r 
wa-  a  kinsman 
of  William  oi 
Normandy,  and 
on  oiir  o(  <  a-ioii.  he  IkkI  jironii-id  hi>  irown  at  his  death  to 
the  Ndrni.m  dukiv  Hut  there  was  a  threat  l-]ngli-h  noble- 
man nanud  H.in.jd.  who  al-o  had  hope-  of  iraining  tin 
l-Jii^li-h  throne.  It  i-  -aid  that  when  Harold  was  onc( 
erui-ini:  in  i  he  i  haiiiiel,  a  -torm  lro\e  him  upt)n  the  Frcm h 


\.  ■KM  W     -III  li||  K^. 


Tin:  cuMiNi;  or    rni-;  \nRiii.Mi;\ 


.\\t 


iM.iind  lu-  tVII  into  tlu- luiiKisof  Duke  Willian..  lii.  ri\  .il. 
W  illiain  onk-ri'd  Hamld  u,  sw^ar  ,  iiiil_\  t..  aid  liim  t..  the 
I  ML'li-h  throne-  iijx)!!  the  drath  vin;:  Kdward.     Harold 

•.■..!- un\villinf,Mo  uivc  up  his  i.wn  >    a   (f>.      '•  Suiar  onlii." 
-id  the  >tcrn  WilHani  ;   -o  Harol.l  took  thi'  oath, 

Harold  Receives  the  Crown.  Ndw  when  Kini:  I'.dward 
;h  d.  hi'  nanu'd  Harold  a>  hi-<  mu  cf»or.  in  >i)ilf  ni"  tlic  proin- 
1--  both  had  niadc  to  William.  Flarold  thought  it  ua> 
'ii~  duty  to  acd'pt  thf  Kni^li'^li  i Town.  William  wa-  luri 
"U-  at  what  he  tallrd  Harold'>  tri-a(  htr\  .  and  ]>rii>ari-d  tor 
Air.  (iathrrini:  an  army  ol"  >tiTl-(  lad  kin'.uht-.  he  cto^miI 
liu-  channel  and  iiAW  haltk-  to  the  Famlidi  armv  uikUt 
ll.irold  at  Hastinj::^  i  loOO). 

Battle  of  Hastings.  In  thi-  mid.-t  of  the  tiizht  thi'  \or- 
;;Mn>  wcrr  hein^  worsted,  and  the  «  ry  an^M'  that  their 
l»;ike  had  tallen.  '•  I  live."  >houted  William  a>  he  inre  oil" 
'  i-  helmet.  ••  and  hy  (iodV  helj)  will  (oiKiuer  \et."  \\  hen 
\u-  lound  that  he  tould  not  hreak  the  tirm  j-ai.^lidi  line  hy 
irce  ehar<,'in^.  he  i)rett-nded   to  the.  hopimr  to  draw  the 

■  u my  after  him  and  thu>  to  throw  their  rank.-  into  <li>Mrder. 
U  hen  they  followed.  William  turned  on  them;  and  Harold 
•  il  piereed  hy  an  arrow,  while  his  army  wa>  put  to  lliudit. 
I  tieii  William  the  ("omiueror  "  pitched  hi-  tent  on  the  very 
i"it   where  hi>  rival  had  fallen,  and  sit   down  to  eat   and 

ink  amon^'  the  dead."     London  opened  her  uate-  to  the 

<  ■■n(|ueror,  and  William  was  soon  t  n^wned  kin^rof  KiiLdand. 

Seizing   Great   Estates.       William    ( laimed    to   he    the 

■  -rhlful  suiee>M)r  to  the  (Town.     Tho-e  who  upj)<)>ed  him  he 

•i-idered  traitors  and  -ei/ed  their  e-tate-.     .WmtK  all  the 

i  'iudi-h  nohles.  at  one  time  or  anothcT,  ro-e  up  a^ain-t  the 

'    'iiiiueror.  hut  in  vain.      They  were  eithiT  kilUd  or  driven 

'oe.xile.and  their  ureat  e>t.ite-  fell  into  William'-  liaiK^  as 

m.     'I  he  -mall  landholders,  however,  wi  re  not  di-turhed. 

k 


H 


-  i 


*u 


24:      DAWN    OF   A.MKKK  W    msTOKV    IN    KlkoPF 

The  Feudal  System  in  England.       In  ..nltr  t..  hold  !,,. 
throne  William  rmi,t  have  an  army  ready  at  h\>  tail  to  put 

•  lowii  the  many  revoh>  a;;ain>l  him.  How  loul.i  he  hii:i,| 
up  and  maintain  a  loyal  army!--  He  de(  ided  to  di>tril)ute 
the  ureal  oiate^  anion-,'  hi>  laithliil  Xorman  lo||o\ver>.  <in 
condition  that  they  would  nui>ter  in  arms  when  Mimmoned 
l»y  him.  Kven  the  poorest  Xorman  x.ldier  n.^w  reieiwd 
a  lar;;e  amount  (,l  land  and  ro.e  t(.  wealth  and  power  a^  a 
va>sd  ol'  the  kin-:.     The  larye  hol<;in^'>  ol"  land  were  a.^aiii 

•  livided  hy  the  kinti'-  va>sd>  amony  iheir  tenants  on  the 
same  terms  ,,|-  service  to  them.  In  this  maiuier.  you  str. 
William  intn.du.cd  the  feudal  system  into  Kn;;lan('l.  This 
was  lln'  only  way  known  to  him  of  kei-pin;:  eontrol  (.f  his 
suhjei  ts  ,,r  obtaining  an  army  when  he  needed  one. 

How  William  Gets  a  Firm  Grip,        lUii  William  remem- 
bered how  man\   years  of  t'mhtin^  it  took  to  j.ut  down  hi> 
I>roud   leudal   lords  in   Xorniandy  who  were  stru^j^lin^  I.. 
bee. .me  indepen.lent.     He  feared  his  m  v.   XormairKn^lish 
nobles  nuVdit  also  desire  l(.  beeome  sej.arate  kin^s  on  t'^h.ir 
own  estates,  and  he  res.dved  to  j^reveiit  this  evil.      When  he 
Kaveout  a  .threat  Kn^lish  estate,  he  did  not  ^dve  it  all  to  .me 
noble.      Hi'  divided  ea(  h  estate,  ^ivin^  to  one  onlv  a  small 
-hare.     Then  far  away,  in  s,,nie  ,,ther  part  of  the  kin^d-.m. 
hi'  j^ave  this  same  noble  ano>her  strip,  and  elsewhere,  per 
ha|)s.  another.     So  that   every  noble's  land   was  in  small 
si'ili..ns.  widely  s.  altered,  a  farm   here  and  another  lariii 
nules    awa\.     Xow   the    noble    muld    not    bei.une   an   in 
•  lependenl   kin.i:  if  h.-  wanted   to.     '['hus  William,   by  oiir 
l)rillianl  stroke,  destroyed  the  worst  danmr  of  feudalism. 

Swearing  Loyalty  to  the  King.       William  did  another 
thini,'  to  hold  a  .heck  upon  his  nobles.      In  Fr.ime.  you  re 
member,  ihexassals  of  a  l.ird  alw.iys  tuok  a  solemn  oath  t  . 
li.L'ht  f.  I  him  against  all  enemies  an.l  ,  \,n  auainst  the  kin- 


^ti^'cJi-^, 


hi> 


rm;  coMixd  oi    im-;  nokthmkn 


-4,? 


Wiiliam  ()viTi;imi'  thi>  (laniitr  hy  niakiiiu'  '•very  landholder. 
1  :  addition  to  the  oath  of  tVahy  to  h!>  lord.  >\vear  loyaltv 

■  .:!i  I  tl\  to  liini  as  kinj^. 

A   Norman   Sheriff  Over   Each   Co-mty.       In   order   t.. 

KT])   hi-   -irij)   u|M)n   the   niori'  (h-^tant    rovintie-.   the   kin.L' 

i'liointtd   >heriri\   to   l.xtk   after   hi>   intere>t>  ju-t    a>   tlie 

.:vnt>  of  the  Frendi  kinj,'  did.  and  naturailv  tha>e  oIVh  e> 

.•<rc    iiiied    hy    Xorman^-.      In    many   jjlaic-   WilHani    l)ui!t 

-•rnwj.  »a>lK->  and  manned  them  with  hi>  km,uht>.  to  k<ei) 

■  >  iv.dpie  in  order  better. 

Stamping    Out    Feudal    Courts.        Instead    ■.!    aliowiim 

i.i'li  pendent  feudal  lourt-  to  j^row  uj)  a-  had  hajipeiied 
:ii'in  the  continent.  William  kei)t  the  AnLjlo-S.i.\on  iourt>. 
h!  above  ihem  he  j)la(  ed  hi-  own  kimfs  i.iurt.  {'a>es 
I  law  mi^'ht  be  appealed  from  the-e  lower  rourt-  to  the 
■;ii:  -  <<)urt.as  was  dorie  in  I'Yante.  Thu-.  \ou  -re.  the 
iiii:  wa>  making,'  his  (Avn  jxiwir  \er_\  -tronj.;  in  l;ed. 
The  Crown  Lands.       We  mii>t  notice  three  mon-  i)ian>  of 

\\illiam">  to  >tren«then  hi>  power.  Ilr  did  iK.t  |,\  any 
.ii!>  uive  away  all  the  lan(l>  that  he  had  seized,  but  kept 
r\    lar^e  tracts  a>  crown   !.ind>.  so  thai   he  miyht   have 

-    'iny  or  (iues  coming  in  from  them  all   the  time-  to  till   hi-, 

"'  iHiry  and  to  pay  hi>  otlkcT-  and  kni;:ht>. 
Getting  Church  Support        William  al>o  wi>hed  to  win 
'   -upport  of  the-  chi.rel).     So  he  put   i>idc-  ail  the  Knjzli-h 
ru'v    -  i)rie>ts.   abbots,   bishop>.   even   the-  arc  hbi-hop  ,,f 

'  Merburv-  and  put  Norman  der^ymcn  into  tiuir 
'  1  -.      Can  you  think  why  :■' 

<)ld  Taxes.        .No  king  can  t»e  .-troni,'  without  nioruv  to 

hi>  orticcT>  and   keep  uj)  h'>  .ourl.     The  (|ue-tii.n  of 

^'  -  ha>  always  eau-ec'  muc  h  strife.      Lonir  before  William 

Conciueror  invadc-d  Kngland.  the  people  had  be,  :.  a-ke<l 

their  king  and  Wit.m  to  pay  a  sum  of  monc^    lo  l,uv  oif 


;H 


J  i 


^t\ 


-44      I>\\\N    <)I     A.MKkK  AN    III^IORV    l.\    laRopK 


tlu  Danr-^  whose  rai(l>  (ouM  not  \>v  ^hv^k^•^\.  This  money 
ttiat  (Mry  landuwiirr  had  to  j)ay  \va-  (allcl  I)aiuufl(|  ..r 
Darn-  tax.  Hut  the  I)ane>  kq)!  KuiiiiiK'  inid  the  lax  wa-, 
( ailed  tor  auain  and  a;;ain.  So  the  pe.-ple  were  accustomed 
to  paxinu  out  miuny  to  the  i^overnment  as  taxes. 

The  Domesday  Book.  William  wished  to  know  how 
nuich  laud  every  man  licM.  -..  tluit  he  mi-^ht  .si.read  su<  h 
a  tax  tairly  Ih  theretore  (au-ed  a  record  of  the  proptrtv 
"I  ^Ju  h  tiMii  in  lilt  eiilire  kingdom  to  he  writieii  down  in  a 
^rtat  hoolx  .  dlid  the  I)ome-(|a\  Hook.  He  \\a-  now  ahle 
to  >prrad  hi>  tax.'^  tairl\  an<i  he  knew  how  mut  h  momv 
eould  he  r.ii^d  in  lln">  \\,i\   without  ruinim,'  hi~  -uhjects. 

Strong  Kings  and  a  United  Country  While  other 
(uunlrie^  ol  i;uru|)c  wen  -till  broken  up  into  -mall  separate 
Iiro\in(e-.  ,a(  h  witli  it>  .  arl  or  (ount  or  duke,  and  each 
almo-t  indep  ndent  ol  it-  kin-.  Kn,i:hind,  we  >ee,  w.i- 
hound  to-^etlur  iirndy  under  .i  -iron-;  kint'.  So  for  >everal 
(enturie-  tluTe  wa-  more  peac  and  hapi)ine-s  in  Knglan.i 
than  an\  where  in  iuirope.  for  William  wa>  followed  by  a 
lint  of  ahle  kinf;.-  who  were  su^ee^^ful.  althou^'ii  they  w<re 
>onutime-  (  ruel. 

Other  Gains.  The  Xorn.an  concjuist  t)rouj,'ht  Knghuii! 
into  closer  relation  with  tiie  south  of  Kun.pe  and  it>  jjrow 
in-;  trade  and  town  life.  The  Xormans  and  Kn^lish  were 
Tcut-.n>  and  ( losely  related.  '|"he}'  -jradually  minj,'le(l 
and  became  one  i)eo])le.  The  Xorman  nohilitv,  however, 
eoiitinued  for  a  hundreci  year>  or  more  to  >|)eak  tlie  Xorman- 
Fren.  h  l.im^ua.u'e.  Hut  a>  the  hatred  between  the  Kn^li.-h 
ami  the  Xorman-  died  out  and  a>  the  noble-  and  common 
pc.ijile  mim^led  more  and  more-,  the  Anj;lo-Sa.\on  .speech 
won  it.s  w.ty  amon.u  the  noble-.  In  the  meantime,  however, 
it  iiad  receixcd  \  ery  many  words  from  the  XormanT-'rench 
Ihu-  our  mother  tongue  i-  much  richer  and  L>roader  an-i 


rni;  (OMixd  of   tfii;  nortmmkn 


'4: 


iter  l)f(ausc 


111-.     Willi  tlic  Xormiii 


of  till'  new  iltnunt  introdtuid  hv  the  Xi.r- 


inmiciit,    more   kriowlcdt't'   of 
lit-  and  manual  >kill. 


i>  (ame  also   more  learnini:  iind 


;ir:    and    ardutei  ture.   of 


OlKSilOXS 


W 


HI  uerc  the  Xnrtli 


men 


I  low    dill   ttu'v 


conu'   I.I   Mttli- 


Trll  .lixHit    William  ihc  (,r.;it  ;nwl    hi>  j.-.  ,,,1  uork. 


Ilnu  .ihl  llaruM  and  W  illiam  iniiic  t 


1'  i  i:iin)  tht 


th. 


I'll  alniiit  tin-  hatllr  ot  lia,>linn>.     '>     What  di<l  Will 


>\\\\  .!    |MlJ,'i,ill 


<   (^!ali>ii|  ilu'  iiolilfs  in  I'aij,'laiid  ' 
.  '  iU>M.-ni  inlo  Ki)(;|and  ■'     S.    llnw.lj.l    lir  ;;ct   a   1 
'     ^''  I'^'l  '     'I     What  was  iln    l)(ini(>(la\    !{uuk  and  \\h; 


d: 


lain  do  uiih 
W'li\  did  lif  nilnidui  (■  ilu' 


Uav  I  he  Nor 
W 


irm   LTip   ui>4in 
It  w a-  it>  u-r  ' 


man  ionqiu>l  of  Kn^land  ,t  ^;ood  thinj,'  lor  Uit  island 


i> ,  or  win  not 


■1| 


.iil 


CHAITKR    XIX 


WINNING    ENGLISH   LIBERTY 

Absolute  Rulers.  'Ilic  Kn^'lish  kin<:s  ruled  the  (uutiti\ 
niiuh  a>  thty  j.ltaM'd  lor  many  yars,  i",,r  ncithiT  the  lu-Mt- 
nor  tlu'  iH'.<|»lc'  had  a  Mmx-  in  tlu-  alYair-  of  thr  nation. 
Though  tlu'  iaiui  was  I)  .th  pfaitlul  and  pnopcrous.  tlir 
'K.hk's  ..!<ji(  tfd  1,1  the  ahx.luU'  ruk-  ol  tlu'  kiii^  i.v.r  tlu'ni. 
and  till'  iH()i)k'  rtMiitLti  llu  lua\ y  ta.Ms  al.oul  whiih  thty 
v.Tf  all..\vni  to  >ay  iiothinj:;  l.ut  things  wtnt  on  in  thi> 
way  tor  a  iumdrni  and  lilt\   \car>. 

Hands  of  the  Nobles  Tied.  Kadi  oni'  of  Hk-  nohlo 
wouhl  ha\.-  likid  to  bcconu-  indtiH'n.knt  of  tin-  kin.u.  a- 
wcri'  tlu-  iiol.ics  in  I'Vantc  and  (krniany  :  hut  thi'  lands  ol 
tlic  Kn-,'li.di  nol)iiity  wcr..-  >cattirrd.  and  they  couki  not  dn 
thi-.  So  they  Slid  at  hi>t  :  "  It"  wr  (an  ni-vcr  hfi. .nu-  in- 
dcix-n.knt  of  thf  kin,-;,  k  t  us,  tlu-n,  hand  to-rdhc-r  and  for(f 
Inni  to  -liarc  hi>  ,l:o\  iTiinu-nt  with  u>.  Onlv  in  tlii>  wa\ 
ran  we  i  hft  k  hi>  al)>ohitr  and  unju>t  ruk-  o\  ct  u>."  And 
now  ranic  tlicir  iliancc,  for  oiir  of  thi-  wor-l  kin^'.-  Kn^hm.l 
<  \tr  had  lanu-  to  thr  throne       Kin,i,'  John. 

Loss  of  Normandy.       Thi-  jn'opic  of  Kniihmd  m.ou  found 
John  to  hr  a  wrrtdi.d  l\rant        untruthful.  di>hont>t.  an.i 
trra.  lurou>.     The  new  kiim  rapidly  lo.t  the  love  and  eveii 
the  re>pei  t  of  all  ela->es  of  hi-  >uhje(  t-.      So  hated  wa>  he, 
iliat  he  wa>  at  war  with  thi'  pope,  with  Tranie.  with  Siot 
land.   Ireland,  and    Wak^.   all   at    the   >anu'   time.      In    tli- 
War  with   the  kin;,'  of   Irancc,  J.,hn   l.^t    nearly  all  of  th; 
l.imhMi  j.n-M:^>ions  in  I'rante.  im  hiding  Xorniandy.  whiej- 

-4'' 


:a--^»i~4|^m 


wiNNiM,  i;n.,i,i>ii  i.imi:rt\ 


.null 


-h  ki 


luid  lu'ld  lor  a  luiii.lrt 


il  and  lilt\-  Ncar- 


ih 


f  ;)C'i|ilf  o|   hi>  kiii^doin.  wlioin   lir  had 


ahiiMMl 


A]\n\  and 


Tu.^hinj;  tav-.  ntLi-id  t.»  liclp  him. 


John  Like  Other  Tyrants.        In   il 

i'ii  <ii  kinu'--.  who  ui>h  to  rult-  will 


a;;t>  it   na•^  l)crn  the 
1  an  iron  han.i.  to  -ini,di' 


it  and 


thn 


iirt\-   and   ari'   nio^ 


i\v  into  pri.Mtn  tho>i'  oj'  tiu'ir  -ultjci  t.^  who  Io\- 
t    likely   to  oI.j.ti    t,,   har-h   rule.      Ii 


-f  dark  duni,'n)n>  tlu-  ])atriot.'>  la\    tor  month:- 


or  t\tii 


.ir-. 


without   a   trial.     .Soini'tinu-  the  |)ri>oniT>  wi-rc 


n.ll\   treated   that  thev 


oon  died.  otlur>  wen-  niunlered 


<l    hlood    without    exinse.      |{\    >U',  h   inhuman   treat 


il  lit.  tyrants  lri<,'htened   their  >ul)jiit>  into  obed 
liiui'.      kit  h  nu'ii  who  had  heeome  t 
•r  the   r-'<;hts  and   lihertk-^  ol"  the  ihm)| 


idleiue  and 
no  /.ialou>  in  li'okiii'' 


>ie   wer'.'  uiven   a 


at  ot"  tile  ki] 


||I^■I)iea■^ure  m  the  form  oi  a  i  ru-^hin<'  ii 


ne 


Ih 


-.  i)erhai»,  ac  ompli-hi'd  two  thin.L,'-.      It  d-.-troved  t! 


le 


lonu'inti    lor    liherts    and    helped    to    til!    the   k 


111^ 


iipiN-   i)ursi.     John   wa^   like   other   tyrant>.      He  al)U>ed 
!-  -ul;jeit>.  and  thosi'  who  ohjeetrd  :eiei\e<l  more  ahuse. 
Ill   r-Liln  to  a  -peedy  trial  before  a  fair  jury  lost  our  fon- 
.hiT>  nui(h  in  trea>ure  and  in  Mood  !)efore  it  wa>  won. 
The  Great  Charter.        I  he  noble-  vowed  that  the\  would 

ie>  and  to  ''ive  them  a 


'till 


t!  John  to  restore  their  lii)t'rt 


irler  to  whi(  h  the  kint 


mu.-t  attach  hi>>eal,  makint:  it 


The  biron-  thiTefore  ^'athertd  i 


n  arm-  and  demande 


:<!om 


•  iiirter.     "Why   do   you    not    a.-k    for    m\-    kinu 

i'd  John,  in  an  ani,'ry  pa—ion.  but  it  wa-  of  no  u.-e  to  re- 
-!     a-   the  people   were  all   aj^Min-t    h.im.      So   he   met    the 

!on>at  Kunnymede  in  iJi^and  >i^nie<i  the(ireat  Chart 
■■;!«•! imes  railed  the  Mat'na  Carta. 

The  Liberties  Given  in  the  Charter        Joh 


er. 


kei 


n  agreed   in 
ne\-er  a^ain  put  a  man  in  pri>on 
■p  him   there  without  a   trial   In    a  jury.     Xeiiher 


liarter  that  he  would 


}S    i)\\\\  f>i    \Mi  ki(  \\   iii-ioKv  i\   iikni'i: 


wi.ul,!  he  Mi/r  ,1  tntiii.iir-.  pr.ip'  rl\  imr  li,ini-h  him  wilh'.iii 
.1  L;i'ni|  ,iiii|  l.iwlul  rr.i-mi  lie  ]ii.p|iii-(  ,1  ju-liii-  .iinl  I'.iir 
ti'f.itnitiil  tu  ,tll  hi-  -ulijn  I -.  \ihl.  iu(,-,t  iinji.prt.iiit  i>\  ,0] 
the  kiim  ,iL.'rn  i|  iiui  1..  ( At.irt  iniiiiry  iVi'in  hi-  |>ii.|)lc  cithi  r 
•  I-  line-,  ,iiiU.  or  l,i\r-.  w  illi.iiil  iir-!  tuii-uhin^  the  Ij.irnii-- 
al.uiit  il. 

The  Council  of  Barons.  Hut  hmLimK  l,rlit\,(l  thit 
j'lhii  ( i.uM  lie  tMi-t(  il  111  III.,  \  ihi-  (  h,ir!(  r,  .unl  -m  ,i  i  min,  j' 
<il  l\s(  111  \  ii\  (■  li.ir.iii~  \\,|,  ihii-i(i  t.  \v,il(h  ..MT  thfir 
hlitTtii-  ,iiii|  III  .In  l.in  \s,ir  .iii  j..hii  ii  iir  a:;. tin  -t.irtcd  t.. 
'Ii-"l»''>  ill''  ih.irlcr  '■  IIkv  h.!\r  ^'ivcii  nir  i'i\  c  .iinl- 
twiiitx  .i\  rrkiiiL:-."  I  ririj  J..|ui  in  .i  Icir-t  ul'  lHr\  .  ih'iiu'iiu' 
liim-t'li  .111  till-  ildiir  .unl  Ljn.iwin^  -ti,k-  .unl  -tr.nv  in  tii> 
r.iu'r.  j.ilui  kipl  uj)  ihf  iiLzhl  .iLMin-t  hi-  li.ir.ni-  lur  .i  time. 
1'"'  '"•  --""11  ilicil.  .\ii,|  ,\.r\  kiiiL:  -iiu  .■  h.i-  lurii  in.i.ic 
I"  |'f"ini-c  1,.  ..l.r_\  ih.'  ( ir.Mt  Ch.iriir.  Il  i-  I  lu  l'..iiii.Ktti..!i 
>il  thr  hl)crtic-  111  ,ill  Ijiu'li-h  -pi  .ikiiiu'  iKilinii-, 

The  King  Who  Broke  the  Charter  I  he  n.  \i  kiiii:  w.i- 
llciuN  111.  will,  rriu'iifd  I'l.r  m..rc  th.in  nlU  \f.ir-  l!rnr\ 
u,i-  iii.t  a  i:..iii|  kiii'_'.  A\\i\  hf  naturally  h.itcil  ihr  charhr. 
-iiKc  il  prc\  tiilnl  him  irmn  .luinL,'  a-  lie  |.|(a-cil.  .\i'ti  r 
a  uliilr  lie  Ihumm  I..  .li-..tH\  uiic  imp..rtaiU  law  in  the  rli.n- 
'"T-  •!'■  I"r.(i|  dur-.  i.r  taxt-.  upiin  tlic  |)niplc  without 
a-kinu'  the  (ire. it  Cnuii.  il  nl  liarmi-.  .M.irr.i\cr  llrnr,- 
-riil  jiiilLTi-  i.M-r  the  kiii'j.l.im.  wh..  liinil  rii  h  pnijilc  mi- 
ja-lly  ami  luM\ily.  m.rdy  1..  -d  nmrf  m..nf\-  I'.ir  t  he  .iirrn! . 
^^^^~  l-r.iin  ilic  ,iiic-  .ui,|  ir.un  ri(  h  Jew-  the  kiii'^'  .h 
'"•iii'l'-'i  u'ili-.  .111. 1  ihr  pruplc  h.inlly  (larnl  1..  rrtu-i'. 

Reforms    First     Then    Taxes.         Ihi-    ill  i^i.ttcn    m.uK  . 
\va-  11.. I  .  n.niu'h  lor  the  -p(  nilihrit't  kiiiL'  ainl  hi-  cxt  rawi'^Mii' 
'""'■'       II'    -umn;- .iirii  ,1   p.irliaintn!   ..f  tin-  drr.ii    ("nun.ii 
ol  Imiiiii-  ami  a-k.-ij  thrm  i..  ta.x  ih.    p.  o[.|c,      ||,'nr\   a-k. 
'"'■  ■'  l>"~^'  ^'"i!  "I   III'. Ill)        l!u!   liir  (t.trlianu-nt  ..l   i)arnii- 


\\l\\l\(.   I  \(.|.|-||    i.ii:i  |.:  \\ 


\') 


him  tli.it   till  \    umm|,!  ii,,i   ..11,,\\   ) 


liin  I'lii    [1.  tui\    uiiii 


ir-t  |ir.iiiii-(  li  ii 


'■■i-i    111-  i'l'   ikiii_'  <'\  !  ill    (  ,ri  ,ii  (  h.iM 


I  I 


111-  iiiil.iu  nil  !i!iinL;  "i  i  in   |h   .| 


u     w 


II 


.in: 


'■  |>I'iimm  ,|.  ,ih(i  ilu    ii.iri.i,-  I.  ■.  i,  .|  I  hr  i.i\.     i.,;  liim 


^imon  of  Montforr  lf=  !ir\  '  .'k  l.i-  ...iih  h.  .-.ma  ,  r. 
'inn  ,1  \  (  .:r  .Li-i  .h  •  ..n  .j  n.^r  ■■'.,  tli,  l,.,r..ii-  tin.;;  h  hr 
•''     IlKt'lr    iii'.tir     I'll!     .',',iil;     |ir..n;i-i.i     t..    ..(.(■.  \-     |.|.,! 

.r-  hrtikc  "Ul  ill  r.irii.  -t    lii.i  the  k!ii.:!i^  -  ,i:i.!  i.  ■. -..n  -  iunicr 


:-,o     l)\\\\    !>|     WIIKK   W    lliN|(»k\     |\    I.I  koi'i; 

their  -"iiKiKlid  If.i.l.r  Sitnnii  .,t  .Munffort,  ( apliiri/d  tfir 
kiiiK  .md  put  him  iiiti.  |)riM.ii.  >iinoii,  \]u-  i..iiri..t.  ihtii 
<all(<l  a  ;4fiural  (uuiuil,  nv  [larliariifiit .  tn  rt|irc>(iil  all 
(la^^M--  of  iH'iipIr.  To  thi-  parliament  ht  -umiiK.md  tidt 
<)nl\  the  han.n-.  the  l.i-hop-.  an<l  m\.  r.il  knight-  t..  .p,,,k 
lor  the  Kiimtii-^,  hut  he  iritr«.(hi.  cd  ^urm  ihini;  new  l.\  .  aMiii- 
upon  the  town-  to  sen. I  npreMiitalix  <■>.  Tlii-  \v.i>  the  iir>l 
tinu'  the  town,  ha.i  hicti  allowed  a  \oi<  <•  in  ihc  j^'ox crnmetit, 
A  Great  King.  Alter  a  time  Simon  died,  .md  Hmry 
patched  up  peace  hy  another  promi-e.  The  people  wen- 
tired  of  ti-hlin-,',  and  th.>  endured  the  kin-,'  until  hi>  <lealli 
a  lew  years  later.  I'ollowint;  him  i  ame  a  i:reat  kinu', 
Kdward  I.  who  tonqueri'd  Wah-  and  S.  otlaiid  an<l  plamitd 
to  unite  all  the  island  of  (,reat  Mrilain  under  one  law  and 
'•ne  kin-:  lOlward  die.l.  howe\ir,  hefore  lu  x.uld  make 
his  hold  upon  Seotland  |>ermanent. 

The  Model  Parliament.        In   \:,,->  Kin-  Kdwanl  lalltd 
the  pellet  t  or  Model  Parliament,      lor  a  ^at  in  this  body 
the   (ler-y    had    .  hos,,,    tl,eir    hishops   and    arehhishops   to 
represent  them,  that  i-,  to  spe,,k  f,,r  tju-m  and  t(.  vote  for 
laws  that    were  for   their  he-t    intir.si.;    the  ,  hief  haron^ 
were    also   summone<l   to  ait   and   speak   for   the  nol»ilit\. 
Besides  theM'  eai  h  rounty  el<  <  ted  two  km";,'hts  to  represeiil 
it  ;    eaeh  citw  two  eiti/ei,-;    an<l  t'ai  h  town,  tw<»  hurj^her- 
And  .-o   the  lommon   j)eoi)le  of   the   whole   kinjzdom   wer.- 
represented  l)\  those  .vhom  they  had  i  hosen  to  i^o  to  Parli.i 
meiit  and  to  look  after  their  interests.     Su(  h  was  the  Modt  I 
Parliament,  so  (ailed  hecau-e  all  the  later  ones  were   pat 
tiTiied  after  it. 

A  Clever  Idea.  This  ide  ;  of  choosiuL'  rejiresenLttive- 
to  a(  t  lor  the  man\  who  t  oul.l  not  iro  t,,  a.  t  t'(.r  thenistlxe- 
wa^  a  (lever  idea  of  the  IjiL'lidi.  it  is  the  oidv  wa\  tor 
the  ix-ople  in  a  larjze  eouniry  to  have  a   voiic  in   the  law 


\\l\\i\(,  i,\(.i.|N||  i.ihikiN 


ikiim.      11.1(1   it   II. .t   l.rcn  lur  ihi-  pLiii.  all   (lie  |.,,\v.r  ..| 
.  .\(  riimciit    wuui.l   h.i\r   i.illrn   |.,   thf   kiif^   .ui.j   tin-   ri.  h 
•  liit-.  .tri.l  ihr  Mtriimuii  iK-opIc  mi-lit  h.ivc  >iiti.  rr.|  mm  rri\ 
.  I'ltr  I). Ill  kin.i;^. 

Teutons  Love  Their  Freedom         That  i^  jii>t  uh.ii  h.ip 

-iicil    .imuii;;   tlh    iilhcr   (htiikim    iiatiuti-,   who   M-ttlnl    in 

I  r.iiuf  ami  S|MiM.     .\>  tin-  -mall  tribal  kiriK«l.'m->  uniti.l, 

■ill  \    iu|.ii'<|   their  ^'o\rrni!ifiit>  alter  that  ..j'  Kome,  where 

'!it    iinperur    l)t.  ain.     \er\    t\raiiiii(al.      In    thi>    wa\     the 

hriuh   and   S|iani>h    l..-t    their   li!)ert\    and    their   vuiee   in 

■'leir  .i:o<-ernnieiit-.,  I..r  the\    did  ixtt   l.uild  iij)  thi-<  i)laii  <.| 

'■lillL;  re|)re>entatives.      We  .hall   look   t..   Knu'laiid  a-  the 

Ine    where    the    people    learned    how    to    rule    tlleiiiMKi-. 

'iioii.^'h  th«irih(»eM  rej)re>entati\e>. 

Two  Houses.         i  he  Han.n-  or  l.ord>   after  a  time,  met 
-jMrately  and  were  lalle.l  tlii-  Houm'  oI  l,ord>,    while   the 
'lilted   km'uht-  and  (ili/.cii-  al>o  met   in  a   separate  room 
!id  were  (alk'd  the  Houm-  of  Common-,  hecau-c  they  wen- 
ippo-ed  to  a(  t  for  the  -;ood  of  the  ( ..mmon  |>eople.      Troiii 
'111-  tinu-  on  the  parli.imeiit  ii-ed  it-  ri^^ht  to  vote  or  to  re- 
M-e  t.ixe-  a-  a  Im.m'  i  luh  to  fon c  the  >U(  i o-ive  kin^'- to  .i;ive 
'■     .1  other  power-,  or  a  larger  >hare  in  the  <:o\i-rnmenl. 
The  King's  Need  of  Money.       .\  threat  w.ir  -oon  broke 
:i  with  Fr.uuf  over  the  land-  -till  h«ld  there  by  the  Mnj: 
-li  kinu.     Thi-  war  la-ted.  olT  and  on,  for  about  a  humlred 
'  ir-.      I'he  heavy  expense  of  keei)in^'  an  army  in  FniiK  e 
Tied  the  Knu'li-h  kin«  to  eall  upon  hi>  parli.iment  a.L'ain 
'id  .main  for  momw.     The  kin;;  felt  that  he  would  do  al 
o-t  anylhinji  rather  than  lo-e  hi>  Krent  h  p<.-e--ions;  but 
'■■■■  Kn.L'lish  people  no  longer  eared  for  the  kind-  in  Kraiue. 
Curbing  the  King.        So  wlun  the  kinu  a-ked  parliament 
r  niori'  ta.xe-.  the\   demanded  tir-t  to  know  wli.it  u>e  he 
1-  K"in^'  to  make  of  the  money.     The  kinj^  wa>  an;;ry. 


-  li  : 


mte. '  f  dt»  K. 


»  ,  ■'«:' 


MICROCOPY    RESOiUTION    TEST    CHART 

ANSI  !rr)    ISO    US'    fHAP'    No     ? 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


12.8 


W    .11? 


«i  3  6 


1.4 


lilM 

]2.2 
2.0 

1.8 


1.6 


^     .-APPLIED  IM^GE     inc 


,:*M'i.' 


"t  ■*•<   •    "f    »'-- 


j>.'      I)\\\\    ()|-    AMI.kK   \\    IIlN^()K^     IN    i;i  ROI'K 

l)ut  he  liad  tn  yield,  lnr  there  w;;-  no  mlur  \\a\-  to  'jet 
nioiie'  .  Altera  while  jiarliaineiit  would  \ote  moiu'\'  oiiK 
tor  rtain  u-^o.  and  helore  \dtiiiL,'  am  more  the\-  m.-MJe 
ll;e  kiiii:  -how  how  he  -pent   the  la-t  allowaiKe, 

Another  Step.  .Xirain  parliainetit  iiM-d  the  ta.\  a>  a 
( lul) ;  lor  when,  on  a  i  ertaiii  neea-ion.  the  kini:  needed  niorr 
nioiiew  parliament  ^aid.  '■  .\..t  unit"  y<,u  lir-t  di-mi--  and 
puni.>h  _\uur  uiiketj  and  (  ruel  ot'tner-."  and  the  kinu  had 
to  do  it.  .\t  la-t.  I._\  alway-  holding  thj^  ta.\  <  lult  <i\er  the 
kini:"-  iiead,  [)arliament  gained  -o  nun  h  jxiwer  that  it  un 
(Towned  a  wi(  ked  kinu  and  eho-e  another  in  iii-  >tead. 

Becoming  a  Republic.  In  thi-  wa\  [.arliament  eanie  to 
control,  not  only  the  makiiiL:  df  law-,  hut  e\en  tlie  apjxiint- 
nuMit  i>i  the  kini:'-  mim'-ter>  or  olVu cr-  who  ruled  o\er  tlie 
people.  Wieked  ol'lu  er-  o|  the  kiim  were  brought  het'on- 
parliament,  where  they  were  judged  and  i)uni--he(l.  \\ 
the  end  ol  the  .Middle  A^e-  the  l)eo|)le  o|'  luiu'land  had  '/one 
a  loim  way  toward  Ireedom  and  toward  -ell'  ^oviTnment 
'riiouLih  there  ua-  -till  a  kinu.  he  wa-  -horn  ol'  nuuh  oi 
lii^  |>ower.  and  the  ,u'o\  eminent  wa-  lieiomin.ir  more  liki'  a 
repulilie.  where  ]>eople  ruU'  them-el\e-. 


<K  K>ri(»\S 

I.  What  i-,  all  ah-ohile  nil.  r  '  :■,  llnw  were  tlie  haiicj-  of  thr 
riolilo  tied'  V  Whi)  1.1,1  ilu'  laii^'li-^h  IsIiil;',  i)r.i\iiue>  in  I'Vanre- 
4-  \\li\,'  ^.  liuw  wa-- J.ihn  like  .alu  I-  i>  ram-,  '  u.  'I",  ij  ahuui  the 
(ire;ii  CiiafaT.  7  W,i>  it  ,1  ^.M„|  i,r  ,1  li.i.j  thir.i,''  S.  \\li\  - 
.).  Wli.it  i-  a  trial  li>  jur>  .'  10.  W.uil.l  \.ni  r.itlur  lie  fied  t)v  ,! 
jiir\  T  h\- a  ju.lue  ;--  11  \\li\.^  I  Wh.i  t.r.ike  the  (irt.i'  ('ti.irlt  r - 
I  ■;.  \\h\'  14.  II. iw  di.l  tin  kihUL'.t  niwiiiN  i)e>ide.'^  Ie\  viay  la\c- ' 
I  ^  r.'ll  \\h>  we  -h.iiil.i  l)e  ;,'ratt  lu'  t.i  "-im..!!  ..;  .M.niinrt,  \(i.  W'ha- 
\\.i>  the  .M.ulrl  i'.irliaiiieni  and  \\h\  wa-  it  ..tllr.l  mii.lel  '  17.  W'ha' 
i>  me.mt  l)\  a  rt  |ire-.eiilati\e  i:..\eiauiiiiii  '  is  Kit  luiter  or  w.ir- 
than  ,1  iii.ui.ir.  h>  ^  e,  \\  h\  ,.r  wii\  imi  -  jo,  11. ^w  i!i.!  ih.. 
English  people  ior..c  their  i.iii>,'>  to  >iiare  the  ;;uvernineiu  wiUi  ihem  . 


1  Ih.. 

hem 


(■ii.\i'Ti;k  XX 

THE    RISE    OF    SPAIN 

The  Fall  of  the  Goths.       Wh.n.  in  ;,  ,.  thr  (..,ih,\  kin-, 
i-'i'  ri.  k.  \va>  hratcn  an.l  .lain  !,y  thr  Aral...  and  hi>  annv 
■'.  :>   Mattered    tu    the    uin,U.    th,'    (,.,th.    -avc    up    hope    n|- 
Mn-    Spain.    an<i    the    .M..,,r.    (juickly    uverran    it.      'Hie 
-J'.it   u'tii'>  yielded  without  a  l.luw. 
Moors    Kind    to    the    Christians        II,,w    nianv    (.uth- 
■'!"". •.!  aniontr  the  .M,,ur>  we  ,],,  not  kuuw,  hut  the  M(u,r, 
'-  iv  ^^ry  kind  f.  thc.e  wh.,  wished  tu  .tay        11, ev  alh.wcl 
•■■'  "1  1,.  keep,  not  only  their  honi.-  and  pn;pert>  .'hut  tlieir 
k'ion  and  lorni.  <.!  wur^lup.      Kven  in  Cor.lova.  the  Moor- 
-■'i   >.ii.ital.    th.Te   remained    >even    ChriMian   ehur(  he--   i^or 
::'■  UM'  ol   the  people.      [„  addition  to  all  this  the  .\r,ih> 
^'-  the  ChriMians  the  ri-ht  to  live  under  their  own  law. 
"i  "tVieer.,  paying  only  a  liudit   ta.v.  no  h.Mvier  than  was 
i^ired  ol'  the  .\rah-  adtout  theni. 

Moors  and  Goths  Mixing.        So  it  i.  heli.ved  that  manv 

!lu-   (.othie   suhject.,   e>pe.iallv    the   -erl-.   an.l    ,  omnion 

'■pl<-.  lu-ide.  a  »on.iderai)le  nunih.r  of  n.,hle.,  prelVrre.l 

■;"i;''"  i"  their  home,  un-l.^r  Moorish  rule  r.ith.-i    ,han 

^"''  ''   '''•'  "'    '"il  ."id   har.Miip  in   the   mountain..      In 

■   r  year.,  many  oi   their  (  hiidreii  a..e[,ted   the   .Moliam- 

'i'ln    reli-i,,n   and    nu'xed    i>,vly   with   the    Moor.,   inter- 

-■>iim  with  them. 

What   Became   of   the   Gothic.  Nation        Howwer    the 

■■■•  •    "•  '    '    '"oi  pi  u-ii  Mt    oi    !  iic    (  loi  tM(     ilo~t    relu.fd 

-■il'tnit  to  their  .\r.d,  eon,,ueror..     Some  tle.i  to  Fran.e. 


.\v4      1>AWN    OK    A.MKkK  AX    HISTORY   IN    KlkOl'K 

Italy,  and  Hrilain.  uliilc  oth^T--,  trut-  and  di'votcd  to  th(i 
<uuntr\ ,  rctrcatfd  Inliiml  the  in(>untain>  of  norttu-rn  '>\k\\i\ 
1  lie  Sara(rn>  did  not  ((»n>i(kr  tln'>c-  mountain  i)rovinif 
worth  confiiurini,'.  Kvtn  tin-  harri-n  j)lains  near  th.M 
niountain>  were  not  (xrupini.  (.•xicpt  by  military  iam|)>. 

The  Mountain  Kingdom.  —  Hire  anion*,'  the  ro(.k>  an. 
(raff's  of  Asturia.-.  the  (;oths  and  their  follo\vfr>  haltrd 
'1  h(  \-  wrrc  ail  i(jual  now,  for  there  was  land,  siu  h  as  i 
wa>,  lor  e\-er\l)ody.  So  the>e  (iothic  nobles  mixed  wit! 
the  >lave>  and  common  people  who  eame  with  them.  'rhi\ 
intermarried  and  became  the  ancestors  of  the  moderi 
Sjianiards. 

Pelayo  and  the  Moors.  —The  (loths  set  their  l)acks  t. 
the  sea  and  their  fai  t-s  toward  their  enemy,  the  Moors,  ami 
cho>e  IVIayo  a^  their  kin.u.  When  the  Arabs  heard  of  th< 
retreat  ot  these  jxMipIe.  they  sent  an  army  to  subdue  l'ela\i 
and  his  mountain  tribe.  They  found  the  chief  and  hi. 
band  intrenched  in  a  rocky  cavern.  The  Moors  were  badiv 
l)eaten,  and  thereafter  the  Spanish  kin<;dom  rested  safely 
in  its  rocky  nest.  Hither  came  all  the  Christian  Cioth> 
who  had  become  dissatisfied  with  the  rule  of  the  Saracen-, 
together  with  the  stoutest  an^    best  of  the  Gothic  nobles. 

Hard  Life  of  the  Mountaineers.  Anions  the  barrt  ii 
cratjs  the  Spaniards  lived  their  hard  life,  obtaining  Unnl 
from  huntinj,'.  from  Manty  croj^s.  and  from  ])lun(lerin<,'  odc 
another  as  well  as  the  ju-ople  of  the  Moorish  province-. 
It  was  a  life  similar  to  that  of  their  ancestors  in  the  (icr- 
man  wil(lerne».  >ave  that  they  kept  the  Christian  reli^Mon. 
They  learned  to  endure  him^er  and  fatif^ue.  to  live  up'H 
plain  and  -canty  food,  and  to  I'l.u'ht  a<,Minst  odds.  So  thrv 
beiame  a  -ober.  haidx   race  of  warriors. 

Facing  About.  From  their  barren  mountain  tops,  tlu- 
Spaniards  looked  down  uj)on  the  pleasant  vallevs  and  frui; - 


.^m*-K^vfv^-^;i 


WW.    RISK    (U     SPAIN 


.•>>'> 


hm 


im^^m^Mmm 


lil 


2^i>      DAWN    OF     \.MI;RI(\\    IIIsI()K\     |\    KCROPi: 


ful  \iii(\;iri!>  (.!'  tluir  (luthic  an(c-!ur>.  They  hfh,  I 
ihrir  lidly  Ctiri-liaii  ( luir(  he-  ^i\i'ti  to  ini'ii|cl>.  willi  tl 
hated  (Tr^iciit^  oil  tlu'  (loiiic-,  wlnTr  oik  f  \va-  tlif  su  ri 
I  ro->.  Alter  nian>  year-  thc-e  liardv  >]iaiiianl-  re~oKc<l  i 
(juit  the  -helter  ot  their  mountain-  and  to  la\  hold  u]>on  tt 
land-  ol  their  lorelather-.  So,  rtlyini;  upon  their  -troii;,'  rij:l 
arm>.  they  de-eeiided  to  the  oprii,  >unn\-  pl.iin-  of  the  Modp 

Pushing  Back  the  Moors.  \..  -ooiu  r  had  tlu'  Spu 
iard-  left  the  hill  (ountr\-  than  the>  found  them-elve-  fai 
to  I.K f  with  the  t1eet  (axalry  of  the  Moor-,  while  thev  then 
M'i\c-  iduld  liLiht  onl\  on  foot.  I  lu-  .Xrah-  -wept  o\er  tli 
country  and  (arrie(l  off.  in  a  -iimie  raid,  the  hard  tarne 
l)roduee  of  a  whole  -ea-on.  Hut  -lowly  tlu'y  were  pu-he 
hai  k.  .\-  -oon  a-  the  >])aniard-  reai  hed  a  natural  lioundar 
like  a  ris'er  or  a  (  hain  of  hiil-,  the\-  c(iii.-tru(  ted  a  liiU'  <i 
lortilKations  to  hold  their  Moori-h  t'liemie-  in  ( tu(  k. 

Quarreling  Among  Themselves.  Ilowevir.  the  prot: 
re--  of  the  Si)aniard-  in  recovering,'  Spain  wa>  -low  indird 
As  thi'\-  incriM-ed  in  iuiinl)er>  and  -spread  out.  the\-  spli 
up  into  .-t'veral  little  -tate-  or  trihe>  with  sei)arate  kin.i:- 
Amon^  the,-e  ])ett>  Spani-h  kin<:>  an<l  their  warliki'  hanm 
tluTi'  wa>  hitter  hatred  and  Ucu\-  (|uarrelin,u'.  Mnn 
Chri-tian  hlood  wa-  wa-ted  in  the-e  feud-  than  in  a! 
tlu-  encounter-  with  the  Moor-.  ( »n  account  of  thi-  con 
tinual  hLjhtin.u;  anDn^'  tluni-elve-  they  made  very  -low 
headway  in  drivin,''  hack  tin-  Mohammedan  Moor-. 

Love  of  Freedom.  In  each  little  -tate  the  people  heh 
to  ttu'ir  (lothic  lihertie-.  tlieir  ri^ht  to  choose  their  kini,'.  am 
lo  -hare  in  law  makint:.  It  i-  said  that  they  took  an  oath  -i 
lo\alt\  to  their  (ho-en  kini:  after  thi-  manntT  :  "  \\\'.  wh. 
are  each  <i!  u-  a-  ^ood  a-  thou,  and  who  together  are  mon 

1  II  I'.li  Tl  1  ll      til    III       tli,.,i  ....    .._      •     .  1         .  .      .  1-  ■■■      i'  '  i  ' 

I       * '     •■•■■'     -.::••■.  I .    .-'.'.  V  .: :      lo    t;;  ;i/\      I  IH,'e    t  i     i  iiOU    oCiSl    v  »i  n  \ 

our  law-,  and  if  not.  not." 


iS'.c^irjuifiiA" 


mi;  ki>i;  oi-  si-aiv 


'\S7 


Frontier  Cities  Favored.  In  ..ni.  r  tu  mak.-  pn.-n-. 
.liii^t  the  M...)r.  it  \va>  n.cr-ary  t..  arm  aii.l  drill  ,\,r\ 
:i/rn.  and  x.  cadi  warrior  fd'   itiat   In-  had  a    ri;:ht    to  a 

i'  '•  in  the  maltcr  ..l'  .i.'(.viTnnuiit.     In  unit  r  to  puvh  l.ai  k 

■  .'    Aral)-,  it  \va-  ncn^r-ary  to  plant    luw  toun^  and   turt> 
•!  tlu-  land-  takrn  from  the  Moor,  a^  u.lj  .,>  on  tlir  r\ 

.  .M  d  irontirr-.      To  thc^'  to\vn>  c.p,-.  iai  lavor^  uvrc  -iv,n 

.  '-rdrr  to  attract  >fttl(T>  t..  thrm.     So  the  Irontitr  tmvn> 

■'Uainc'd  rhartcrs  ol"  lilnTtic-.  allouint'  them  -real  trrcd..m 

in  ruling,'  thi  ni>rl\i-^. 

A  Voice  in  Law  Making.        In  srvrrai  kin-dom>  tht-  town- 

■  !'.t  rcprcM-ntatiws  to  the  hiu-makin-  a.vMmhlv.  \vhi(  h,  in 
-pain,  \va>  .ailed  the  Cortis.  ThcM-  r.prt  Miitativ ,-.  ^^vrv 
'  iioMii  not  by  ballot,  but  by  lot.  'Ihi,  onward  >tcp  toward 
Mvrdom  tor  tin-  pi-oj)k.  .ururrrd  Ion-  brforr  the  Sa.xon..  oi 
l.n'.'lan.i  had  dt"Vfl()]u'<l  the  ri-{)ri-,ciuativc  >v.-tfni. 

Difficulties  in  Uniting.  Thoc  jtalous  and  warlike  >tatrs 
IT  ivntunVs  kej)!  unitint,'  and  >plittin.-  uj).  only  to  join 
i-'.iiii.   in  a  dilYerent   way.     Tlu-  kin^  ot   one  >tate  wouM 

"ii.juer  another  and  take  his  land>,  or.  perhaps,  hi-  would 
niarry  a  princess  or  widowe<l  queen  of  another  kin<,Mloni  and 
Miu>  enlar-^'e  his  domains.  '!hi>  would  >oon  ha\c  um't.d 
lil  these  various  slates  into  one  <;reat  country  had  not  the 
Spanish  rulers  followed  the  praeti.e  of  dividing  uj)  their 
'in-doms  at  death  amon^  their  .sons.  So  the  >tru«r<:i<'  f.,r 
niion  had  to  be  fought  over  and  ovit  attain.      However,  the 

nie  states  were  slowly  swallowed  up  by  the  lar^'er  on,-.. 

ntil.  by  1400,  there  were  three  diief  kin-r.loms  in  the 
--anish  peninsula.  They  were  Tortu-al.  Castile,  and 
^!"a.U'»)n. 

Queen    Isabellas    Suitors        Over    ('a-til!     thire    n-m 

:!ed  a  remarkable  (jueen  named  Isabella,  a  brilliant  and 

'  larminj,'  woman.     She  had  many  noble  and  royal  suitors 

s 


•.•3 


.Ifi 

.-If  I 


'■li 


I' 
ii 


'4 


■w,   i',„v^gf,jngii"" 


?vS 


I>\W\    (.|.    A.MKklCAN    msTokV    |.\    KIKOPI. 


lr.u„alltlu..ourt..,li:un.,K..  Is.lnlla  .IrrlarnUlu- waul 
'""  '••■'■'""  '''•'■  l<'">"n.n  I.,  ,li(tatc  to  lur.  hut  th.t  .!• 
^^•"•>'M  marry  whom  .hr  pLanW.  Amon^'  h.r  .uitor.  wa^ ' 
I.nnn-ot  Ar.^nn.  l\-u\m:uul  T..  h.m  .h.  .av.  her  han. 
^'"'1  "  ■>  >'iu\.  -  mv.T  in  thr  annaU  ot  ...urtlv  marriagr  u  . 
.1  mat.  h  M.  happy  and  >..  intirdv  hlf^s,-,!.- 

Union  and  Peace.  Thu>  wJr,.  unit.-.l  th.-  kini:.|om>  „ 
(  a.t.l.  an.l  Ara.^.n.  th.  two  iar.,e>t  stat.>  in  Spain,  an.l  th, 
wiM^.t  pcopl,.  ,n  both  kingdoms  rt-joi,,.,!  that  the  time  h  „ 
o>nu.  wh.n  war>  an.l  t.u.l.  nii^ht  <va>.  and  p^a.  r  r.h^u 
•Nor  wtri'  Ihty  .li>aj)|).)intcd. 

Putting  Her  House  in  Order.       I^aluila  pn.i,ptlv  .ct  t. 
w..rk  to  hrin.^  th.  Lh-^inKr.  of  p.arc-  t..  h.r  .li.iractcd  kin^- 
<l<""  ot  Ca.tilc..     Sh.  .ompdic.l  ..hcdic.uc-  to  h.r  law.  and 
lorcnl  the-  .r.at  n..hk-.  to  lay  a^i.lc  th.ir  arm>  and  to  rdVr 
tiHir  ,i,>pul.-s  to  impartial  ju,ij,a'>.     She-  tor.  down  sum.- 
>.xty  oi  th.  ( ustl....  whcT.  th.>.  h^htin-  f,arons  liv.d.     Sh. 
rc-sjHct..!  th.  d.r-y,  but  .ntorr..!   ob.di.n..    In,m    th.ni 
t.....     On.,  wh.n  th.y  tri..|  t..  >hi.ld  a  .riminal  Iv.aus.  hv 
was  a   .hunhman.  sh.  punish..!  .om.  of  the    pri.sts  and 
l>ishops.  and  banish..!  oth.rs  from  th.  n.untrv.     F.uds  and 
bl..(..i>h.d  (.as..!,  and  tli.  p.opl.  b,li.v...!  tl^.  (;old.n   \.^• 
had  r.turn.d.  " 

Ferdinand  a  Strong  King.  I-.niinand  <lid  for  Ara-^u. 
what  Isabella  ha<!  <lon.  f..r  Castil..  Ih-  .urb..l  th.  warlike 
iKirons.  an.!  kmt  hi>  kingdom  f.rmiv  to-.ili.r.  F.rdinand 
was  n..t  only  a  -r.at  kin.t:  an.!  a  sol.li.r.  l)ut  !i.  was  a  ta.tfu! 
stat.sman  with  a  d.ar  h.ad.  H.  saw  that  Spain  cuM 
n.v.r  I).  j,rr.at  witliout  a  strong  ..ntral  gov.rnm.nt  H. 
I>romptly  hki.!.  his  laws  r..p..t.d  !)v  th.  l)arons.  an.i 
did  away  with  f.uds  and  privat.  wars. 

Getting  More  Power.       With  ilui--  horn.  kinf,'dom>  i.i 
ord.r  and  th.ir  >ubj..ts  ob.di.nt  an.l  loval,  tli.  kin-  an.i 


Aj^^mmxmiL:i 


i'HK    kl>l,   (i|     SI'AIN 


SO 


i(  fti  had  a  tirm  toumlation  lor  ihc  tuturf.     N.xt  I'lTfiinan.l 

.:i.|  I^aln-lla  wiMmi  t..  driv,-  cut  tin-  .M.,or^,  aii.l  thu^  j..in 

'-.tlur  all  the  traj,'nu'nt>  ..i"   th,.  ,,l.|  („.lhi(   kin^'dmn      So 

•'uy  riuictly  ami  gradually  .loir  away  tin-  lilKriir.  oi  tluir 

■■"l>lf.  iH'taUM'  it  the  pcopl,.  had  a  voi.v  in  th.'  ^'o\ vrnimnt. 

■ii.y  mi-ht  (h'si^rcc-  with  thrir  ruler,  and  hinder  tluir  plan..' 

When  anything  need>  to  he  iUmv.-  siid  I-er.iinand.  '•  one 

'.I'l  i-  better  than  a  lhou>and  -  ;    and  in  hi>  .niooth  and 

Mtty   way,   he  c.ntrived   to   take  away   the  ri^'ht.  ..t    his 

■  ihjei  t.  and  ..till  not  eonie  to  blow,  with  them. 

The  People  Losing  Power  Fenh-nand  no  longer  (  alKd 
upon  the  i)eople  to  send  repre.i>ntati\e^  to  the  Cortc.  He 
'ii'l  n..t  .!..  this  all  at  on.  e.  I.ut  .|owl> .  one  town  or  province 
i'  a  time,  upon  one  exeu>e  or  another.  It  was  not  long 
'H  lore  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  were  the  absolute  rukrs  of  all 
-Piiin.  >ave  what  wa>  >till  held  by  the  .Moor>.  The  people 
'ad  no  more  liberties  than  the  pooi>,e  of  I'ranee.  Hut  the 
i-iii.i,'  and  (|ueen  were  goo.l  rulers  and  did  not  mi.treat  their 
-ul)jects. 

Knights  of  the  Cross  in  Spain.      After  the  Crusades  the 
i^iu-hts  from  all  parts  of  Kun.pe  tloeked  in  large  number,  to 
-^pa.r.  to  help  light  the  Moors.     The  pope  lent  hi>  aid   bv 
'he  promise  ot  parad'-.e  for  those  who  fell  in  battle  with  the 
■;ited   intidels.     Thus    the    xeal    and    enthusiasm    of    th.- 
-panianl..  arose  to  a  high  j,itch.     Thev  felt  that  thev  were 
LThtrng,  n..t  only  their  own  battles,  but  the  battle>  for  the 
luirch  and  for  all  Christian  eountries. 
Persecution.       Isabella  ami   Ferdinan<l   now  made  one 
"I   mist..<e.     They  tried  to  force  evervbodv  in  S{,ain  to 
-  heve  e.xaetly  what  theCatholie  Church  taught,     .\nvone 
Aho  believed   more    or  k-   than   the  ehurch  dictated   was 
•  '  he  i)unished  as  a  heretic  if  disn.vered.     Isabella  hoi>e(| 
''at   this  would  make  all  the  peoi,le  good  Catholie.,  but 


f| 


M^^^lLkl^t. 


'•'■'••''"•""'  ''■"'  •'  l"^v,r  |.ur|...M'.  II,-  want.-.l  nu.n.'V  l. 
'••rn  .,„  )u-  u,,r  a^.tin-t  llir  Mnur-,  an.]  tl„\  u.-i-l,!  b.  . 
-'""'  '  \'  ii^'-  '"'•  n.l.hiiiL'  Ihr  ti.  h   |,u> 

The  Inquisition.        s,   ilu    ,|n;.,lM,|    }n.|iiiHti.,n   u.,>  .. 
'•'I'l'^li.'l   in   si.,,i„       It    w..-  .,   M,url    tna.lr  u,,    .,|   h.-.Ttl... 
niiii  -Ahu,!!.!  |,.,rriMc  .|c,-.K  in  lli.   name  m  Cliri,!       |\,r> 
|'.r-Mi   ^niilv  ,,1    Unr^y  ,hat    i.,  .|i.|.,.|i,  f.  n,„.t    ,onir>~   i'l 
'*'""'>    '■'  ''"'^  """t  "r  !..■  I.ntiud  at   tlu-  ,t.,kr.      Ihr.ti,. 
'"■'■'■    '""    •'""^^•■''    '"   '••'vc   tlu-   ,nuntr\    until    tlu\    wm 
l;''""'"''l-      '"'^^••i^<■^<..r>tu.,,h.>u.an.|J.■^v^u,■r;■lmrnl 
aliv.m  An.laluH'a.  uhilr  M\rnt,-.n   tlmusin-l  nmrr  |,a,i   t-. 
«i\r  u|.  all  their  |M„M.H.,n^  an.l  l.avr  the  ...untrv       Tlii> 
nuini.rin^    to,-    nmnry  <.r    l,.-.auMo|    nli;:i,.,i.    lu'li.!    u,.^ 
'">u  1.  u.MM-  than  any  s.va^v  .Kr.l^  ol  th,  Apa.  lu-  In.iian^ 
Mut    Kaln  lla    tluui^-ht   it   wa^  h.r  .luty  f.  make  all  jucpl, 
t)cl!i\c  jiiM  what  the  .  hurdi  tauj:lit. 

Fighting  the  Moors  Again.  F.r.linand  wa^  M.ntcnt  t..r 
!'<■  K"t  ,n<.uuli  m.-iuy  i,,  ,arry  ,.n  hi.^  war  a^ain^t  tli. 
Moor-.  The  .M.,nri>h  kin-,  lu.l  In  ,n  I.Mn-  t.rrit.-rv  f.  tlir 
Spaniar.N,  ami  ha.l  l„rn  j.ayin-  trihutc-  t..  thrm  t..  'pri'vuit 
war.  (.nr  kin^'  <,l  (.rana.la.  when  a-kc-.l  lor  hi>  annual 
tr.ln.tr,  r.plinl  ihat  -ilu'  mint>  of  (.rana.la  no  lon-rr 
^'MH-.l  ,uoM  l.ut  <u-.\r  Thi>  hau.htv  rq.lv  hrou^^it  on  a 
war  whi,h  went  .,n  lor  ycar>  with  .un.win-  >u,  a>>  f„r  tju- 
Spaniard-. 

The  War  Queer.  Nahclla  wa>  thc^  m.uI  of  thi-  war 
Uvv  ol,j,.,t  wa-  not  to  .uc-t  more  ttrrif.rv,  hut  to  .j.rc.ul 
tlu'  (  atholu  rrli.don.  It  wa<  for  thr  >anu'  <k;\n:  to  cxtrn.l 
luT  la.th.  that  .h.  u-av.  .ar  at  this  ,!„,■  to  ChnVtoplur 
(  olu.nhu-,  who  viHUd  her  rourt.  prayin-  for  fun.l-  to  mak. 
a  \-oya.i:r  wi'-tward  to  thr  Indif>. 

Preparing  Arms  and  Powder.  Th.  Moor..  hcUi  -tron-' 
P«>-it.on>  and  w.rc  wdl  furtilicd.     The    Spaniards    could 


''m:^.mm^Ss.M 


lillBliifrr'Wff'I'vihtliiLiiiiiiir'  r" 


in    .1 


At  t\ 


•--    1! 


•tl( 


wcit 


nirni 


ua> 


an- 


(I  pit 


.  tor 

the 
Hit 


Rial 


n;rrr 

:in  a 

the 


ar. 


■nd 


lur 


akt 


lid 


-fi-T  *i 


V  «>i:*-       .     *i" 


■•'W  'ur 


/*. 


,j.f- 


Hi 


-I.  (.1    ^i\i\ 


^(>t 


','"'■'"'■   '■'•■"'-'■••"•.I   (..-nn.uu    tor,n,M,.,r-.u„l  ,.,„, 

"1    •I'Tn.K  111-     I-  il„'l  ,  I        1  I         "  '1 

'"  "'•"'"'^"  "l-tn>  ..ih..rrnl.r„,  l.uru,,.. 
The  Early  Cannon         M-r.    ,han  .u.n.v   .ann,,,.  ,,..1 
''''';''•"'■  "'"■•'•'•■^^-'^''--••''-'•■Inmn.  in, h.-nuuk.-t 

'  '!<  >     wiTf     rnailf    of 

■  ■'!    '>iir>,    two   in.  hf> 

I'i''      l>\        tU(l\c       If,   t 

HL'  an<l  held  tou'cthrr 

■  ifi.n  iH-li^and  rinir.s.  '  "  ' '  •  ^^^"^ 

li->-nina.l..fa.,,..,Iu..un.arriap..     Tin.  .  .n.l.l  no, 

■  •'''"•••''■''-^^U'''r.|oun.  ton.h,  ..rl..,-,.wi,|,ou,  n... 
^  Huh,.|..^un.arria^...  Th..y  hurl.-.|  halU  ..firun  ..r 
-•''•-"-.•  <,,,„,,,..„  iM.lianu,.r.whi.h  ^vvi,lu..|..H• 
-'r..|   an.l   M.v.n,>-,nc.    ,.oun.i>.      Tlu..  .-arlv  .  annon. 

=   i""tlinm,.c.  ,haa,■.,rty>l„.,.in..u•.lav.whiK..onu• 
■•l'•^n^'un.  „r(on,,hnu>an<llu,||..i.a  minntr 
Moorish  Days  Numbered.       .Wv.rth.K..   ,1,...    .ru.!. 
"^-•rv...|  ,..|.a,,..r<iown  thr  walU  of  fur,,  an.l  ,o  a^^s, 
^•I'amar.l.  ,n  .a,.,urinK'  (.rar.a.la.   ,!,.•  .pkndi.i  .anLai 
<■   M-r.     lor  <.i,h,    hun.lr..!   >var.-.   ,lu-   .\J<.ors   1,,,) 
l'^'    '^'"•'-'     l.nHi>    of    ,hr    ,.,.nin.ula.    an.i    had 
■-^in    Kur.,,,..    n..ny    valuahlc    l.>.,n>    in    ar,.    I.arnin^ 
i  Tatt^:    })U,   a,    la>,    ,|„.v   w.-r..  , i ,         . 

..iim.i  mori   atjif  to  rarrv  ..n  th.    w.irk  of 
ilizatiun. 


s 
fh 


H 


2nj     DAWN    Ol     AMIklCAN    lll.M()k^     IN    KlRol'i; 

Fall  of  Granada.  The  MoonVh  kin<r  yielded  the  ke-.' 
lii-  beloved  i  i'y,  and  the  C"hri>tian  army  entered  in  triuni 
A>  tile  Moorish  kinji  rode  away  he  reai  hed  a  hill  from  \vh 
he  had  his  last  view  of  (irana.ia.  ■•  He  dieekid  hi<  hoi 
and,  a->  hi>  e>c  for  the  last  time  wanden-d  over  the  -t  ei 
of  hi>  departed  .L'reatnt^-..  hi>  heart  >welled,  and  he  hu 
into  tear^.  'Ala>:'  e\i  laimed  the  unhai)i)y  *'^'l^'-  '  wl 
were  woe>  e\ cr  e<|ual  to  nn'ne?''"  'I'he  x cne  of  t 
fvent  i-  >till  pointed  out  to  the  tra\cler  hy  the  people 
the  (li-tri(  t  ;  and  the  nu  ky  height  from  whi(  h  the  Moon 
c  hief  took  hi>  >ad  farewell  i^  >till  tailed  •'  The  Si,i:h  of  t 
Moor." 

"  I'luTc  w.i-  .  ryiii^'  in  (iran.id;!  wluii  the  >uii  \\a>  uoiiij;  <in\vn 

><>iiic  (.illinj;  i.n  llu-    I'riiiiiy,  ^onu-  e.illiiin  mi  .\Iali<iun  ; 
llt-n-  pa^sril  a\\a>-  ilic  Koran,  llurc  in  the  .^)■^s  u.i^  iM.rnc. 

,\nilluTe  \\a>luanl  ihe  ( ■liri>lian  Ir-II,  anil  tluntlu  .Mo(.ri>h  hori 
Tv  Dcuni  l.audanius  \va>  up  ihc  .Me:. la  sunj:. 

Down  Inmi  .\ili,inil.ra">  iniiiarrK  were  all  the  irivc  cnls  ilimK  ; 
Tlie  arni.s  lh(  reon  nf  .\raKon  and  CastiK^  they  di-<pl,iv  ; 

One  kinf,'  i.mies  in  triumph,  one  weeping;  ^ks  .-iwav  " 

A  United  Spain,  By  thi>  conciuest  the  Spanish  .gained 
lar-re  e,\tent  of  eountry  with  a  fruitful  and  temperate  c  lima 
be>idi'>  a  lon.u  coast  line  dotted  with  ^'ood  harbors,  TI 
.scatteri'd  fra.uments  of  the  ancii'Ut  \"isi,uothie  kinydo 
were  aL,'ain  united  in  one  monar(  hy,  ami  S])ain  >oon  ro>e  i 
the  le\el  of  tlu'  .greatest  luiropean  (ountries. 

One  People,  'I'he  Moori>h  war  did  mueh  to  bind  tl 
pfoi)le  of  Spain  to.trethtr  as  one  nation.  .\11  j)art-  of  tl 
country  were  interested  in  the  war  and  fou-iht  a.irain: 
the  >anie  enemy.  When  a  victory  .va-  won,  the  Sj)an!ar( 
all  rejoieed  tc),utlher.  In  thi-  way,  they  came  to  look  upo 
one  aiixtlur  a>  bioljur-,  lui  matter  in  what  proxiiKc  tlu 
dwi'lt  or  what  dialect  the\  spoke;  and  >o  the  mo-t  di.-taii 


:i^cf^.#= 


Illl-    KIM'.   OF-    >|'\|\ 


2()^ 


1 -vMuv.  uvH'  knit  t..^,tlu.r  in  a  l.uml  .,l  union  that  ha. 
^  =  '"""1    '"    H>»   '1-iy.      Thr   .lialr.t    nf   (-,.,11,    .ra.k.allv 
;  "k  thr  i.la.r  ul  all  ..th,T>  an. I  tuvamc  thr  l-v-ua-f  of  th'c 
■";  Mni-li  nation. 

Spain  in  the  Lead.        IIum-  war.  w.r.  a   hn.  trainin.^ 
-noulinr  thr  Spanish  >u|,li,r^.     Th.y  Karnr.!  huw  t..  .Iriif 
•;  '^v  lo  ..luy  M,niman.i>  pnunptly.  an.l  hew  t..  ti-ht.      The 
■v,M-.  alM,  .irv.Iup,.,!  ^,,nir  arrat  -ttural^  am..n;,r  ,1,,.  l,.,„l,r. 
II'..-  rrld.ratr.l   .aj.tain.   am!    war->taim(l    veteran^   won 
:"'•'■   an.l    roprrt    for    Spain,    all     ov.r     Kurop,-.      Ilavin- 
"'in<i    h,.  own   country.    K.r.linan.l    n..w    lo.,kr,|    lor   nrw 
■•-il'l>  to  ,.,n(|Ufr.     Whilf  other  iountri.'>  wn-  stij]  ln,.y 
■Mh  tn.ul.K.>  or  i,n,hk-m>  at  honir.  Spain  wa.  narliini^r  ,h,', 
I'  otlur  lan(l>. 


I      Uh,.t    lu-.anu-  „l    th,,  (;.,ihs  in   .Spain   uh.n   tlu-   .\I,„.r.  .  ,n,r  > 

\l-n   wa.    iVlayo  an,!   ulu,    ,li<l   !,.■   ar.on.pli.h   l,.r    hu    ih..,.!..  ^ 

l'.>.n,H-  ,h,.  uay  in   whirh   tiu-  .S,,ani>h  (,.,ih.  pu.l,r,|   ha.  k   tlu- 

■''"■r-      t.     IHl  alMuil    l>..hdia'>  Miit.,r>.      >.    \Va>  it   u.^ll  f,,r  Spain 

•  ■•   l..dulia  an.!  Icniinan.l  w.Tf  marrii-.i.^     (>     \\Uy  ^     -     |i,„,,ti,| 

'■•l'-|.n..l    ,ak,-   ,r..n,    ,h.   p.-.-pi.   .h.-ir  .lur..   in    th.'ir  u,',N..rnnu.n>  ^ 

''"    '''"'"'    '''«■    ln<inNiti,.n    in    Spain.     ,,.    Wl,.,    ua.    Kal..-IIV, 

■n"-.-'      10.    T.ll  alu.ut    ih,.    la>!    war  uiih   ih,-   .M,„,r.       ,,       | ), 

^^;;<   "h- .-arly  .ann.,n.      ,..    What  nia.l,   Spain  th.  Mn,nK,-M  na.,„n 


(■H.\ni:k  xxr 

MARCO  POLO  AND  THE  EAST 

Europe    Facing    Eastward.        |-,,r    nunu     ,.  ,uur„  . 
"i">t   a.lvan.v.l   nation>  n{  ,!„•  w,,rl,l   ha.l   inrnu-.l    ,   ,> 
'''"H't  Ihr  .M..,ii,,.rran..an  Sra.     T-.  t lum.  th,Mnlau.l  ,h 
p-nu..l   th..  .vntrr  uf   ,h..   ,v.,r!,|.     Thr  p.-npl.  ,„■   k,, 

■^'1  ^'Iway.  >t.H,.|  uilh  tluir  lau.  tow.ni  tlura>t  ami  t 
''^'^1^>  tu  ,h.-  .,,,rn,y  Atlanti..  LarinLT  to  v.ntur..  fa, 
tln'H-  trail  .hip.  up„n  thi.  -  Sa  ,.f  Darknr..-  with 
unknown  hm.r-.  Wha,  rvalh  lay  ,„  thr  w.M wani  noh 
knrw.  lu  thf  .uuth.  no  trauKr  ha<l  ,V(  r  u.mu-  l.rv, 
tlu-  hurnn,.,  s,n,l>  .,f  thr  Sahara,  whilr  ,hr  iro/.n  ph 
<>'   the   lar    north  w.-rr    orrupird    hv  iHr.v    an.:    harl.ar 

lH-pl'->.      'Ihu.-itwaMowanltlKca>t  -.nK  that  Ku  rope- 
lurnnl  thrir  ^^n/.v.  ' 

Dim  Knowledge  of  the  East.       Sin. v  thr  ancient  .1 

tliry  ha.l  hrar.l  .tran^,^,-  .torir>  ahout   thr  ,lim  an.l  -li.f 

'•-'>t.     Lnw^  Winrv  thr  {•ru>a.l,..,  Kuropr  ha.l  tou-ht  ma 

uars  with  thr  nation.. ,fA.ia:   hut  it  wa.  thn.u^h  .  ..mmi-r 

mainly,  that  th..  W.M  u^.i,,,.!  it.  ..  antv  knowl,..lur,.  .,t  Chi, 

J^.pan,    an.l    thr    Ka.t    In.hV..     Thr    lu.xuri...   of    thr    K: 

urrc  carnV.l  l,y  caravan>  t..  th.^  >hon.  ,,f  th.^  Mc-.lit.rranea 

an.l  th,.  >pi,c.  an.l  ri.  h  Hlk>  pa...c.,l  thnumh  manv  han.l. 

s..  many  that  thr  p,.opK.  at  nnv  .ml  ..f  th.  r.)ut..  kmw  alm.^ 

""•thinu  ot  th.>.i.  at  thr  ..th.T  .-n.l.     Th,-  R.,n,an>.  t.,  who 

Hlk  was  known.  >uppo...,l  that  the  thrra.l.  of  thi>  luautif 

lahrii- Lrrt.wuDon  Ircf.  ■,!•  I.I  ,Ti«^   .,.  .i: n     ■    >  •    . 

'  i     ■'   '  11...   ...»,^  iiiLii    KriiiuK.i: 

'>t  China. 


Lii»i». 


MARCO    I'ol.d   WD    nil     I   vsi 


uri,  -  the 
i  a  friiiirr 
111(1  ()(c;iii 

>t  Murnpc 
and  their 
re  far  in 
with  ii- 
il  n<il)(i(|\ 
.•  lic\'(inil 
■n  jilaiiis 
'arharou- 
un)j)can> 

itit   (la\- 
'  ihVtaiil 
ht  iiiaiiN 
miiicr(  r, 
it  Chin,: 
lie    Ka^l 
rratu'aii. 
iaii(l> 
.■  alnin-t 
I  whnin 
caut't'!.! 

lV\'it-(IL! 


J^,- 


a-    \vc 


Wares   Exchanged.        Duriii-   the    Middle   A-e 

■•'''•  fad.  ^i,i,e>  ea.ne  U>  he  in  ^reat  demand  ihruu-lh.ut 
-tern  Kun>pe.  IVople  uere  .dad  m  hu^  .  at  hi^h  j.riM - 
':''^-    """^'"K.n,     alUpi...     ^.^i,,::,,-,     Mutnu-.    and    mher 

'""■^-    '"   ^*''""'  ''"'''■   '"•"■~'-    l'""d^   and    tu   heal   di^aM-. 

'  ■  'lain  ni  the  >i>i,e~  Were  w,,rth  (heir  w.i-ht  in  -n|,l.  I„ 
''""  t-r  .pi,  eaii.l  H'Ik.  l-un.pran^M'nt  l.a,  k  t-.  A^'a.  .'old 

i^v.r,    eupper.    iron,    and    tin.      They    aU,,   ;,athered    u,.ul" 


^ 


ii 


::*", 


►"V^-.-t-  , 


\l 


M    IMS     ^llll-.. 


■'"!'.  and  dried  h>h  Inr  the  ^luu-.ailin^  .hip.  and  .aravan. 
■  ■  1  irry  hark  tu  the  |-;a.-t. 

Rise   of   Venice    and    Genoa.       The    Crus.d.-.    .'reatlv 

'|^k<-n.-.l  thi.  pruhtahle  trad...  a.  we  haxe  M-en.  an.l  manv 

;'|--t  western  Kun.pe  were  c^a^er  m  ^h  .,  p,.rti.,„  ..f  the 

■'■■'    ^""^nierce.      The    liun".    .hare    fell    int„    the    hand.   u| 

■•"   thnvuit:    Italian    .itie..    Wniee    and    (..-nna;     and    the 

;l"iit.Tranean    wa.    tiHed    with    their   ri,  hlv    kiden    .hip.. 

''■■'■' 'lant.   .et    nut    frnm    tlu-.e   u'lie.    iip.,n    km^r   jnurnex. 

■^i-n^   .trance    pe.,ple..    where    while    men    h.td    never   heen 

i.ire. 

The  Polos.        Amnn-  the  ^Teat  Wnetian  nu  n  hant.  were 
•"  nublcnien.  \i(  uk,  I'ok.  and  hi.  hruther.  Mafti...  wh-.c 


'-""    '''''^  •"    ^M':ki,  vx  ,^s^^K^    ,x  ,;,,<,„.,.. 


I'UMnrv.    ott.n    (arrir.l    tluni     t-.    C, 


n>tanti[i(.])Ic.     'II 


:'■""■''    '■;'-'"■"''     "■"'"     ll'^"     'ily     ,,,1,0.     „„     ,     „„| 
K     H     n,    „„r,  ,„,.-„.r„    ,i,i,.,.  ,„  ,-„luv,  :„  i,    „,„  „, 

'■'"'■''■     ""■   '■"'■■■  »-  ^i-iiy  r..„.iv,-|   ,„.,,  ,„,,   , 

""'''*■  ruler,  ill  hi^  ,|,-,irc 
(ivili/c  hi>  -u!.jra>.  Ml 
tli'-ni  lu^k  with  ri.  h  L'if 
•""■  ;'  nu-a-r  I,,  the  p.,],, 
;l-l^in;r  t<ir  iii'-> iunario  t 
I'l'  M-nt  to  hi.-,  iHople,  '111 
'"■otluT.  at  laM  na<h(N 
\'niic,  (iiily  t,.  learn    tha 

ttifltnpc  \vh(uiitlu\  rcniciii 
Iht,<1  \va>  .had.  Tl,,.  „,  v 
pdpcolTcrcd  uiily  two  friar- 
;t'i'l  they,  in  dread  of  tlu 
''itTiv  'rartar>  alon^  tin 
\va\-.  refused   to  tjo. 

-,  .  Marco   Polo  Becomes  a 

Traveler        A.a.n   the   Polo  brother.    .,    .ut    lor    Chin. 

"■^7. '.  takni^  with  theni  Xieolo-.  .on.  Mar.o.  nou  a  lad  o, 
r7":'';-  ■'■'^•^  '"-  >'--  -'•  toil.,„H.  travel,  ,he^ 
rc.uhed  the  pre-etue  of  the  (ireat  Khan  near  the  northern 

'-'nud  to  .peak  and  write  several  lan^ua...  ,„  \J,  and 
----^^.nmadeanotWoftheKhan.  While  hi.  Valu.; 
•""■^'"^.I'-verelui.vldlin,  their  po<ket>  with  ...Id    Mareo 

,  .       ~ ■'"''^■''   ~^''>'"'i   "i   liie  nionanh.   niakin- 

l-n^  jounuy.   thn.u.h   the  va.f  regions   of    China.     The 


.M  \K.  u    I'lii.o. 


■lllKiif  «lill3l  ...A.>. 


M\k(()    I'ol.o   A.\I»    nil.    I.AM 


26: 


•I 


'-'^•'"  '"■''!  "'<•  ''"I">.  c^iuvially  thr  v.-unt:  M,.n.,.  f,,  mi,  h 
-li    <-h-.m    that    ulun    th.y    w,\h,..|  m  ntun,    t,,   \  .,,i.  .■ 
I'll  ""■>'•  ri.  l.r^.  hr  ua.  unuillin-  t..  I,  t  th.n,  .Kparf 
A  Chance  to  Return.        At    la^t.  in    ,:.,..a   vn,,\   |,ri,l,. 
-  t-  l.c  M-nt  in.i,.  I'.ki.m  tu  thr  kin-  ni   iNT^'a        a  lun- 
'-u::jnuruvy  I<.  t !„■  W.-^t .     Tlif  ovrrland  mutr  \va^  nn.ih^ 
•"■iUm-  .,!  a   war  anmnLi  ih.'  int.riur  Irilir..      S,.  tli,-  l,ri,ir 
■  '-   to   Im.   >,.nt    tu   Tal.ri/    l.y   wat.r.      It    wa>   a    1..,^  aii.l 
MILT.  run.  <Hvan  \nya-r.  which  (ail.d   u,r  tru^tcl   >rani,n 
\:!  \rn.'tian>  wcrr  th<.u-ht  t..  In-  MM-.n.-.J  mm  .1,.-..  ...  th.- 
'  y:il  !.ri(ir  wa>  pilutcl  tu  hrr  w^tmi   l.ri.h^n.uni   !.v   the 
I'  1-.  whu  w.T.-.ldi-htf.l  at  thr  thuuuht  u|  nturniuL:  hum.- 
The  Homeward  Journey.       Th.y  Mt  uut  tru,n  a  purt  ui 
'  .".ina.   siih'n.u  M,uihwani   aluii^'  the  i<.a>t   uf  .\-ia.     Th.y 
i  :"r,|  l.y  Sumatra  int..  the   In.lian  O.ran.     .\t    la^t,  alt.r 
N-ya-r   uf    tw..   y.'ar^,    thry    r.a.  h.'.l    th.-    iVr^'an    (,ult 
I.'  avm-  th,-  n.yal  hri.l.-  at    Taljri/.  iluy  pii>h..l  ..n  l.v  way 

■  ■   C'.nMantinupii-.  arrivin-  at   Vc-ni..-  alt.r  an  aI)Mn..-  .^i' 
I'wr  aiiil-tw.'Uty  \-.'ar> 

Unknown  at  Home.  Thrir  kin>m,-n  ha. I  l,,n-  .in.,- 
-v.n  thrm  up  t-ur  .i,-a.l.  '[-h,-  d-k-r  I'.,Iu>  ha.l  -nmn  u|,|  an,| 
-Av.  whiii-  Mar,,,  wa.^  nuuh  ,  han-nl.  \Vli,-n  tli.-v  .am,- 
'  ■  th,-ir  ,.\vn  pahi..-.  in  th,-ir  >hal.l.y  ,|uth,-.  .,1  [-..n-i-n  .ut. 
•ii'-y  \v,-r,-  turni-.l  away.  A  1,-w  ,lay>  alt.rwar.l  th,-y 
:■  vit,-,l  a  party  ul"  ,,1,1  tri.-n.^  tu  a  >pl,-n,li,l  .linm-r  at  th'.- 
-t    h..t<-l    in    W-ni,,-.      It    i.   >ai.|    that    th,-    l'..l.,.,    ,  ja.l    ii, 

■  !v.-t    an.l   hue-,   an.l  >iill   unrt-o.gni/r,l.  ,-nti-rtain,-.l   th.ir 
a  -t-~  rurally. 

Displaying  Diamonds.  Th.-n  tht-y  hruu^'ht  lurth  thr.,- 
-tht.y  ,,.als,  rii)j,c.l  ,.pi-n  thi-  >t-ani^.  aii.l  l..-t:an  pulliiiL:  uut 
■■:'\  hi-apini:  up,.n  the  tal.k-   .irr,-at    tr,-a~ur,-.   ut    ,liarn..n,l. 

'<i  <-nu-rai,i>.  rut.i,-.  an,l  ^apphir.-^.  t..  th,-  a^l.-in-^hnu-nt 
:  ilK-gut->t.>.  wh,.  crinl  .,ut  that  iht-.^t-  nui^t  !„-  tin-  l..n-:-l<.>t 


mi      J  - 


'   *<-*•  ■'':rf^-^;^ 


■itM^y-J.     ■i^S 


-^f.S     I.  WW    ()|     A.MKkK  w    lilsioRV    ,\    M  Rol'i: 

l'"l'-.  When  tlir  ncw^  Incinf  kiK.uii  alx.ut  Wnur.  il 
whn!.-;.;.  ri.l,  ;,,„!  ,„H.r,  il,,.kr,!  to  thf  lu.uM.  tnrmhra, 
tlii-m  and  lu  ^li,,\v  th.in  r(-~|.c.  t. 

Marco  Polo  a  Prisoner  His  Book.  Ihnr  v.ar>  lit, 
Vcni.(an,|(,r,iualHii,Lrat  uar.  Mar...  P-.l,.  t.,..k  .  ...nmar. 
"1  a  \r.irlian\var-!ii|.,an.lintlu'M-a  imlu  tliat  lull..uv.l  wa 
'.iplurr,!  and  iinpri,,.!,,.,!  at  (H-n..a  I..r  a  v.ar  Wliil 
hru:  !„.  ,l..|i,d,t..i  l>i.  l..ll,,u-.,.nM,n.r.  uili,  w.m.l.rhi 
M..rir.  al...ut  hi.  trav.l.  in  China  an.|  thr  Ka^t.  ( )„,•  ,, 
tli«-  l.rix.nrr.,  wh..  kn.w  a  hltl..  rn,„h.  un.f  .l,.un  th.., 
Mori.,  a.  Mar.,,  t..|,|  th.^n,.  an,|  nia.l..  a  h....k.  whi.  1 
wa.  nnv  n\  th.'  -r.at.M  h-l.rary  u-,.rk.  ..f  ihr  Mi.i.lh.  \,r,., 
"  tul.l  M„.r..  n.u  la,t>  al...ut  the'  earth',  .uria.v  than  anv 
other  \  iihiinc  ..I  tl)....'  .la\ .. 

His  Story  Told.  In  thi.  h.„,k  Mar.. >t., 1.1  h.-w  the  thr.. 
I'"l".  ha.l  trav.I.d  ..n  an.l  ..n  t.,uar.l  the  .unripe  -  l..r  , 
tli.'U.an.i  .lay.,-  until  th.y  .anu^  int.,  the  pr.-..,,...  .,,"  ,1,. 
^.rrat  Khan.  He  t.,|.|  al..,ut  the  .aravan  r,,ut.-.  in  manv 
lan.l.;  a!„,ut  Sumatra  an.l  H,,rn.-.,  an.l   the  S|,i.,-   Maml.'- 

al'out     Cali.ut.    ^.vhere    a     Inie    .,,tt.,n    l; 1.    .aUe.i    eali.o 

wa.  ma.lean.l  where  Chin.-...  .hip.  .anu^  t,,  unl.,ad  the-'r 
.artz..e.  .,t   .,lk>  an.l   .pi.e..      Mar..,  uM  „i  Japan,  wher.- 
tlu-  empen.r..  pala...  wa.  r.,..f.,|  ui,h  ^,,1,1.      I„    thi.   ho.l 
were   many   thin.^.   that    were   in.le,.!    tru.,    hut    there  wa. 
al..o  nni.h  that  wa.  mere  fairy  tal..  .,r  hear.av.     Thi.  .t.,rv 
wa.  ...pie.l  l,y  .,  rihe.,   printing  Inin-   ..till   unkn,,wn     ;, 

the  n.h  nun  ham.  an.l  learne.l  men  ,dl  over  Kun.pe  rea.l 
and  talki'd  ah.iut  il. 

Not  All  Fairy  Tales.        Tin-  i,:n„ra,U  min.l.  .,f  th„.e  <1  iv. 
were   .ta-ere.l    I ,y   ail   tlu.e   n.'w  and   intere.tin-  laeL  oi 
,^'ro.rai,hy.     The    learn..,!    p...,p|,.    th..u,dit    that    the    h.„.k 
wa.  lull  .,t  tair\    tal,...      Hut  ,,„,.  ,„„•„,  |,n„„rl„  ,.,.  ;.  .u; 
lale...,ul,l   n,.t    he   .leni-.l.  ami   it   ..t    the  e.huate.l    ,H-.n.!. 


111.! 
il 


^JLL..aGhJ»tlm^K^mijm  ^  >  '^. 


M  \K(  n    I'oi.d    \M)    nil     ,  ,^^1 


2tH) 


■   'li-nkmir.      \n   rarly  ,L'.u^r..|.l.,  r.   nanu-l    iMuIunv.    h,nl 

"i  'li-'t  .\Ma  .xtirulol  n„  ,,iul  ..„.  ,,n,l  that   tm  .„,.■' ,„iu'hl 

■   -I'  '1"-  -'lucnf  it   Im.,,,um-  uf  .waniiw       Hut   Mar.,.  |'..|n 

I   I'n.v.-.l   thi.  tu  In-  luitru.-.  an.l   l.a.l   >huun   that    th.tv 

-  a  irnat  uMai.  raM  Ml  ( -hina  aii.l  Japa,,.  u|..M,  wh,\  h  u,  rr 
'">■   ^'"'1'^   '"-'^''l    '"    "■'"!'■■      Tiii>   ua.   .rrtain     |„r   thr 
I'l"-   lu.l    a.tually    ma.lr    thr    v,.\a.'r    tru;n    tlu-    .,,,,^t    ,„ 
'  •"nat..th,-|',rH-aii(.ull.      Sunir  lrar„r,l  nu-.i  u  hn  In-h-.N  r,| 
■''    'arth  tulH    n.uit.l  h-kral.all  In-Lran  to  wun.h-r  uhrth.r 
■-'■  LTtvat   M'a  .-a.t   ..|-  China   mi-lit   tint   I,,-  the  >anic  a^  thr 
Nam  Darkn,-..  -tu  thr  w,-.t.,|- Spain  ati.l  rran.c. 
The  Turk  in  Europe.        Snnuthin.:  now  happ.n.-.i   that 
"''■  ""■  I"-"I'''-  -•'■  Kiin.p,.  ,„,t  ,,nl>   tliink.  I.iit  a.  t       'ri,,. 
Mul  Turk,  who.r  UTMwanl  mar,  h  lia.l  l.r.n  ,h.-.kr,i  l.y 
•■'■-  (  ruNi,lr>  |-,,r  a   tinir.  \va^  a-ain  ,,n  the  wari-ath.      'riir 
I  "k^  ha.l  a.  lually  ,  r,,.M.l  inl,.  Kur.,pc.  Mrurt,!  a  l,„.th,.|,| 
'■•<rr.   ami    wrr.   thr.atrnin^    t,.    .aptur.-    Cnn^tantin-pK.. 
'ai-  MiUcr  ,.t  m<.>t  ,.1  the  ra-tcrn  trade. 

Cutting  off  Trade  Routes.        Kv.ry  ^t.p  ,ainnl  In    th,- 
I   i'k^  m.atit  aittinir  nfi  m,.rr  of  thr  .arav.m  r.,un>  to  thr 
I  ^-t.    At  la-t.  in  ,45;.  C.n-tantii^.plr  t\|l  i„t.,  thfir  han.l>, 
"i   tlii^  rn.l.-.l   thr  .a.t.rn   trade    thn.ii-h    tlie    Hhuk   Sea 
■■;>"1>    wa>   th..   n.ute   th.n    lollouv,!    I,y    the   (,en,.eM.    nur- 
"'."'~-     ■^'    ""■   -''"i^'    fnie.   ,,ther    l.an.U   of   'I'urk.    were 
■    ;"dly  overrunninL;  Syria  and  thr.atenii^  li-vpt  ;    an,l  if 
i-'.M't  ^h.u.ld  fail  to  them,  Venie.-.  n-ute  t,,  hi.jia  an,]  the 
!   -'   l.y  way  of  K^yp,  and  the  ke.l  S.-a  w,uild  likewise  In- 
•'    "H.      Ur^-uU:    ,he,e    eviU,    the     Turkish     pirate,     were 
"'nm,:    ai„,ut    the    eastern    end    .,f    the    Me,literranean 
it.  and  driviim  away  all  Christian  v,-m1.. 
A  New  Route  Wanted.       What  ua- !,i  h,.  .h.n,-     Should 
^iH'.ple  of  Kurope  try  to  uet  alon,;  without  the  lu.x'urie-! 
'hv  ha.st  and  >hould  the  rich  merehant>  and  trader,  udv,- 


«■•■. 


.-ja*^_.^:- 


J70     I)  WW    01     A.MI.kK  AN    ll|>l()k\     IN    Kl  KOI'K 

up  all  tluir  pr.-litablc  l.u^iiu-.  htvaiiM-  the  i'a>ttTri  n.u 
u.rc  .lit  .,11  l,y  ih,.  -l-urk:^  At  any  (..>t,  mmiic  iu-w  n.i 
t"  til.-  i;aM  iiiuM  l.r  l.mn.l.  H..\v  nun  h  .>atVr  it  w-mld  In 
an  all  water,  an  ..iit.i.lc  r..utf.  ...uld  In'  .lixoviml!  Su 
a  watrr  n.utc  u.ail.l  n..t  ..nly  hi'  sitcr  hut  far  ( litap. 
Mn.c  tran-i)..rtati..n  hy  laravan  was  very  (()>tly  indeed. 

(.XKs'lloNS 

I.  \V:i<  Fiirop.'  iui.r.'-tc.l  in  ilu-  i:,i,t  or  W.M  in  tli.-M-  .la> 
.'.  \\h>  '  V  \Miy  -.v.i^  M.  liitli-  known  <>i  tlu'  Ka-^t  ^  1.  Wliyw. 
S'i..>  u.ini.-.l  in  Kurnp,- ^  ;  Whal  made  \rni.,'  an.l  (..•lu.a  K'n 
into  ini|H.rian!  .itic.>  (,,  'IVll  al.nut  \hc  l',,|ns  an-l  ih.-ii  jourru' 
7.  I'luir  r.lurn  s.  How  .lid  Mar,..  I'„l,,  , on,,'  to  write  a  I...., 
an.l   what   p..H|  ,li,|  it   ,1,,^     ,,     What   wer.'  the  Turk.-,  .i.-inj;  at    ll 

tune/      10.    'I'm.  e  ih.-  Ira. le  routes  ut  \eniee  an.l  (,eiioa.      11.    W  I 
was  a  new   r.)ute  wanle.i  r 


\fm 

4il,;>^^'\; ''? 

-*--'m 


,.*:  li*^,^^l>^^; 


»  '  '  if'      >  i ! 


■fit, 


,  JL.  *'^***,-^^._lfs*>i;i«^I^r  * 


.j|ff!M  3«!iflf'> 


mSb  J^\%i  vm-kk^ 


('H.\PTi:r<  XX I r 

PRINCE   HENRY  AND  THE   PORTUC  JESE 

Two  All-water  Routes.       Th.  all-ual.r  mut,.  „.  Chin  i 
'"i  tin.  Spur  I.|an.|>  mu>t  h.  ...u^jht  l.,r  upon  ih.-  .\tl,n,„\ 
'".■    •S.;,  ..t    I)ark,u-.s."     S..m.Mn.«raplur>.lnlarni   .hat 

;"'   m,Kht  c.,>,ly  siil  anunul  Alrira  to  th.  i;a>t,  whilr  u,h<.r. 
: ''■'   ''^"'   "'^'  ^^■•'^'''  ^^''^^  ='  ^'I"Ih-.   much  MiialKr  tha,.   u.- 

|-vr  sMur  loun.l  it  to  he-,  an.l  that  (-hma  rniuh.  Ih.  rra.  h.d 
•y  suhMK  .l.rc-ctly  wc->twanl  acn...  ,h.  Atlantu.  Hut 
'-'"H-  Had  y.t  hern  bol.l  .M,.u,di  t..  .hiv  tin-  Urmr.  n( 
-"lur  route.  Itwa..a>i.r...  hdu-v.in'uch  i.l.as  than 
'"  --^  ^'I-"  thc-m.  hcrau..c  .su.  h  a  v.-ya^c  calk-,1  fur  great 

One  Sea  Route  Frozen,  the  Other  Boiling.       M.n  uh.> 
''    -nk-d  to  the-  iar  north  U-yon,|  Knghnwi  ami  Sotlan.l 

-i  iH.yond  tlu- Shetland  I>Iands.  foun.l  tlK.  winter  ni.hts 
'.-re  very  Ion.  and  o.ld.  The-  lan.i.  urr.  eovcT.-.i  ui,h 
.-I- >nou-,  ami  the  ocran  was  u\\.d  with  mi^htv  ierlu-P's 
Hu'  arther  north  they  went  the  eolder  i,  .rJw.  (.,lu.r 
•'Uler.s.  who  had  gone  se.uthwanl  along  the  eoa>t  of 
^^^'^^''    l^ui    that   the   hot   elima.e  grew    hotter  a.    ,h.v 

•-■^vM  toward  the  equator.     Thu.  peopK-  .an,..  ,.  1.;. 

w  that  HI  the  extreme  n.>rthern  cuntrv  the  land  and 
-"  th--a  wasirozen  .oli.i.  while  in   the  -outh   the  ^ea 
M  he  boihng  hot,  an.l  the  laml  inhat.ited  o„lv  In  gnl.lin. 


HH.n.strous  reptiles.      Moreover,  thev 


,  .M  4    1, 


•"-^phere  became  hery.  and  if  a  .hip  ventured  to!!' f;!,^' 
'    "vould  be  swallowed  uj.  in  a  steaming  whirlp..ol. 


7  •     <'\\V\    "I      \MI  kl(    W    lll>|nk^     |\    I.I  |.,„.| 
The  Down  hill  Voyage         s,,i|nr^  vvm-  -Iim  .,iir,i-r.|,  i, 

'■>  "''"'■  -'"'i.-.  |',n|.|,  h,,,i  ,„,ii,,,i  th.it  uhni  .1  -1 
'''■•'l'l"'""l  "V'  r  Ihr  li.,ri/..ti,  it  M'.  inr.l  i,,  u,,  ,|,,uii  h 
''"•'"^'  ''"  l"^\"-  l"rl~  Ml  tlu  .1,,,,  ,|r.,|,,„-,|  Inluxv  t 
'""■''"'"  1"-^'  'li'ii  111.  Mil,,  r  |.,.ri..,|  tlu  \.-.,,i,  .1.1,1,  imai: 
''"   '"I'i'i'-'  -.'il.       ill.   lr,ir~uni.-  ^,iil.,r^  tliuimht  tint  it  it, 

^^""    '""   '■"■  """1   '•111. I   Ml,   Ih,    ,|,.\v,|    hill   vnyr^r.   \\u\    iiiii: 

ii(\  (  r  u'tt   li.K  k  up  .i^.iiii 

Pulling  the  Nails  Out  !i  w,,^  I,,  li,A.,|  i,s  .,,„„■  p.Mi 
''"'  ''"■'■'■  ^^''^  •'  "i"inil.,i,i  -.1  l.u.l-turi.'  in  t|„.  h..it,.,„ 
111''  M,i.  L'u.inlih-  111,-  .iitr.ii,.,  int,,  th,.  |„,|i,,„  o.,,,,,,  ai 
"':"  ■'  ''''^^  ■'"  ""'•'!  t..it..\,„  pullin-  thr  tKiiU  irnin  tl 
""'"1'^  '•'•''  "'"I  '"  -.'il  "\<r  il.  ,m,l  wrr.  kiiii:  tlirm.  'Ihc 
"ii''l"  "hi.  .  u.-,v  in.  IV  l,in,  i,  ..  Th.-rr  w.  r.-.  h,.\v\  .t.  ni.ii 
^'.// .lilli.  ulti.-.  i,,r  Ih,-  v.iil,,.-,  ,,t  ihuM'  D.irk  .\-<-^. 

Some  Real  Difficulties.  Ilu-  ^liip,  ,,t  i|„,^,  ,|,v.  u. 
"■"'I'-  ""I  'Imn^v.  Tl,r\  u,n-  n,,t  .,.  .will  a-  tl,.',...  t|,, 
til.'  .\..rthni,i,  h.„|  ..u'K.I  liiin.lrcU  .,l  \,ar.  I.rf.^r.-.  I 
h/.iIh'v  u.r.i,..  l,,r-,r  il,,,n  .,iir  ya.  hl-^.  an. I  tar  !->  a.ti\ 
AuMiii^l  luM.l  uin.K  th.M-  awkwar.l  ^hip.,  pr.,p,||.-,l  ,,,,1 
l-y  suU,  n.a.i.-  v.ry  .|,,u  pn,-ri'.s.  Th.-y  ha.j  t,,  .ail  /i^/a 
•i.^.tni^l  tl,r  wind  an. I  ..t-t,n  had  t..  ,-..  tuur  mil.-  in  ih: 
'  '""kr.l  la^lii...,  I,,  r,,u  h  a  p.,int  .,nly  ,uu-  inilr  aua\ .  Wit 
';"  '"*'•'!  1'<1"U   th.'  .hi|.\  wat.r  line,  tlu-  w.MwKn'hull  ^^■^ 

lik'ly   \n   I,,'   pirr.r.l    hy   \v.,rni.   luufou  in-   into   thr   w 

Hum  u',>nn>  w.-n-  more  t..  \,v  lean, I  than  all  the  nu.n^td 
"'  '!"■  -i.vp.  lur  tluA  ...nu'tiinr>  ^nt  ^hip-  t.,  thr  I.ott..n 
<'l  the  iii'can. 

The    Ships    Provisions.       .\n„th.T    .liftuultv    was    th. 

<lu.'Miun  o|-  -^upplyint'  tlu'  .aih.r.  in  th.-r  finv' .hijK  wit' 

•"-'•I  'n-uiu'h  |-.,r  a  l.,nt:  v.ya.^.^.       |',.„pl..   |iv,..l    niainlv  o! 

■"■'"      ^^"''  !"'<'iinii-   inil  (ir\.  hard  incad  and  <-d\\ 

'htI  or  pork  thr  >ailor.  wa.  >.=on  attacked  l.v  titat  dread.  : 


X  > 


i'f<i\(  i.  iii,\k\    \\i,   III,    pHKi,  ,,,  1^, 

;-<.>M'.Murx>..,,iiM,||,>  la,  k..l  ln,|,  v.^.t.tl.l,   I 


/  ■> 


nll\    nil  Iciul:   \«i\.i^.  -   ha 


I 


■'"   "'    ''"    •  lil'T-  'li..|  II.. Ill  .li, 

■  -.  -r,  .t    .Ih>   u.ni  t.,utarir..ni  lan,|.  ~ta,  ^  ati.,,,  .  arri.  ,1 

!..<   Ill  nil. 

Fear  Of  the  Compass         I  lu- m.„,,,,..  ,,,,,,..,.„,.,.,,, ,,,,, 

"'  '"■'"'•'''''■1  'I'-I'ilol   tn  -„..rl,i,  .hip  -uai.h,   uh.n 
=  ^'    ^ky    ua>   hnl.lM,    1.^    .|..„.|,  ,„   ,.„_,       ,j,,,    _^^    .„^^^^^^__^ 

■"'   -^'I-rMitiuu.   u.rr   thr   Mainrn.   .hat    m,-  a    i..,.-    ,i„u- 

',"   ;'""'•'   ^'^''  """^  ^von.i.rlul  in.tnunu.t.     Th.  ^    (huu.'ht 
1  :  it  It  had  hirii  iiiM-rittd  '  '" 

f'.^   llif  (it\il,  and  miiiht  ^.j'. 

i-  id     ihrni     into     >oi)if 

;  ■'■  ml  uhirlpool. 
Direction     and      Dis 

tance  from  Port.        The 

'   '"'l''i->    |M>int,d    faith- 

'    Hy  to   till-   north,  hut 

'•'■  arc  otluT  thin.L'-  a 

^ilorupoii  tin-  tra.  kl(--, 
!•'  If  oicaii  ui>.h(>  to 
I'lw  l)f~idc>  the  dirt( - 
'■  '"  "I  llif  11'..  ih  |.olc. 
II'  uidu'.  to  knnu-  how  tar  hr  i,  from  ho„„,  ,„■  fr.„„ 
'  '  l""l.  and  in  what  dir(iti..M  hr  inii^t  -ail  to  r.a.  h  it 
!■    !"■  kmuv.  hi-  .h--tan.r  Inun  tin-  ,.,|u.tt,.r.  uhi.  h  w,-  .  ,11 

"""•'■■  an.l  in--di-tan.,-  from  thc.oa-t  oi  Kurop,-    whi.  h 

'   '■'lllonmtiKl.;   thrnluknow-..xa,tKuhi,hw.u  i„ -Imt 
■I  Ik'w  many  mile-  he  niu-t  -o  to  rta.  h  port. 

The  Jack  Staff.        .Sailor-  ha<i  n-.ticd  that  a-  th.v -ailed 

"h.  the  m.rth  -tar  appcarrd  more  nearly  ov.rhraci,  while 

■  I  -outhcrix  \o\a<r<'  ua>  tak;  n    th:-  ■-:o->i=-  -t  ;r  .    ..!    .._..■.. 
'■>■  toward  the  northern  hori/on.     If  thev  had  a.n  iii'-tni- 
'  nt  that  amid  mea>ure  the  h.-i.^dit  .,f  the' north  -tar,  thev 


I  iNMs..   nil    |.\[i|i  |,i 


■7J     l»NU\    (»|      WIIKK   \\    |i|sr(,k\     |\    I.I  Kdl'l. 

u..i.|,|  knuvv  th.ir  l.,tilu.l,.  A  ru.l.-  hMrununt  .allr.l 
j.i.  k  .tall  ■,V4.  il.^^^I.,l.  ll  vv..^  a.i  ..l.^unl  in>triini.-i 
'•"t  It   ^l.uwr.l  a  .hi,,'.  L.titu.l..  within  ..  hiui.lrc.l  n,ilr>  cr 

"'  ''"■  ""'I'  l'"l.i>  u.  has.  <,ua.lr.iMt>  that  l.ll  latilu 
•  \a(  tl\  . 

Distances  East  and  West  Ifuw  ua^  ;i  Manian  I.,  kn. 
111.  I..„u'itti,|r,  nr  hi.  .li.ta.Hc  trnm  th.-  .  oa.|  o|  Kumi,, 
I'lun-  wa.  no  .u.  h  in.truin.nl  a.  a  .  |u,  k.  <.r  a  .  v.  lonu't. 
'"n)ra.ur.thr,li.tai,.rtrav.Ir,|.      Shi]..  u.ualK '.aikd  .ii 

H'.rth  ur  ,lur  ...ulh  1.,  thr  paralM  u|- th.- pku  .•  thrv  urtv  ai, 
I'm  lur.  th.n  farniim  a  ..,uarc  ...riur,  ih.-v  >ailnl  .hi.-  ra 

*"■  ''"'•  ^^'"'  '"  '■'  ■"..■  .ailor.  r..uuhly  -u.-..,.,|  hnw  I, 
lli'v  lu.l  ^M,u-  lur  .lay  a....r.linu  j.,  th,.  help  ,,r  hiii.Iran. 
"I  iIh'  wiimI  My  uat.  hin-  huhhl,-.  .,m  thr  wattT.  as  tht-  ^hi 
'  rawl.-,l  alun^'.  th.-y  nia.lc  a  uu...  nf  th.-  .,,.■,■,]  jht  h..ur  u  hi 
111.-  ^..n.l  in  th.-  hour-Ia..  k.,,t  r.-...r.i  ..f  th.-  tinu-.  Tpn 
•'i;l""a<tiiim  .liur.-.  th.y  .,tt,-n  luun.l  th.ms.-lv.-.  a  hun.lr. 
mil.-,  uurth  or  ...nth  ni  th.-  pi,,,.-  wlur.-  th.-v  th..ui;ht  th. 
uvr.-.  aii.l  liv.-  hun.lr.-.l  .nil.-,  t....  far  ,-a>t  nr  u,->t  ..I  th.-i 
port. 

Sailing  and  Learning.  lUit  in  .pit.-  .,t  it:n..ran.c-  an. 
>up,-r.titi..n,  in  >pit.-  ..f  >mall  an.l  ,  luni>v  ships,  hard  t- 
^ui.l.-.  tlu-r.-  w.-r.-  I,.,l,l  saiL.rs  uh„  kc-j.t 'pu>liiii-  a  littl 
'Hth.-r  ..n  .-a.  h  voya-,- ;  an.l  an  ...ran  n.uu-  lr..ni  KuroiK- 1, 
A.ia  ua.  .un-  to  In-  .lix ovc-n.l. 

Henry  the  Navigator.  Th.-r,-  was  l..,rn  in  P.>rtUK;i 
<'^'M'  a  .hil.i  nami-.i  i'rim,-  IK-nry.  wIio.m-  litV  was  t.. 'l., 
NH'il  in  tryin-  t..  sail  an.und  Alri.a  t..  Asia.  IVin. , 
H.iiry  an.l  th.-  P..rtuK'u.-S(-  ha.l  Icanu-,1  t.,  .ail  th.'  seas  i-> 
tli-ir  wars  with  the-  .M.,„rs  in  Spain  and  Afri.a.  \t  ..n. 
t>"u-,  wh.-n   in   .\fri,a.  I'rin..-   Il.-nry  lu-ar.l   that    far  .lown 

t  Ml'    Wiwt    .   ■  I  .  .  »    .  .t'   «  1...  «      .     .,  .    ,  1    J 

-■.--.-  t::.-.i  .  tu.iur  •>  ^:<>i.i  \va.  i.iun.i  and  .arrit-d  i)\ 

laraxan.  t-.  tlu-  M,..,rs.     Ik-  th.mght  that  the  G.jld  (\,a.'! 


iJlm^^Mm.'^2^.'.^r.  . 


I'HINd.    HINRV    AM,    ,,11     l'nR|,,.l|s|  „- 

•'•■'"';'   '';7\''^^'plaM-t..  n.:..hhyvval.r.  tlun  Ih.v.lluu 
■^.I^y^Ml.^.arr,V.i,oI^.r,u,^U,wl„•|,.,.^,lu■..„ 

'n.^w.1.1  A.r.an  trilH.  four.l  ,!..ro  „„,M  I.,  (hn^.uni..,!* 
Beter  a   Scholar  Than  a   Warrior.       s,.  |.,nu.    n..„,v 

"">.h.,nu.  fn.mAtri.afu.l..voU-lumMl.   ,..  ,1...  .uuh  ,',1 
-  '  "j.'raphy     and 

i\l\Mtinn.       Ill- 

•  i-alrfad)  latiioiis 
.!     a    warrior,   and 
!  !.iM\  (  haiKistanic 
'  "    li  i  111    to    win 
inrlhcr  .ulory  hy 
i''"liiiK'     an     army 
I'lr  till'  |)()|)c  or  lor 
Kin;:    Ihnry   \'   of 
I  nj^land  or  for  the 
^iuK    <«f    Spain. 
^lill   othiT   llattcr- 
i  i'~'o|TfrManu'.l)iit 
I'n'iKc    Hrnry    rc- 
'  '-<d     thi-ni,     one 
'I'l  all,  and  choM- 
'"  live  in  a   lonely 
'I  luded       sj)ot 
■'■  lure  he  mi-ht  study  without  interruption 

Prince  Henry's  Observatory.        Ipon  a  ro.  kv  lua.iland 

-1-1  I<.mt  St.  Vincent,  overlooking  the  ..a.  I'rin.  e  Henrv 

'"■nit  a  hi^h  tower;  and  to  thi>  tower  he  invited  t.-a.  her.  of 

Mp  <lraw,n^'.  shipbuiIdin^^  and    >ea,nan.hip  from  foreign 

■untnes.     One  ,iay   lii.   brother   hr<.ui,ht    him   a  (.,pv  of 

;';^n<,   |>oIo\   book;    and   as   he    read   of   ,h..   w..nd<.r'-   of 

■  "".a.  Ja,)an.  an.i   the  Spiee  Island-,,   he  wa>  more  <l.t.r- 

mied  than  ever  to  lind  an  ocean  route  t..  the  Fa^t 


MlN«S     Tiff     .NwKMnk 


H 


::<>     I. WW    (.1      \.\I|,K|,  AN    ||,s,,,K\     |\    |,(  Kr,|.|.; 

Pushing  Southward.        Su  !„•  M-nt   lurti,  hi.  .a,.i.i„. 

I'l-'^vthr..;..  ,ar..ulhalu,,u.h.-.,,aM  ,,1  .\,ri,a    uhil.-  1 
^iH-nt    In.  h,.ur.  !n   vi.ui.w  ,h,,  .,,.,..    ;„   ,.,.^„,;,,^  ,^^^^^^^  ^ 

^•'^'■'■■'n.hnMu.|yint:;:,.u<:rai,lu.     Thr  rrturni,,.  .  aj.tain 

"'.'"■-'  -"-'"'"  ""■•>••">*■  la>.'l.lHh..l.ltluhii:ht,.urr  of  tt 

'"■'""•■  •""'  '"  •■'■ply  '"  1"'^  an.xi.,u.  iii,|uirir.  a^  tu  },nw  t- 

t-"lH'>.Kitl,  th.yha.l  ;:.„„..  an.luh.lhrrthrN  ha.l  fnun.hl 

-"'I  "I  Alrn  a.  tluy  always  rrtunu-.!  a  .li.,p|,.,i,„in,  an.w. 

iH'vlu.i,  tlu.ys,i.|,p,n,lartlH.rthananv.aptainIn.|nr 

;'""'•     '•>"    >l'-'n-    -ilnr.    ha,i    rrlUM,!    1..   „,   anv    larlhn 

•"•'.'nMlh.v  t'aiv.lthr  hulling  „.a,thrn„,nM.-,-unhr.irr, 

•"■""■''"^^■'i-liill  vuvauv.      Thryhad.liMnx,r.dMan,l.    th 

M.i.l.ira-.  ihrCanari,.,  thr  Azor,-    hut  Africa,  tluv  -ai. 

;il'l»'i'rt<l  In  ha\c  11,1  ,11, i. 

The  Gold  Coast  Reached.  I'ri.ur  Hrnrv  laiP^lml  . 
tluir  -^uiH-iMitinu.  frars.  an,|  M.it  thmi  ha,  k  t„  .sail  anmn. 
Atn,a.  Mic  primv  had  mrmlr.  who  M,,|fr,i  at  h^  j.lan 
•'n.lohjrrt..lto.iH.„,lin^.o  ,„„.h  iii,,ncv,.n  thr^' worth!-. 
^•xiH'.htion.,  hut  llrnry  krpt  on.  At  la^t  hi.  siilors  rnj. 
-.uthwani  a>  far  a.  Cap..  Pahna..  wh.n-  th.  >  oa^t  lin, 
tnrn>    ca.twanl    alon^r    ,iu-    (,ulf    ,,f    (.uin.-a.      \ow    thrv 

t-k  rourap..  hdi.vint:  thai  at  la.t  Ihr  .,i,i  of  ,h,.  .ontimnt 
'^^"  '"•'•'>  ••'■•"'"■'I-  In.tra.ithry,anu.upo„,h.(.o|,lC„aM 
•"^'""^'<'-l  ""•>>  ^l«ip>with.^ol.l,ivorv,aiui  .lav.s  Wh.P 
tluy  rrtunu-,!  with  thi.  pr.viou.  .  arLr,,,  all  I'ortutral  wa.  wiN' 
with  rx.  ilrnunt  an-1  j,,y.     Tlu-  p,.,pK.  now  t,„,k  a  -rrat.  r 

">tr,v.,  uW-ri,uv  Ih.nry-.  work  an.NcaM.i  to  .riti.i^.  hi-M 
t'U-  thr  iiioiuy  In-  wa.  .pcinh'tiu'. 

Henrys  Death  I'rimr  IKnrv.li.I  not  livr  to  .....  hi^ 
sii.p-^  .a, I  anun,.l  \fri<a.  hut  he  ha.l  arou.,.,i  .,,  nuu  h 
•nt.T,..,  that.alt.r  hi.  .Lath  ^.•v..ral  .aUant  .  aptain-  .•on- 
^"l"'■;l  t.' I>u.h  ...uthwani  o„  |,,„^.  1,,,^  vovauv.  ,,f  th,u„an.i. 
"'    ""--      C'Hii   onv    rcaUK-,!    a    ni..rc   distant    point    th 


lull; 


lUlIHl 


JlKlI!- 


Tip' 


niic 

th(} 

iiirn! 


ncii 


rati  r 


rr  ni- 


1Ui(  I! 


■(in- 


an(! 


lun. 


J-RlNCi;    IIINKV    AM,    Till,    p,  ,K  |  i  , .,  ,^, 

i~  l.rr(i,.,-r..nr  luh.rr  turninu  l.a>  k  tn  th,.  („,|,i  ( ■,,,.,   ,,., 
-'ru,,   ,.,r   tt.r   homruanl   juururv.     >,.   .|,.uK    .ii,|    tluv 
""'"•■•••'•  "'■"  -'"'■  vuyaLTr  uiu-n  tn,,k  a  xramr  nmrr 
Cape  oi  Good  Hope.      At  laM  in  ,4,v,,  Harthnlonu  u  Di,/ 

;''-!'• -arry.n,:  thr  l'..rtu;:ur>r  tla^  I,. ur  hnn,!n.,|  mil,-.  ..nnh 

-Mhr  Ir..|„.o|  Capri,  orn.u..,,an.|u  ami, lri^^^.,uthuanl 

"'';'''■"'''■"'■    ^'""'  ""■  """■'>    '^v"^v...4..  uith„u,   Mvi„. 

i''ii-  lie  tunicl  hi.  -.hi], 
'  '-twan'  i  \[)ti  tiller  -,i,,n 
'"  tDUih  llir  rt)a>t.  Hm 
i»ia/  \va>  then  iHVdnil 
'!"■  -outhcrtiiiKwt    rxiiiit 


\f 


'iia.  an,!  after  -; 


"L'  ra^twani 


ItT  a  uhil 


I'.l    >vv\\\>i    III.   land,    he 

"'■'led     n  (•  r  t  li    a  II  (I 

"I"  lifd  Africa  two  hun- 

i '■'■<!  niili-   cast    ,.f    the 

:"l    '>f     the    tiint 


intiit. 


lowi'd     th 


c    coast 


Tthi'astward  for  MAoral  day^  until  I 
Tth.      Uv  now  felt  Mirc  that  h,-  ha, I 


11  a. 


il 


!<•  -av.    It    turn  to  tti, 
|>a->(i|  the  ,11,1  n\  ,\i 


Is  worn-out  sailor>  refund  t,.  lto  fartlicr.  1 


■nd 


■1    II 


Diaz  turned  hack  rehh  tan'K    in 
ani  the  Atlantic.      On  hi- 
ll!   si^ht    of  th 


loUe\  ,r. 


Til     the     [ 


ndian   (  ) 


I  can 


lioni,-\var<!  waw   [) 


*'  -outhernnio-t   lap,-  ,.f  Af 


la/  j)a---e 


nu'U  It  tile  Stormy  Cape.      Hut  uj 


n<  .1  :  and    h. 


.iiii 


J«"lm  -aid,  '•  I.et 


>"n  111-  arri\  a!  ,it  l.i^j 


»o||. 


It  rather 


>e  I  all,',! 


i>c.  for  tile  t  ha 


th,    ( 


ape   o 


I  ( 


■'    now  liri^dit."      Dia/   had 


'uc-  ot   reai  liiiiLT   ih,'    !■: 


a-I 


''\    llii-    rmite 


\  1  rii'.'i  •    li 


realh'  di-(o\,Te,|    || 


ie    eih! 


■■i«-a  to  liuh'a.     (Jn  thi 


;ccar-    i„i,,i,-   a    -iiip   -aiied    around 


s  \o\a,ire  witli  Dia/, 


wa-  an  It 


ilian 


27-S     DAWN    OF-    AMKKICAX    UlSTOkV    l\    Ki  Roi'K 

>ail..r  named  Murtholcmcw  {•.,lumhu>.  a  vnun^rr  hn.th, 
ot  (  hr.>tn,,h,.r  Columhus.  „f  whoM.  coura^'e  and  daring  w 
^nall  read  in  thi-  next  chapter. 


<.)rKSTI().\S 

..  What  tuo  water  nn.t.s  w.n-  .nm-sl.,\^  :.  Wliat  chjn  tiun 
'""'"•I-"l'l'''K'v.to..a.h:^  ,.  What  ,|i,l  th.  , ..■„,.!..  nu.an  1,-. 
.low,^h,ll  voyage.  ^  4.  Kxplain  th.  luli.f  ahuut  tlu-  h.iianOcran 
>  \\  hat  urr,.  ^,nu-  nt  th.  real  -iim.  ulti..  in  ..a  travd  in  thos.-  davs 
".  What  wa.  th.  ja.kMatT>  ;.  I  >..  y„w  a.lmir.-  Jl.nrv  the  Navi 
T"^  ^^  "■:->-  ^  -■  Whvuasi,..a,i..r,omak..,,n.«r..ss.lnw, 
thea.a>t  ,.t  Atrua  ali.r  thf  (iuhl  {oa,.!  wa>  reac  hnl  :■- 
Dia/'s  voyage  to  (ioo.;  llopv. 


10.    'IVll  alxmi 


THAPTKR    xxril 
COLUMBUS  AND  THE  NEW  WORLD 

Genoa  and  the  All-water  Route.       Wln-n  (on  f  uW       i 
'••il   to  thf  Turks  in    ,.-^    ih  i!         ^  *'"-^^'^"tinopk' 

u.K>   in    14,,,   the   nu'rchant>  and   sailors  of 

If,,,.,.-                  '  .       ^"'^'"''^-     Heann-    stories    of    I'rin.r 
iliiirv  s  vovagfs  down  th 


I! 


N 


j.^o      hWW    ol     AMIkK    \\    III^Toin     |\    |.;|  K,)|.|,; 


in 


in  Ma  t.attl.'^  with  •|urki.h  (..rsiir-  aiul   in  piratr  rxpc 
"""^-      "•■  '"'.tnic  a  ^killlul   -ail-.r.  an<l,   tHtwccn   trii)> 
^'■•'-   '"    '■•"■ii<-,|   lii^    iivin-  in   („nna  l.\       lakin-    maj..  a 
"liart^.   uhi.  h  \uw   in  nuuh   (k-niand   in    the   .'rowin-   > 
ira.lc. 

Was  Columbus  a  Teuton?  (•..hnnlni^  \va>  tall  ai 
I.uvvrrtiill>  huijt.  \U  ha.l  a  ru,M>  la..'.  r,.|  hair,  and  hi 
lyr..  \\\  kiK^u  that  niu.t  Italian^  an-  .lark  ;  ^o  it  j.  like 
that  Cojunihu-  d(-r,ii(l,d  irnin  -..inr  iurharian  trihu  th 
Mitlr.l  in  Italy,  an. I  that  lu-  ua>.  altrr  all.  a  IVuten  and 
di-lant  kin-man  <it'  niir>. 

Columbus  at  Lisbon.  Christ. .ph.r  wa-  lat.r  attract, 
t«.  Li-I.c.n.  uhitlur  hi>  _\,,un..:  hrutlur.  Iiarth<.l,.nu  w.  h; 
-'""■  ^'""''  >•••"■-  '"-l.Tr.  |j\h,,„  wa-  then  the  .vntcr  , 
"It  '  ill  .U<-.,Lrraph\,  in  tra\tl.  and  diMovcry.  Uvi 
*""  ■  "^  i'*'"'  1"'^  'i'lK'  niakin-  ma].--,  and  now  a 
thrn  lakin-  a  voya-r  down  tlu-  r<.a>t  ..I  .\l"rira  up.m  t 
-loriny  .Xtlantii  . 

His  Island  Life.  Wln'lr  at  \,Uhm  C.lunihus  u;i 
married  and  w.iit  t..  Ii\r  in  (|Kirt  at  Porto  Sant...  a  littl 
i-Iand  thnr  hundred  niih-  ,,ut  uj).,n  the  hluc  .\tlanti> 
It  wa^  h.i-e  that  he  lu-an  to  think  of  the  l.e-t  way  to  rea. 
tlu'  In.lie-.  lie  reeeived  from  hi.  father-indaw  man 
•aluai.le  siiliim  ,  hart-,  and  -tudied  tlu-e  dili-enth  .\o- 
and  then  -ome  -hip  hound  for  the  Cold  ( 'oa-t  lou,  hed  a 
111''  i-land.  and  pr.,l.al,l>  Columhu-  talked  with  the  -ailor 
al-nut   the  -real   proj.K.m  ,,f  how   to  reaeh  China  hv  water 

Planning  a  Western  Voyage  .\fter  ,,  time  Columhu 
went  h.uk  to  Li-h,,n  to  liv.  jh-  h.-.n  to  talk  of  a  ue-t 
'"'";'  ^">'-'-  '*'  "'-  '•■''^'-  llu'  I'ortuuue-e  ha.l  found,!, 
"i^i'-   di-app,,intment.    that    hey.ui.l    the    Culf    of     (nu'ne.i 

ill,.  .  . ..,    1       r    \  I—; 1  1 

■'"■■  ■■■   -''■■'•>■■■   :;::;ie.i  -.  .ui  II  w  ai  i  i  .iLiani.  and  ionu,  ion- 

vo>a-e-  ha.l  laile.i  t,.  lui.l   the  en.l  of  the-  eontinenl."  Thi- 


<'"-l  ^^U^    AM,     ,,„,    M,\v    UHR,.,, 

=  ""■  iilnady  travd.-.l   u;i.  >,,  ,r,. 


.'>! 


inf- 


ill 


-I.Twl„,|„,,|„.r,.,„i,|„, „„„,.,, -urLu,:;. 

Toscanell,        Tl,,.  „„.,,„„„„„  „„„, .,,„  ,,; 

■;■    1-..HUH,.    „l,„   |„,,|    „    |,.|„„.,„,.     „_|^  . 

'  "liiiiihu-un.tfa  letter. 
l^ill^^  what    he  thou^'ht 
'"'lit    sailing'    Uf^twanl 
'■"--  llir  .\tlaiiti(  .     (',, 
:ini)U>  alM)  ^cnt    liim   ;, 
'^"■'    that   he  had   made 
'   the  Atlanfir  a>  he  lie 
'  '  '  <f  i'  iiii,!,du  he.  -h.uv 
--'  l-.iir<.|)e,,n  theea>l  ol' 
■Hid    Cathax-    ..ii     the 
'  '  -'■        r<»-,(  aiielli   WTdte 
■'  i^■  -ayiiiL:  that  it  ua- 
"•iinl_\  .1  -horter  jour- 
'  '  .\  -trai,!,'ht  weMward  lo 

;'-;-tluMi,  ua.  l.yuaynf(;uineaandAmea.      fie  .■„, 

■    ''-'H'-Mnap  upon  uhich  he  d,,,ued  Ada  extendi,,.  .,  ,,,r 
_-'"-„reache.l  California.      Ka^t  o,   ,  hi,  he  had  , 
'^"";"'''"^"^^''*'-'-'''*    ^Ve.t   Indie,  an.,      IIe,o|d( 

;■;    •'^\->ap'    aero.,    th.   Atlanti.    wa.    a    „-,,nd    an. 

'■■'•l<-I>r<'HTt  and  that   it.  aehi..,  ,n,ent  v.o,: 

'  "iil\-  LTeat  ri.he..  I.in  .peat  h..„o- 

Believing   the   Earth   a   Round   Ball        In,,,,    M,.    d,^ 

'^"'"■"•/T-e    Wi.enu.n    had    helieVed    the    Wo,|,i    ,„',; 

"'    /'"     ^''    ^'^•-    ''--hen    Cohnnl.u.    li.d    p.^pl,.   ,„ 

•""!""    '""'    ""^"'    '"    --'l"    tln>    Inlie,.      I,     u    .    n.r 
nnhu.    to    .hov^-    tl„.    .,,i.i;.., 

i«  fi"ii   in    the   ta.  e  i,i  ,dl    the   mv  i    rl    .,      , 

,.  '"*    'ii\-t'  r,.,u.  tern.r.  oi   the 

'  1  '»f  Darkness. 


i,a(  ed 
ohiin 


:ld  hrin:^'  him. 


"  iiiir  " 


■■;'"^.  "™i'' 


:;:-# 


■■  1 1;„ 


:<Sj      DAWN    (»l     AMI.kK  AN    iHMORN     IN    11  K()|-|; 


Two  Fortunate  Mistakes.  Iii  otimatiii^  the  distatK 
>trai,ulit  ti)  China.  CohunhuN  nlicd  upon  I  ox  ancHiV  ina|i 
and  lhu>  hr  niailc  two  lortunatt-  nii~takr>.  \lv  (ahulatr 
that  thi-  earth  wa-  sonicwliat  -mailer  th.m  it  i-.  and  h 
thou<:ht  that  .\>ia  extended  a-  tar  to  the  ea-t  a-  thi'  dull  . 
Mtxi.o.  On  account  of  tliex-  two  ht  h'e'-.  Colunihu-  wa 
(oiiiidcnt  that  a  voyage  of  twent\  fnc  hundred  mile-  we- 
trom  the  Canarie-  woidd  land  him  on  the  wonderful  i-lain 
of  Japan.  Ihi-  wa-  le—  than  the  di-tanie  froir  IJ-hoi 
to  (luinca.  If  he  hail  known  that  tlie  di-tani  e  wt-twan 
to  China  wa-  twehc  thou-and  nu'le-.  how  jjoor  hi-  ihaiK* 
ot  ol)taininu  men  and  mone_\  would  ha\f  h.-eii !  Hi 
twent_\-li\('  hundred  mile-  -cancly  carried  him  to  the  uii 
known  \\'e-t  Iniiie-;  an<l.  of  cour-e.  lie  ne\cT  dreanu-c 
that  thf  ;:reat  ccmtinent  of  America  la\  ac  ro—  hi-  path. 

Making  Up  His  Mind,  .Mx.ut  1482  Columhu- returnee 
to  l.i-hon  from  a  \ciya,ize  to  (iuinea.  He  had  found  thi- 
c<)untr>-  far  awaw  and  .\fric  a  -eemed  to  extend  on  and  on 
no  one  knew  how  man\  mile-.  It  wa-  tluTi  that  he  madt 
uj)  hi-  mind  to  tr>  the  -trai.^dit  we-tward  route-,  if  he  couh 
^et  the  -hip-  and  >iiilor-.  A  tine  new  astrolabe-  liad  ju-t 
been  invented  whieh  enabled  -ailor-  to  keep  their  latitude 
at  -c-a.  With  this  new  instrument  the\-  felt  a  littk-  safer 
ujMtn  the  ocean.  Ihe  Tortu^'ue-e  were  now  pu-hing  south- 
ward in  earnest. 

Columbus  and  King  John.  Columl)U-  api)licci  t' 
Kin.u  John  of  Portuiral  for  men  and  -hip-  fc»r  liis  dariiii.: 
we-tward  \dya,>:e.  King  John  called  hi-  learned  men  to 
j.;ether  and  a-ked  them  what  they  thouizht  of  Columbu.-"- 
idea.  Some  said  that  it  wa-  nothin<:  but  a  dream;  other- 
that  Asia  did  not  extend  as  far  to  the  ea-t  a-  Columbu- 
maint. lined  ;  and  -till  other-  told  the  king  that  the  xo'.aui 
would  cc)-t  too  much.     Moreo\er,  lhe\-  tliuught  Columbus. 


^2jirii#*i^&%9.irvhr 


(Ol.lMIUs    AM)    Tin.    M.U     WoKl.D 


-^^.> 


.  h..   \v;i-  ;i   torciLMicr.  wanted    t..,)   many  rewards  and    loo 
.  uh  iK.nor  fnr  lii>  >harf.  if  tln'  Muai^e  were  a  siu(r». 
Playing  Unfair.        Kin^  John,  who  had  x.nu-  of  I'rind- 
il.nry'.-^   love  of   I.(,ld   dfcd>.   wanted    to   try   the   venture; 
It  Ik'  teared  that  if  lie  >i)ent  a  hir^e  .Mim  of  money  and  the 
■iterpri-e   i'ailed.   the  whole  kingdom   would   lauuh  at    hi-. 
''L^-     'I*'  '!''!  'lot  mean  to  he  unlair  to  Cohiml.u-.  hut  he 
' miied  to  try  the  e.vperiment  (juietly.  m.  that  if   lie  failed, 
'.-one  would  he  the  wiMT.      He  set  ret  ly  .ent  out  a  -^hipwith 
'■\r  (hart>  of   Columhu^.   to  >ail   we-tward   from  the  Cape 
Wrde    I>land-.      Mut    the    >ailor.   and    the   pilot    .,,0,1    lo>t 
■  .irt  at  the  ^'reat  >tormy  sea  lu'fore  them,  and  returne.l  to 
l.'M'on.     (■olumI)u>   heard  of  tju-   tri.  k   and   left    I'ortu,i,'al 
;i  an;rer. 

At  the  Court  of  Spain.  We  ne.xt  lind  him  in  Spain  at 
•ii.  (ourt  of  Ferdinand  and  NahelLi  at  Cordoxa.  I'he 
-^i'ani-h  >overei^'n>  were  at  war  trying  to  drive  out  the 
\Io,,r..  So  they  ha.l  little  time  to  (on^i.hT  the  plan^  of 
<  -lunihu-.  hut  they  wiTe  .>utfi(  ient  ly  interoted  to  (all  a 
■  'Uiuil  ot  learned  men.  in(  hiding  the  proi'e-,>or>  from  the 
••■inous   university   of    Cordova.      Some   thought    that    hi.^ 

iieiiu'  wa>  worth  trying,  hut  other>  ridic  uled  him. 

The  Earth  Round?     Folly.       ( hie  ehun  hman  deelare.l 
•  i.it    Columl)U>   wa>   a    madman.      '•  I>    there   any   one    m. 

"li^h.""  said  he.  "as  to  helieve  that  the  world  i>  round,  and 
•'   It    people   live  on   the  other  >i(le  with   their   feet   toward 

ir^:    peoj.le  who  walk  with  their  heel>  upward  and  their 

td  -  hanging  down  :   wht  R'  tree>  grow  with  their  hraiu  he-, 

■-vnward  and  where  it  rains,  hails,  and  miows  upward:^" 
\ni\  ho  laughed  Columhu.s  to  -corn.     So  at  tl;:>  time  nothing 

1-  done  !)y  the  Spani>h  ruU .--.  to  aid  our  hen,. 

Asking    England    and    France.       Columl)u>'s    hn.ther, 
'irthoUmiew,  hud  ju>t  now  returned  to  Lisbon  from  hi> 


jSi      I)  WW    (»i      Wll.KK  AN    ll|N|t)KN     |\    llRol'K 


\()\;iL'c  uilli  hii/  ill  \vlii(li  tlu\  had  (li-((i\crr(l  the  CajH'ot 
(iood  Il.ijic.  ( 'i(liii,ii»ii-  li.i-'titicd  to  Li-hoii  fi)  >i(.'  him. 
Altrr  t.dkiii;^  it  <(\cr  and  thiiikiiiL'  nl  tiir  loii^.  Inn;:  diNtani , 
to  ( iood  Hope,  ('<ihimtiu>  ua-  iiiori'  aii\iou>  th.m  cNcr  to 
atlciiipt  the  \\(-lward  routi-.  So  In-  -cnt  Hart  holomcw  to 
l.iiL'laiid  ami  to  Iramr  to  -(  rk  aid  tor  him. 

Reception  in  England  and  France  \\\  ht  ar  of  liarth(ii 
omcw  lir-t  ill  l.nulaiidat  thctoiirtol'  Henry  \  II.  What  he 
-aicl  to  thi  JjiLiH-li  ruler  we  do  not  know.  Init  llenr\  lo\i(| 
hi-  money  too  mui  h  to  ri~k  it  u|ion  -m  li  an  undertakiii).;. 
I'rom  IjiL'land  Haitholoiiuu  went  to  the  (oiirt  ot'  l-'rarid'. 
Se\(  ral  year-  i)a--ed.  and  (ohniihii-  juard  nothing  trom  liis 
lirother. 

Patiently  Waiting.  .\ll  thi>  wliiie  CohiniljUv  -eems  to 
lia\e  Ixtii  waitiiiLr  I'or  an  an-wer  t"rom  Spain.  Hut  the 
Spani-h  were  -till  lluhtini;  the  .Moor-  and  too  l)u-\  to  j.;i\e 
<-.ir  to  liiiM.  .\i'ter  year-  oi"  \ain  el'lort  in  Sjjain.  Colunihu- 
wa-  thoroUL'hl)  di-ap])ointed.  He  determined  to  l;o  to 
I'raiKt  .  It  i-  -aid  tiiat  tiie  (  hildren  ot'  Se\il!e  and  Cordowi 
ioolaii  i|)(in  him  a-  in-aiie,  and  when  the\  -aw  him  pa->, 
the\   tajipeil  their  forehead-  and  -niiled. 

Growing  Old.  but  Resolute  Still.  (dluniliu-  liati  now 
heeit  trxiiiLT  tor  nearly  twenty  year-  to  intere-t  -ome  ruler 
ill  taking  uj»  hi-  plan-,  and  tild  a,i:e  wa-  (omimr  "n.  So  with 
hi-  little  -on.  Dieii'.  he  -ct  out  to  lea\e  Spain  foreNi-r.  He 
-t>ip|)ed  at  a  moiia-ter\  mar  Palo-  for  hread  for  hi-  ho\ . 
Ihe  prior,  named  Here/,  a  W(  rth>  monk,  li-tened  to  hi- 
story and  took  a  deep  intere-t  in  it.  He  liad  t'ornierU 
heen  the  tatiier  tiinfi— or  to  the  Spani-li  (|Ueeii.  and  lie  iiow 
>enl  h<r  a  letter  j)leadinj.;  tor  ("olumhus. 

Come  Back.  (Jueeii  I-ahella  -umimtned  the  monk  to 
lu'r.  and  hy  him  -eiit  some  nione\  to  Columbus,  iinitinu' 
him  to  return   to  her  eourt.     With  this  monev  C'oiumhu- 


'  "I  '  Miii  ^    \\l)    iiii;   \i;u    woKi.i, 


•N^ 


.  >ii', .  >>■ 


sj'isip  m. ' 


«"# 


,:l    '      


' m 


:Sh      |)\\\\    (»|      WIlkK    \\    HIMOKV    \\    |,|  Kol'i: 

Ix-nuhl  .1  mill.-  ;it..|  ;i  11.  w  >nit  of  .|,,th,..  an.l   Nil  out   l" 
til.-  SpaiiMi  .niirt  t..  lay  lu\  .  av  lMl..r<-  tin-  .)Ucrn. 

Again  Before  Learned  Men.  rjx.n  hi.  arrival.  hi>  |.L 
w.i-  ar«ii.<|  h,  tun-  a  IhmJv  .,t  Icariici  nun.  S.AtTal  clnir. 
iiHii  w.r.'  ii,,\v  in  lav.r  ..t"  ai.lii.^'  (■..luriilnis.  hut  othc 
""'linuc.l  tM  ri.li.  111.-  th.-  UM.I.rtakln-.  'I-JuTi  Isihclja  i)r..n 
i-.l  t.,  t  ik.  up  the  Mh.rti.-  a.  MM.ti  a^  th.v  .oul.i  (aptui 
(.raiia.la,  ih.-  Ia>t  ..|  th,.  M.„,rish  t..\vn>.  (•olumlni>  wait. 
•  m.iiii,  hut  lint  Inii^r,  fur  the  Moorish  .apital  MM.n  fell  t..  tl 
Christian.;  aii-i  ii..hu.|y  r,j..i,nl  iiK.rr  t han  .li<i  our  hen.  t 
M-.-  th.-  .ru>>  lak.-  Ill,' pla. .•..!•  thccrcMrnt  in  (.ranada. 

Help  Again  Refused.  Hut  in.t.a.l  ..i'  thi-  help  that  li 
wa.s  .xpc.  linu  l--  r.-..ivc.  h,-  wa>  a-ain  a.aiM.I  ..t  .Irman.: 
ni^  t.M,  nni,  h  p,,\v.r  ..v.r  any  hiatlun  lan.i>  that  he  mi^h 
«li-<--v.T;  an.l  he  u,,~  inialiy  .h-nicl  ai.l.  With  hi..  L 
li"|H'  .ru-h.-.l  Culuinhu.  s,t  ..ut  up.^n  hi>  mule  t..r  Franc- 
l.ut  .unu-.>n.-uh<.  lavuiv.l  him  ran  t..  thi-(|Ui-fn  an.l  hf^.^-, 
li«r  n..t  t.i  l.t  thi>  .picn.li.l  ..llVr  pa»  ..n  t..  Kran.r  ..r  Kn.i; 
l.in.i.  Ill-  t..|.l  hcT  h..\v  hi-r  fncnii.-s  w.uil.l  lauj,'h  and  h.- 
tiicn.Ux.rn.u.  if  Frana-  shoul.l  ^'ot  the  h.)n.)r  and  rii  h.- 
Ironi  thi>  u.siuard  \<Aai,'c. 

Changing  Her  Mind.  Su.l.hnly  the  quc-in  changed  h. 
nini.l.  an.l  a  lli-.t  rnoM-n.^r  \\a>  sent  t..  st.,p  Columbu- 
S|.urrin-  with  all  .p.-f,|.  hf  ..vi-rt....k  him  at  a  jondy  hrid-. 
•ilMiut  >i.\  mil.-.s  fn.m  (iranada.  (-..lunihus.  with  man\ 
'l<.ul)t>,  turm-.l  ha.k  hi>  muk-  a  ..m.n.j  time  toward  tlu 
Spanish  i-nml.  'lhi>  tinu-  hi>  plans  wiTc  acu'ptt'.l  by  Our.  n 
Isibclla.  u  h..  i.romi.c'.l  to  provide  the  money.  Kin'^  Fer.ii- 
iKin.l  had  no  vhare  in  the  undertaking. 

His  Hard  Terms.       Columbu^  was  to    be  a.lmiral   fnr 

Iile  ..f  all  the  i>lands  an.l  continents  that  he  mi.'ht  disover 

ir 1.    .      ,-      1  •        ,  ■  .      .    ., 

11-.  ■.-..;-  ii:  i:a-. e  .iir  riim-.  ii  ..in-  ii-nlii  oi  ail  pearis.  diamond-. 

g.)Id,  Mlver,  and  a  -hare  in  the  protits  on  spi. rs  and  oth.r 


<"l-l  MHI  -     \\l.     nil,    \|V.     \\(.kl.!. 


■•V 


■■|'l*-oltr,.,!...     Th.-.ru,.r.tl,rh,,nh,r,n.,i,,,tC.,h:mi,u, 

'""•''""  ^"  ^tul.lM.rnly       l|...li,|no,   ...k  xs.,,|,i,  n.mlv 

'  ''""^'■''    ''^"    '"■   '''"1    I-'il:.,!    i,,r   „,,,,u   v,.,,^  I,.,i,|K.T 

i-u^.il.m    ironi    thr    Turk^,    a„.|    I,.-    ,„.,n,I    to    um-   ,  a  .  ry 

iiiy  (it  hi>  ni.iiuy  in  thj-  ( .lu-c. 

Difficulties  Begin.        Cnhnnhn.  u..^  ,i,,.,,K    „„„,,, |     ,,„, 

•    ^r>  ..t  joy  .amc  tu  hi>  cyr.,   ulim  h.'  kii.uth.,1    ,,II,t   ^,, 

ny  year.  ,,t-  trial  aii.j  .ii^appuini  nimt    !„■  ua>  tu  lu-  |Hr- 

^",..1  tu  ri>k  InMitV  in  th.- .Trat.M  N,.vau'r  .■^..r  att.n,,.tr,| 
Un,n  hv  rra.lu.i  llu'  tuwn  ut"  I'alu>,  uiti,  unl.f.  irun,  tlu' 

.'  "1  tur  .hii>.>  an,l  mrn.  tlu-rr  ua>  aimu,t  a  riut.      \u  .hi,,- 

■w,rr.  were  willing  tu  tunnM,  v.-v-.j.  fur  mi<  1,  a  vuvai:.-  on 

•    ■    -S.':!  ..t    F)arknr...-  nur  ha.l   tlu^  .aiiur.  ,,nv  ,i',H'r..  t., 

•"■r  ^traij^ht  intu  thv  jaw.  uf  .j.ath.      Hut  th,    ruval  ..r-lrrs 

:  >hii»  an.!  pruvisiun>  mu>t  !..•  ulny.-.l.  nu  niatlrr  what  the 
-'•MiiN  and  (  ur>fs. 

Enlisting  Sailors.        I'.,  ^^.t  .ailur>  wa^  th.   hanir.t  la.k 
'  nn,inal>  wcTr  rdrasnl   Iruni  jail  u,,   .un.h'tiun   that    th.y 
'ul.l  prumix'  tu  cnh->t   with  Cukinihu^.     .\t   la^t   xanun 
-rr  >iniply  lura-.l  t..  -u,  whrthcr  th.v  wi^h.-.i  tu  ur  nut 
I'uy  put  fvcry  hindrance  in   the  way  ..t  .Lrettini,'  .tarte<| 
I  M-M.  who  were  ealkin-  up  the  >eam>  uf  tlie  v.-mI.  tu  pre- 
'  "  lrak>.  .lid  a  ,arele>.  juh.  >u  that  it  had  tu  1„.  dune  uver 
^Min  ;    uther>  deserted  and  hid  themselves. 
Off  to  the  West.        .\t  last,  alter  manv  truuhles  ami  .hir. 
•  :!'i.s.  (  ..himhus  s,.t  .ail  frum  I'alus  ,,„  rn,],,,.     y„^,^,^,    , 
'■>^-     Huw  his  heart  must  have  leaped  with  juv.  m.w  tint 
^vas  la.rly  siartni:     He  had  umier   his   .um.mind    three 
■ill    vessds    with    ninety    sailurs    al.uard        IheM.    har<iv 
'Hu-n  hade  their  friends  a  last  lar.well  in  tears,  as  thuu^d, 

\    iii'\iT  <'vt»i./t.wl   1..  i.y.    II  .  . 
i---5-.-!    i-r   :;i,;iii(i    u;i(     anuliici    aLIaU' 

Headed  for  the   Canaries.       The  tinv  ihvt  s„.,red  first 
■  ihe  Canary  Islands.     Frum  there  the  tuurs^-  wa^  tu  he 


'  '^ r'-//''*^*^:^, ,v«'»ic  '^;rs  *^ 


1  ■ 


^"^      "\\\^    "I      \MI  KK    W    IIIHmI\     |\     I  I   |,,,|.| 

'!>"■  ^'•'  -'  l".l  M''i-  I  '•'■  iii^  :-i:.|.  (  ..iMiul.u.  1,  ,,1  th,  in  , 
'"■  '  'i'"'  -'"'  lull'  >'.ir-  Im  I., I,  i,s  |,,.,.,nrlli  !,j„„i  \\!|,. 
'"    '''"^    ninli     -.,111,    ii|.j,|,,\,  int  iii  H,u.ii\    h  i.i    (   ..liiiiil. 

'■  "  I'""     ''i'"!  I"    ■"  -'in  I..  -.  ,      i-ii-  ,,|    nii     hi.  I     MP, ,11-    I, 

'li--i'i-"'  'I  '  '■<  ''^  -         I  li'    M|,i,!,  1  ,.|  .,ii,    -hi],  •,,,,, ,1  1, ,-,,(., 

i'>"'l"'^'  l>  I"  lh"n'jlil  .,  ih  ,1  ill,  -!ii|,,  ,,;,!, I  II, .1  ^.,,  ,,||  !, 
'■  -'"  ""-  -'■"■  ^^  I-  i'i,.,l,    tii.il    a,, 111,!  .1,,   iiiitii  ill,    C.i, ,,,,-,, 


uviv  rca.hrd.      Wliil,    m.ikin-  tv|.,iir^  li,  iv,  tin-  -,iil,,r-^  w.  r 
lri-ht,'ii.-,|    nut    ni    tluir    wit-   h\    -r.iii"    ,1    i,,|-i\    m,,uiitai' 
'"'l<l)i!i-  out  tl, nil.- an, I  -Mi,,kc.     C,,!!!!!!!,!!-  rxplaincH   ih 
It  wa-  II!,  nly  a  \,,Kaii,.,  -a  \  Iiil;  lir  lia.i  ,,lt,  n  -,,11  mi,1i  >i-ii; 
ill   ltal\ 

Straight  into  the    •  Sea  of  Darkness   '        \ii,  r  iiiakin.: 
'i'-^^'  ni,Mrr  l".,r  il„-  ,|isii,l,-,|   -hip  .uul   takin::  wi,  u,„„i   .,,, 
uahr,  liu'pn.w-  w,  n-  turn,-,]   u,-.t'Aar,|   int,,  ihr  imkii,iv. 
«'>van,      Olh.T-nat    -ca    ,aplain-    ha.i    -ailcl    hiiii.ifci!-    , 


m^mmarndk^^j^  ^  mJi^MmmmLSMAumk  m. 


^Mr 


'  '  '1,1   Ml;i    -     \\|i     I  ill      \ 


I  U     WmKI.i. 


\i    m. 


W  !!!• 


iinii 


n  L'    III 


I  n.iri 


\Vt 


-il:! 


\nii\'. 


"liL'      -I  r  tl|;,'t       ,  M 

in!'.  i!i,    iiM,  U. 


-i^  .     ! 


I'll    ( 


'iUlMhll 


111       •.Mill 


111  I    -in  i|  I, , 


'A.I-   -li  I  r  III 


It    liiii    !i 


I'l   l<h',i. 


Keeping  Two  Records         \ 


I  hi   (  .!i 


ii  I  1  -t    .11 


I'l  "iilv   tin    \,|,t  -i!,  I,  1 


'I    .111'!    -III.!,,. I     I 


i-fi'  -  -  lilt,   iriitti  -iL'lil 
'  '  't  '"  '   III  !  1  \   I,,  I, ,[,     I  III- 


'•■'     '  liiliii,  n.       (  Mhiii,!,!!,   k 


111  v\ 


'"^'        ll"'lilil       Uilil      Ih,    II,     .,!,      hi,     |,,,;.^, 


i.ll'l      l\\ 


\  il\  ,1-1 


I   >     Mil 


''!■   "I    till     iti    t.ilii  ,     1 


I   I  \  I 


III  .1  :'l\    .1  ,i 


<   'I  <    »lH      ll    I    i,|.| 


U'l-i      ll.ilil     I 


'111    thr,  ,i 


lull     will, 


\ , 


'"'  ""'i  '  >'         \iii,ihi  1    r,  ,  ,,i,|    ,,   i,i| 


ll      lilllihl 


(II  -  III  I  >\, 


■'III  ii'^  .iihI  I  r(  u  - 
iii-lit .  In-  jiiii    ,ii,\\  ri. 


I     "'III-       \s 


I-  i,,r 


t'l     -.Ulcl     i    •   ,    Mil 


"«  iinji  - 


III 


<  -  Hi  .1  il.ty 

111     Wi  .llluT 


I    .  I ;  1  ( 


ll-   \  i,\  .i;:,     liii:;hl     i, 


M.,1     III 


"■'  '1    .1    |>lr,i-.i;it     ,,|| 


I'  -.iiii,r- 


■••■I'l^'  .lil    tin    iini,    I, 


'I  .1  liiiihii'^  -, 


r   iiiiiii-ii  t- 


The  Compa.-,s  Bewitched  \i 


'ir  main   i|,i\  >  ( 


tli.il   th, 


iiin;h',i- 


'  111111  i,i~-  III 


'iiu'i-r  1,1, ml 


^'''  -'■"■  '""  '"'"  '"  Id''  l<  t'l    .imi.  will,  ,   I,  1.  ,| 


'  'I    'III'  I   ti\      In    1  il 


'"'>■  laillit  r  iVnin  tin-  p,,! 

"    i'     laii   ^.liii   III, thin- 

■'  '  ii'   '  >  I  -  III'  111-  i>i|,,t  ~. 


i\  .  it  |M liiitril 


«   .-I.ir.      ( 


I'lUIIliiU-    U,l>    t  riMlnh 


•I  lilllf  111   hill  llli,  t 


null 


iiti.ilK   Ihi  .1.11.-  km 


iinl  all  Wrt 


lU  11      iliiU 


•■  111  ilri-p  .ilariii,       M'!,! 


111.  \ 


"""I'-'"  '     Ua^  it  .1  uil,  h  \r\Uvj.  !,,  l,-,i,l  ;| 
nl  uhiilp,,,,!  '      Uh.it 


iM-i-  ti,  1  ru-t 


lllll    llltn    -1,111 


ua-  til 


Ira,  k 


III-   It'll    llnU     |(,   mi 


I'll     I  hrlii   III 


f--    III  |-;||i 


Faith  in  Columbus         H 


III  iIka   |„li, 


All  ij-i-  1,1  (  ■,ilu:nl 


\'  'I  111  till-  prill, liiml 


■  l''i'   t  III    >  .inip.i,-, 


'""^- •'■'"'  lii'iliiiitiii  till  irirar.  I,^  i,|li,m 


w,i-  .  ,,rr,-,  t.   hill    ihat   tl 


iU-t  a-  I.I 


11    I'l'li-  -tar 


nr  -tar- 


-tar  i-  a! 


Ill-  'Aa-  111,!  Inir.  Ii,i  til 


ua\  -  i,\(  r  thr  la.rth  !„,i,       1. 


'"■"i'"i  thai  Ciiiunihu-  ,  ,,ii|.|  -i 


W 


1 1)11 


1-  iii'W  ktmu-  th.it 


•^  i'"iiil-.  iii.t   ll,  ilu-  ni.rih  jH,j,.,  !,,i!   I,,  tl 


ll    iii.i: 


2UO     l)\UA    ,„     AMI.klcw    llIsluKv    ,\    KIR,,,.,.; 

I  pfiiin-ula 


<    .Ml, III, 1,         \n 


HI  Will  II, nl  It  ,,,1  thr  ni,,|,. 
Another  Scare.        Sn„u-  ,|a>  ^  l;,hr  ih.-  hn.n.  .  amr  u,„. 

^'"■-'";'  ^"'- ""■'•'•  'i"'- ^-  l^"-:,.  a.  Fram..  uhm- tan;:!, , 
"■:;^''";'^  ^^'"^  ^'I'""  "•••  ^urt,urnf  th.-  uatrr  that  i>  ,w, 
""l;Vl-1>.       '""'-•-.il,.r.thi>!.H.knllikran,.„.ll,....rcr. 

;;"''■";•  '•; ''-^ -•'•-•-- ^' ^'-w  h^v.  (^.KJn.■ 

'^;''l'''7'l-'~'!y  through  it;    hut  uhrnth.  wind.  ral.,..,i 

'f'<y  '-ul,l  mak.  litll.  h..,uluay.  an,|  tin-  .r.u->  wm- a.rii, 
;.",7"""^    ;'^r.,un,l.     Wlu-n    th.ir    |..n...t   plumnu  t   lin, 

','■'"'"""*'''""""" 'Kv  tuuk  hrart,  and  altcT  >..nu.  .lav. 
tlu-\  p,i--,<l  ,iL;,iin  int,,  ,,  ,  l(.,,r  ^,._, 

,     ^'"I'^'^f   '   F"^"^-        ^-'"-  alway.   t.k.-   ddi.h,   i„  a 
•'^":'"'''    '''-••--    I'ut    our   I.Too   n,.u-    fnund    thrmx-lv.. 

''^'■-'•'1  -.,uard  l.y  a  Mr,u>,  and  .t.ady  ^vi,,d  whi.h  kq,, 
■^•I""ruv..k>.     Th.y  1h.,.,u,  luuomK.ruh..tluTtlu-v  .  ..uld 

;?",""""':  ■'-'•"^'-^'—'>       ThryhadHniplvVntm-d 

'  "  y  ^^Y*'  '-""•^'  luirri.-d  alun^^  to  >.„„,  awful  tat..    The  wit.l 

^''•'''^•■'   ^''•'■^^'^^'^''-  '''---•  -^<1  they  l..,an 
xiinc  other  huizalioo. 

Plotting   to  Throw  Columbus  Overboard.       Vow  after 

;"'"•  ''^'^^  ^""'  ^^■^•'■'^^  "•  ^'-'ly  s.ilin,,  the  erew>  lH.,Jn  to 
"";'-"-^  •""-'■•",  no  lan<l.  So  they  ,a,hered  in  .roup. 
<'l>.ta,a,nMC.,lundn..  Should  , hey  throw  hi.n  .Jr- 
--'^-''-'■''''•^'''^'^'•''''Iturnl.uk.  or.^houldthevput 
;;;;-\'"  — .and.eerf.,rh..uw  Had  it  not  been 'for 
-nu.  s„n.  .„  land.  Columhu.  would  hav,-  failed  thnm-di 
-"me  ol   these  d.irk  p.lut..  ^ 

Signs  of  Land,        I-ery  day   now  they  saw  sonu-thin^ 
"';"  '^"^ht  po.nt  to  land  near  hv.     Of,..,,  ,h..v  ..„..  ,,;..,: 

--"'luy  thought  alway.  roosted  on  land;    or  ped^a^s  it 


^mmJW 


MAAj 


COLIMHIS    AM)     III       \|,\v    UOKI.I. 


-^01 


•  i>  a  weed,   hrlicxi d   \n  t:r.nv    only   in   iVr-h  water;    .>r  a 

■MiK  h  :  ..r  the  ai)])caran<v  ut  .  Inud^  hov.riii-  uim,„  ili.-  Imri- 
-n.  whirh  the  .ail..r>  s.i,l  \va^  a  ^i^i  .,t  I.ml.  On.,  tiuv 
'w  a   whale,  an.l   Cnliunl.u^  a-ur.'.i   tluin   that   it    wa^  aii 

"'iiration  that  they  w<re  near  .h..re.  Hut  alwa\-  th.ir 
"I-r.  were  dashed,  tor  the  tuli,,u  in- .hiy  hnm-ht  ..niy  a  va^t 
M>an>e  u\  the  t.hie  .uean.  Ihe  men  then  i.e.  anie  ,'h^.  .,ur- 
-v.l  an.l  mere  than  everanirry  with  ( '.-lunihu^.  wh.,,   thev 

-  ii'i,  wa>  ..nly  a  toreiu'ner  an.l  a  tiia.lnian. 
•Land!      Land!"        Hut     nh.ii     n,..re     fa\nrahle    -i-n. 

M'l'eare.l.  C'.ilumlni-  pronii-e.]  a  rewar.l  t.)  th.-  -u..<l  i)air 
;  .■>(■>  that  Iir>t  siw  land.     Seamen  .,|"ten  .  h-nil.,<|  int..  t!ie 

l::::lnii.  straining  their  ey,>  f.  the  w<.t  :    an,! 


r>-  ..I"  ••  Lan.i:   I.ati.i: 


in.i   tr.ijUentU 
wa-  heanl.  hut   the  iie\t    tnorn- 


I>r.jve.l  It  ail  a  dream.     Ai 


am  the  .Tew-  (  I, 


inie. 


Hut  C 


im.ired  til  L'l) 


.)lu;iil)u-  could  n.it 


■  i\  I 


it  her  i)ra_\tr>  ..r  threat:' 


)e  m.>\-eii  troni  hi>  j.urj 


tOH' 


Other  Signs.       On 


f  morpin<4.  at   >unri^ 


ire.j  as  a  .<ij,nial  ot"  di> 


f.  a  (  ann.»n  wa^ 


C"ver_\-;  hut  t lu'  -up|)..-e.l  lan.i  pn.x, 


hr  only  a  .lou.l  on  the  hori/..n       FLuk-  ..t' 


-mall   lie 


'ir.l>  Were  n.)w 


-ten.  al>.i  a 


ut  atrain  the  next  day  l.n.uiiht 


KTon.  a  peli.  an.  an.l  a  .hi.  k 


Miu'ry  trews  lu-eame    threatening  and 
he  >i;:n.s  were  unmi>takal)le.     .\   th 


<>n!_\-  a  h.iun.ile--  -ea.       Th 


danmrou-.     .\t    la-t 


'»rn   hu-h   witli   h.rrie 


■n  it  llt)ated  by.  antl  the  men  pieked  up  a  >mall  hoar 


.in 


V  earved  l)y  a  man's  hand.     Xoh.xlv 


t  .>ui 


.1  an.l  a 


iht  tht 


:i.lua 


tion>.  anti  the  spirits  of  th 


e  men  ro^e  hi 


All  Eyes  on  the  Horizon.       All  d 

iL'erly  on  the  wat.h.  and  when  niuhtt'. 


i>-.   ninet\-  -ailor-  w 


ere 


.Uhttall  lame.   (',,] 


UMilai- 


'K  his  >ta 


tion  ui)on  the  tahin  .ir  hi^di  p..int  ,,i  ih.-  xc^mI. 


•pinii    his    e\.>   on    the    h. 


ri/..)!!.     Xot 


a    M-anian    ^lent. 


'Ut  ten  oiioek  at  ni^ht.  (.  oiumt 


"1  they  .siiled.     At  two  ..'.loek 


)Us  >aw  a  m.ivin.L;  liijht. 
in  the  morninL;  a  <'un  an- 


■^<r     \>\\\\  t>\    \Mi:ki(  \\    iiiv|(»K\    i\ 


II   knl'l. 


"""""■•I  ''"■  'li-'"\<  r\  (,!  |;!1m1,  ,iti.!  rvvr\\,.uh  ,mu1.|  m-.>  th, 
"'""''■  -li-'iii' tl_\  ;.i,niit  lix,-  niilr.  ,iw,i_\.  I  i„  r,  v.,i^  -n.it 
.!">  .in.i  rxMt.-nimt  m,  |,  nl  llir-hi,,,  T!„.  ij,,!,.  lir.-t  t.M,k 
'"  -'"'■  '""i  ''"■  '  '■«\"'  iiii,    itiriitly  u.iii,  ,)  t,,|-  .i.ivhrrak. 

Landing  Upon  the  New  World        \\  ;„  ii  ni,',ri,i,i-  r;un, 
alinuM  all  tin-  ,  nw.  with  ( ■..lunilui^  ,tt   liir  h,,„l.  r..\v..i  t,, 


laiKl.      It  ua-^  tile  1.-th  ni  (),  tn!„  r.  i  i^.v  uh>  i!  thcv  ^t.-pi..-,] 

Updll   the  -h..|T>n|'  thr  lUW  U.irl.l.      ■•     IhrX    thiVW   t  lull  ,-rl\  ,- 

upnii  tlhir  kiicc-.  ki-M'(l  the  canli.  aii.j  ntunu-.i  thank-  !- 
<■'"'  \^i''i  tear-  nt'  i<i\  ■■  TJun  Culumhu-  am-i'.  Ilcdrcu 
111-  -w.iril.  uiitiirlc(i  the  lla-  ^i  >),,Mn,  ami  dc,  iar(<i  tlu-  i-land 
to  l.rkMiLT  |M  Ihi-  (|U(vii  (,(■  SpaiiK  S,.  -1,  a,t  \va-  thr  rrioi,iii- 
tiiat  the  iitiioT-  cmhraicd  < '.  .hniilui-  or  ki-id  lii-  liaiidv 
uliilr   liu'  >ail(»r>  thnw   tlu  in-rUa  -  at   hi-   tcrt    l)t^i,'in<i   hi- 

li'Tuix  rUf--. 

Strange  Inhabitants.  WhiK  ilii-  wa-u'.-in-  mi.  a  nuilti 
tudi'  ..I"  ,-a\a,<:rs  appeared  mar  l.\  .  'I'hr  mm.  wumcti.,  and 
iliildri-ii  luid  i-.ij)prr-c.dMud  .-kin.   and    lluir    nakr.i    hudit- 


■M 


(  (»i.l  Mm  s    AM,     III,     \, 


W     Wnki.i, 


re    ,irrc;i-c<l    an 


11    paiiit( 


•\-    Imik 


'ni-lmu'iit   uiM.ii  thr  -tr.ni-r  \|\i; 


'■'1    Willi    awe   ,111,1 


wif  diiw 


n  tn.m  tin-  -k\ .     'I  h,  >,  tl 


'T-    who     th(\      hrli.A,,! 


i-lcr-  (it  the  MM.     ( 


"•siL'ht  ih.i!  tl't  ^!.i[w  u,  ,-, 


^■|^  ai>    i-lai 


"''^l""'i'-   l'<il'  ^"i    liia!    hr   lia.i   ,|i 


I'l  "1   tlu-   i-;a-t    I 


liilii-.      >, 


hr   >au     litTr    I 


'    lie    (  ,i||i  (i     I  I 


ndiaii-.      II 


'■  W.I-  rcalK    ;iiM.[ 


i|'i.ii  (111,-  ,,| 

•■••Manama    Mami-    in    what    wa.   latrr  .alhii    thr   \\  .-t 
rMhc-. 

Making  Friends.       Ai  thr  lir-t  .i.ht  (,f  the  u  InK-u  i,,...,! 

■'n-trr-th,-na.,v.-had  tlc.l  in  t.rr.ir  t..  the  u U      |,ui 

Muy  n(.w(aulicu-ly  r.-tunu.!,  krc^pin::  i,,r  a  u  hil,  at  a  di,- 
'-"<■•  111,'  .si.anianl..  .•no-ura-ci  th.in  with  n,,,!-  ,,i.l 
-.i!.-.  ;i>th..y  ranird.mly  uptotlir-'whitc  xiH-t.-r-  t-pini 
^'  l^c■^  and  f.iuh.'.i  then  with  ih.ir  hand.  t,.  make  ^un- 
■^  ''  tlu'y  wcrr  real  nicn  and  n.n  r^huM-  jiu-  In.lian-  dadl', 
ui-  their  -did  (.rnanu'nt.and  whatrvcr  tIm-  iIha    had 

■  r       ad>  and  otluT  trinkrt-  hmwAn  l.x   tl,,-  s,,,,,,!  ,rd^ 
Where   were   the    Spices   and   Gold?        Ih.    >(.anin,l. 

■  -M,d  t..  the  Indian-  \n  m^m.,.  ,,„i  ,j^,,|  ,, ,^  ,,,^,  _^,,,^,^.^^  ^  .^.^^ 

-  <  '-"a  and  Japan,  hut  the  IiKh'an-  nunlv  p,,i„t.d  „|)   in 
'■-'lin.l,.,n.,ran(,th.T.     {-..hnnliu-  .  ruiM  ,1  ,d.,,ut  I'dr  tm 


\>  a 


mon-  thr  Bahama-,  pu//lcd  at  ti,,t 


and  (,'ri'at  iilu-.     Hut  he  i'<  I 


indirii:  -liii  c-  aiK 


J   i'an   and   China.      11 


!    -ur.    that    h 


<■  wa-  iicir 


r    dl-(  '  'X  (Ted     (  '[ 


■  ind-,  al\va_\>  h(.i)in,L.'  that  he  1 

■vay-  di>app(iiiit('(|. 

Left   with   One   Ship.       (h 


'''a    and    .itlur   lari. 


lad  at   la-t   t'duiid  A-i,,.  1 


ut 


n    th(.-   .»thcr,~ 


!'■    N(--(l.  whi 


in  \\a-  >T) 


i-ci.'itT 


ridw   dcM-rlcd    (■,,] 


ntnandtT.  meant  to  n  t 


lit  th, 


irn   uitli   ii 


It  \va>  Udt  hi-.    On  (  hri-t 


uml)u-.      I'in/dn.    the 
1"   Spain,   ,ind   (  laini 


^dnp  ,-truik  a  sindhank 


mas  nidrninLr.  ( 


dlum!>u- 


init  111. I  until  thf  nu-n  and 


and  w.i-  hcatcn  td  pier-  |,\  ih 


'Ihis  kii  Colunilju,-  with  unlv  dUc  -1 


\ahial)lc-  (III  it  ii,,,!  Keen 


lip. 


What 


i  i 


T'i4      I»\\\\    (>I      \MI  kl(    \\    ||ls[()K\     IX    KiKopK 


-(•incthiim  -1  -.uld  hapi)rn  to  it '.  "  thought  lu'.     'i'lu'ii  Kurop 
mi,L.'!it  iir\cr  know  nf  lij-,  (ii^^  .(\(ri(-~. 
Planning  to  Return.        li.    dctiddi  to  n-turti  at  once  t. 

^P''i'i  'iii'l  1"  pl.i"  ii  -n 1  \o_\a,Lrf  with  a  larger  llrct.     H. 

(■'\\h\  \\n{  ,arr_\  h.uk  all  the  nun  uixui  lii>  loiu'  >hip.  m,  |i, 
l)uilt  a  Mm  kluuix'  n\  part-  nt  the  wnrkcd  \  i-»cl  and  phuv. 
till  -h\\>'-  (  aniioii  in  it.  Hen-  he  Kit  forty  of  lii>  nu'n  with  , 
pronii-c  to  return,  and  -ixrdily  nt  -ail  for  Sjjain.  A  t\  \^ 
da\-  later  lluy  eauLrht  up  with  the  ile-ertin.u  -hip.  who-( 
(onmiandcr  made  nian>-  lanie  cxt  u-es  for  dexrtion  o 
Coluniliu-.  'louether  they  now  turned  their  prow-  -lrai;^'h! 
toward  Spain. 

Preparing  for  the  Worst  In  mid  .nean  they  met  with  ; 
terrihk'  -torm.  It  -eemed  ])rol.al)le  that  hoth  .-hi])s  woul. 
be  lo-t.  The)  a^ain  heeame  i)art.(l  to  take  dilTerent  cour-i- 
In-arin;:  a  w,iter\  urave,  Colunihu-  wrote  two  reports  ol 
lii-  di-i  o\erie-.  '1  lu-e  he  eovtred  with  wax  and  wrapi)ed  ir 
floth.  He  tluii  -ealed  eai  h  in  a  ham  1,  one  of  whirh  he  llun,<] 
into  llu'  -ea.  whil.^  ttie  other  wa-  left  ui)on  the  derk  to  lloat 
away  in  c  a-e  the  -hip  wtnt  to  the  bottom,  ("oliimhus  hoped 
that  one  of  the-i  barrel-  mi',dit  one  da\-  1h'  washed  a.-liori-,  or 
hv  pickeil  up  by  -ome  -hi]);  and  thu- his  discoveries  mi.uht 
be  made  known. 

Driven  Upon  the  Coast  of  Portugal.  Hoth  ships. however 
weatlured  tlii-  -torm  and  madi'  -ail  for  Spain.  But  C'olun  - 
bus's  >hii>.  when  nearin.ij;  home.  wa>  eau.uht  in  ano'her  >torni 
and  dri\en  upon  the  coa-t  of  Portugal,  where  it  was  <rui(Kd 
.-afely  into  llu'  mouth  of  a  rixcr.  Lisbon  wa>  wild  with 
e.xeitenuiit  at  the  nt-w-  of  Columbu-"-  diseoverv.  He  set 
sail  .-hortly  after,  and  at  noon  on  March  is.  i4(;..;.  (-'ntercl 
the  harbor  of  Palos.  ha\ini,^  been  -ione  more  than  sfvei; 
nv=nlhs. 

Home   Again.       As   the   new-  spread   about,  the  whole 


(OI.r.MlU^    AM)    Tin;    \,  u     WoRl.D 


-';-, 


•  '^-n  LMv..  ,t,dt  up  to  n■jo,•,in,^  Tlurr  ua>  M,,rMK  . 
ni/rn  who  ha.l  not  .om.-  ,vl,„ivr  ui,h  Columl.u.  ■.n-l 
■''-'•I.   tlH'V  uvr.not  .Ir.Hi:      HdU  uvrr  run,-,  ^hop,  uvn- 

■■;'-•''■   '"^''   I'-'I'I-   took  a  holi,|.,y.      T,,wanU  rvmUv  ihr 

;^firr  vc->M.|,  whuh  u-a.  partr,i  irom  Colun,!,,,,  i„  ,1,..  .„,rm 
■^  'ni.l-ocran,  stilr.l   silVIy   into   ,1,,.   .,.,„.■   h    rl.or   an.l    ih. 
-•I'-r^   J<.inni    in    tlu-   ^,.,uTal    r.joici,,^   with    irim.N   an.l 
'  i.iti\-t.'>. 

Europe  Aroused.       The  .ur.at   navigator  wa.  ...n   .uni- 

■••'"■'I  t"thtTourt..i  I-Vrdinan.l  an,|  Isilulla.  whrrr  hr  w  ,> 

^'-•ive.l  wnh.r.at  honor.     .\.>  h.  ro.].  throu.^h    thv   .lu.. 

•  >pain,  he  wa.^  -rcTtr.l  Hkr  a  kin-.      I  he  jov  ovrr  hi.  .h^- 
• 'U  no  wa.>  not  contincl  to  Spain.     .\lli;urop,.ua.arouM.i 

■'■'Ih  won.ler  and   a<hiiiration.      In   Lon.lon.   I'ari^    I  i>l„,n 
-'1  (H^noa  the  nana-  ol  C.lumla^  wa^  hailnl  with  mthuH^ 
-n,;  ami  everyho.ly.inclu.h-.>- the  ureal  navi-ator  hit  ^ure 
"it    .\>,a    ha.l   been    reaehe.l.     When    Colunil.u.  prep.tre.l 

^'■r   h.>  >eeon.l    voyage,  it    wa>  .litlieult    to  prevent    peopl. 

M-m  emharkitiK'  with   him.  so  ea,,'er  were  thev  to  oi,tain 

:;>  lle>  without  effort. 

Later  Voyages.  --  (■olumhu>  made  four  diiTerent  vova-v. 
'-  llH'  re;r,o„  of  the  (,ulf  of  .\K.xieo.     On  the  third    in  '.  ,r,S 
'  *•  f'uehed  the  mainlaml  of  South  .\merica.  near  the  nx.uth 
-    the  Orinoeo   River.      Hut    he  failed    f.   lin.l    die   -olden 
•'"--'t  the  Ka>t.  ami  all  those  who  had  taken  part '"in  the 
'MH'dition..   hopin-    to    he.ome  .uddenlv    ri.  h,   n,.t    with 
nly  hardship.  ,,overty.  ami  ,li.ea.e.       The  l.Lune  for  th<.ir 
''■■'Uhles  an<i  Liikire.  they  hea|.ed  uin.n  Columhu^.     One- 
'■■  was  taken  haek  to  Spain  in  (hain>.    but  the  (jue-n    t.. 
!'"n,  he  wrote  a  touehin-  letter,  ordered  him  .et  free 
Neglect  and  Death.       When  the  ,,ueen,  hi.  l,e.t  friend 
-'1.    his    enemies    flowed    their    .pite.       \h     lo.t    all    hi> 
•nors  and  his  olViees.     Da  Gama  had  >aile.l  around   \iric  i 


..  1 


:|  1 
I! 


J  '  ',:■>. -4; ,..' 


■<;'.      I»\\\\    (M      Wli  k|(    \\    IIIs|()R\     ix    1.1  Rnl'l; 

'"  ''"■  iM.i'r-  .in.i  rclunird  with  -pii  r~,  ru  li  ^'Ik-.  and  weahh 
>"i  lii-  inch  ;  w  Ink  (  ',,|uinliu-  li.id  ItroUL'lit  Iku  k  mih  ini-crv 
I  i"ni  llii-  iiirii-  mi.  ('nlumliii-  w.i-  pixir  and  iu'ljUm  ted  .nid 
'"■"k''n  ill  hr.dlh.  He  dicil  in  lyDd.-aiid  little  iietitc  \v,i^ 
•-'ivi  II  ilif  r\i!it.  I!i-  !)(Mi\  ua-  lir-I  hi:ricd  in  S]i,iin,  Imi 
\\a-  later  hiMu-ht  (i\.r  and  laid  tu  re-l  in  the  New  World. 


1  \\h\  \v,i,  (iiiin.i  i!i!rn-i(d  ill  iitu  ri)atc>'^  j.  Wlial  v..i> 
('(>luiul.ii^\  ,,iri\  iiic'  ^.  Why  did  hi'  L'.i  I..  I'nrtat'al,^  ;.  \\h\ 
ua-.  laJi..::  du  ..ia,r  (ii  aii.rc-^i  -  ;.  What  .lid  Cohimlui,  uMin  \.\ 
hi-    niirM,i:c^     (..    Whrrc     did    h.'    aiv\    hi>    wile    -,.  tdr^     7.    Wliy 

V.rrr  thi    jn  ii[,K    ,ill\i.ia->  !<ir  .1   Wr-itTIl  \(j\ai,'r'       s.     What   \va>Cnlu!;:- 

'"I"'"  plan"  (1.  Witai  •  a.  .airaui  nifiii  did  he  uci'  10.  Doirihi 
''"^'  'I'"  i'i  -^  'iia|..  11  Wh.ai  iwn  nii>iak<.  did  C.iiuinluN  make  in 
liN  r.'i  kuiiin;,'. -^  I.-.  Why  were  iIum  iMrtuiiatt  '  i^  Whal  v.a- 
''"  |'ai|Mi>r  .,|  hi-  \-..yaue-  ij.  Why  did  imi  I'.irtUKal  litlp  him  ' 
' -■  \\'i.\  did  Cnhindiii-,  ;:.i  In  Spain  "  i^.  W  liai  <  ondii  inn.-  did  hr 
l""i  dii  rr  .-  i;.  Wha!  did  dir  Icarnrd  nun  oi"  ^i)ain  thiiik - 
I  V  Wh.  i-rdi  !(u!uin!aKir\  in^'el  aid  '  1...  Wholinaily  hcl[.i-ii  hin;  - 
.'O.  Whal  wa-  ('Mhanliu>  in  rtn-i\ia,-  l>a>-  hir  hi>  di-edsa-rii  >  " 
I,  W!i  ii  didlu  iia.  !,di..dn\vidihi>riihf.>;-'  jj.  Whal  kind  nt  a  .  n  .n 
•'■"ll"'  -'■-  \\i:  a  inur-r  did  lu-  lake  '  :_}.  'I'rll  about  the  >uprr 
■^'i'i"!'^  (.1  th(  -ail..!--  .s.  Whal  triizliuiird  dim!."  :6.  What 
>'mi-  ni  land  k'd  ihrra  (in"  .■;,  Do.  rihr  ilu-  landing.  :>.  Wh.a 
l-""!  "'  nripd.Mi  did  ihev  j:,  1  "  ::,.  WluTc  did  ('(.lumitus  land  ■ 
v-^  W  hni  '  .1  Wh>  didn'i  he  lake  all  his  nun  Kai  k  "  <-•  \>< 
serilic-  ihr  hard-hip-,  ,>!  ilu  luaiuward  \(iya«f.  :;^.  I|,,\\  ,.)n«  did  il 
'■'i^''  '  ^t-  H"^''  did  i'i\i'  pr.pjilf  nni\c  C.iliinilais  '  s-.  Wlial  dM 
lu  ihiuk  ihal  hi  had  di-.  .i\rrrd  "  ^().  Ilnw  man\  iripxlid  lu-  raak.  - 
>;.  Wlial  luaanieoi  Culuml>u>:"  ^.s.  What  did  he  n-aliv  do  i..r  thr 
v.i.rld" 


'4 


CnAI'IKk    \Xl\' 
RACE   TO   THE   INDIES 

England  Hastens  to  Share  in  Rich  Trade  Wti, n  the 
•A-  ,.i  \hr  iir.t  xuxa-c  ,,n.i  r.lurn  ,,i  Cnlunil.n^  n.,.  hr.l 
1  ••u'Liiul,  lIuT.'  wa.  ,Uv]>  .lisi|.iM,iiitni.-iii  in,  ,ium-  s,,,,,',, 
^"i  'i"t  Kn-l;uM.  ha,i  l,r,-n  tlic  patli  l.rr.ik.r  t,,  tin-  W.M ' 
1  '->-ryl..u!>  thuu-ht  that  Culun.hu,  \uu\  miitIv  r,M.l„,| 
\-ia.  aii.l  they  a.lmin.i  an,!  [.raiMd  dim  v.tv  mu,  li,  li„.r.- 
■  -in  Kiiu'ian.l  at  tliat  tinir  aii,,tluT  Italian  in.  r,  haiit  an.l 
iniUT  naim.l  J,.h,i  Cal,,,!.  H,  a,,p|i,.,|  ,,,  Kiiiu'  Umi- 
\\\    "1    Kn-!an,l    l',.,-   ai.l    t,>  s.il  urMwan]  a,i,i  .han-  i„    t!„. 

■-hr^  and  h,.n,.r  ,,t"  ihr  tra,|r  with  China  an,i   |apaii.       Th,' 

'in-  \va^  -lad  t,.  reap  uh.rr  hr  l,a,i  n,.t    M,un;    ~n  in    Ma>  . 
I'::,  thr  (•ah,.!^.  J,,hn  and  hi.  ^<m  Sr!.a>lian.  siih.i  inun 

l^rnt,,!  with  ,,nr  ^hip  and  ri-htcci<   siih-r^.      A   f.u    wc-ks 
'.r  thry  diMMVcrrd  what   they  .upp.-M',!  t,.  hr  thr  .  ,,aM  ,,| 

'  '""•'■    ''^'^    ^'"-y    pn.hal.ly    landed    on    .\Vutuun,|lan,|    ..r 

'   'i'ra.i,>r.      Thry    di,|    n,.t    mt   any    In.lian^.    il„,n^h    th.'y 
'!',|  trarr>  ..1  thrni  and  nix^rtr,!  that  -  il,.-  nativt.  um,"| 

'    '  dh-  t",T  niakin.i:  m't>.  and  Miarr^  tor  .  at.  hiiii:  -atnr." 
The  Cabots'  Return.       A  little  later  th.-  Cal.ut.-  vv^mI 

'   Mirned    t,.    MriM„i.    where   J..hn  wa>  re,eive,i  uith  n.n^h 

^    ""_'•■     We  are  t..I<l  that  the  pe.^pl.- ,  ailed  him  the  "  (ireat. 

\  iniiral  and  ran  after  him  like  mad  people."' 
A    Second    Voyage.        Th<'    ne.xl    y^ar    Sel.a>tian    CalM.t 

-  iied  a^ain  tc  America  with  a  iari:er  t1e,f  an,]  .  ,,a.tcd  ;d,=nir 

•    rra>tern  ^horo  lor  many  hundred^  ,,t  mile..     Lik.  (  \>\\un- 

-.  the  Cabot.-.  belie\-ed  that  th'.y  had  reuci.ed  China,  hut 


n 


1^ 


ltd 


:',S     l)\\\\    ol     AMI  k|(    \\    I||^|,,^■^     |\    i.(K,,|'|, 

''"■>     '■'i'"l    '"    "ii'l    tlif    Si.i,  ,■    M.ukK       Siha^ti.iii    ( 
'•"■'•icl    1m,  k    ihr.v   ln,|i,in^,   hut    iiu   ^Ik^  ur   ^|.i,r^.     Ti 
vny.mr>  ucna  l.iilutv  ..,  i,,r  ,i^  hriu-iii-  ri>  lu-  i.,  lh,,M' wli 

l-'T.'  thr  .AIMIIM'.  all.l  ~u  thr   Iji-hM,  .  1  ,M   „,,!    r,,ll,,\v  up    tlu- 

'i'^'"^  ■'■':-■  Hill  a  kundr..!  y.ar^  kilrr  whr.i  Ku-Iai' 
''""'•  '"  'Kniand  a.  ^ha'T  ui  tl„.  X.-w  WurM.  -^hr  ,  kiitnnl  i 
lui  au-r  Ml   (  '  ilidt  '-  ii!-(  ii\  eric-. 

Portuguese  in  Brazil.  DuriiiLMhr  linuuhni  CoJunil.u 
wa-  niakin-  v..\am-^  tn  thr  u.-^t.  ih.T.-  ua^  Ii\iim  in  Spai 
~""  ■"lutlid-  Italian,  iiainr,!  .\nuTi(  u^  \'.-|)U,  ,  iu-^.  a  nati\ 
''I  Iktrriur,  wIi^m'  iiitrr(-t  in  na\it:alion  and  tradi-  had  I,, 
liini  tu  Spain.  II.-  tM,,k  part  in  MXrral  \,.ya,L'r>  a.n..>  th 
•^'''""''  •  '""i  ""  "I"'  "I  ihrni  hr  carrici  th.-  llaLT  <>\  I'ortuiia 
l.ir  -uutliward  aloni,'  the  <na-l  .,|'  Bra/ik 

The  New  Land.  W-puo  iu-  ua^  ddi-htcd  with  tin 
I'ahny  diniatr.  the  kird^-.t  krilliant  i-luina-c  and  tli.dcnM 
l"i-.-t.nirn,.rni..u^trf.-.  II.' visited  many  tril,i- .,i  Indian^ 
■""'  i'l  ""<■  I'la.r  siw  ^alt.-d  human  lU  di  han-in^  uj)  Im 
'""•I-  I!.-  siw  onr  .annikal  wh,,  Ix.a-tcd  that  lic.  him>cll 
liad  tat. 11  Ihrc.'  hun.lrcd  rn.ii.  S..m(limr^  the  Indian- 
-houc.l  kmhl  and  -^h.^t  arn.ws  at  th.-  ncwc.mcr^,  l.ut  ,i 
Irw  \,.llcy>  .,i'  p.,\v,i.-r  an.l  l.a.i  -.lit  them  N.urryin^  td  th. 

\Vm.)iU. 

Describing  the  New  World.  '  |...n  hi-^  rtturn.  Amm.  u~ 
wr.itc  l.-ttcr^  that  .l.-MTilH-.j  ihi^  new  Ian. I  and  t.,ld  when 
It  ua-  Htuat.-.i.  Ihf  ^U'..^rai>luT.-~  wen-  i)u//.lf.k  fur  tht-s 
kiu'w  wall  that  .\-ia  di.l  n.it  t-xttn.l  >.)  tar  -..uth.  'Idu-y  >tii! 
I)'li!\-.ii  ("ulumhu-'.-  <liM.i\rri.-N  t..  Ix-  .\>ia.  l.ut  what  nt-w 
\v..r!d  wa^  ;hi^  that  Amrri.  u<  had  .Hm.ix  ,-ri-.|  -..ulh  .n"  tli. 
cquat-.r;-'  Thi.  v.i\ai:i-  madf  a  -:rraUT  >lir  amoiij:  scholar^ 
than  tliu>r  ,,t"  Columhu-. 

Naming   the    Hev/   Land.        Aixuit    thi^   timr   a    fani.u- 
^'i'cgraplu-r\vr..ti-  a  lilik  h.i.,k  in  which  hv  -aid  that  thi.s  new 


KACi.     Id    I  ill.    |\|,||^ 
■d'\  of  Hr;i/il  -h.iulil  |„ 


?()0 


>v  named  ,\m,ri<  .:  i^r  it-  lii.,  ,,\,  r.r 
i  '!>T  th.-  nam,'  Ani.ri.a  u,,~  -ix.n  t.,  ,,11  s,,uth  Anirru,, 
'-uravvhil.'it  ua-loun,lll,at  i  lir  Ian,  U  in  .n  1,  ,,t  llu-l.uliot 
M.xi.ouvrcMaiii,.  ir,i  uhl,  lira/il.  and  ihr  nam,-  Anuri.a 
:nr  t..  Ih'  api>li,-,|  lu  the  .iilirr  u.-i,ri>  .nnlin.nl,  >,,  it 
-  I.y  nuTf  aMi.lr.iI  that  itu-  Wu  \\,,rl,i  ua-  naiiir,! 
\::ari.a.  aii.l  th.-  hniun  that  ua-  .Ju.-  C-hnnlm-  ua-  -i\,u 


\'\-.i  I)  1 


•'\i  \    \M>  rill    /v\i.,|.i\. 


■  '  anutlKT.      X.,  ,,ne  nicant    to  do  inju-li.r    to    tlir  ^r.-at 
M\iL,Mtor,  tor  Coluinliu^  and  Anu  ric  us  w,  r,'  l"ri.nd,. 

Vasco  da  Gama  Successful.  In  th.-  vrar  ,4,,^  snun- 
^.^-"  da  (lama  >tartnl  iVum  I.i-hun  tor  tin-  Caj,,-  ui-'(„,ud 
ii-!-'.  wIuMi  Diaz  had  found  t.n  y.-ar.  In-luir.      Ih-  turn.d 

■  -  -li'c  and  -a\ly  .siihd  i.i,  littK-  tl.vt  ac  n...    th,.    Indi;.n 
'^■an  and  cnlm-d  the  harl.or  of  Cali,  ut  on  thf  uc>t  c.a.t 

:  India.  Two  yrar^  after  ^tartini:.  he  nturned  to  j.l.hon 
th  nutnu->  and  <luve^,  ,Hi,i.,-r  and  -in-er,  nihie..  an.l 
HTalds.  .>ilk  and  sutiti  cl.Hh>.  and  much  >ilvfr  and  K^ld. 


F! 


i  1 


SOO     \>\\\  \    n|      \.\il  k|,    \\    il|V|(,|<\     |\     I  I  K(,|.|. 


"'   ''■"'  ■''"  i'l'  "'!i'l  'ill.  .,,i„l  h.i.l  lalkci  uith  or,. It  nih 

II'    li.i'i  II,.  I  111,11,^   Ar.il.  \..„  |.,  uii,.-,    .r.'u>    |,H.k..i   u| 

■■    '  iiii-ti.iii    -hip    uiih    iii.|i-n,,ii..M  1„>,,um-  til.-.    MiMiiL 

'''■''  "  ''■■''  ""  "~li'  '"-.iilili.   iihli  III  (),.■,,,!      Ilui-  I'.irlu; 

''•"^  '"'  "  '"-'   '"  i""i  'ii-  .>n  u.iM-  n.iil,-  tu  ih,.  In.ii,'^.  ., 

'''^   '■'■'i"'"-    --'*'   ■'    l''"^'^l    '"     ri'li.-   Ill, It    ,,lli.  r   ii.iti. 
\\  I  '<   .  .I'-i  r  t'l  -Imii-  ill  it . 

(iropinR    About    in    the  Dark         .M,,.t   ,.,    ,i,,  .j,,,^, , 
•^"" '■''■'•  "■'""  '!"■   '"•'^'  "I    l.al.ia.l.u-  t.,   th.    .,,i,i!„rii  | ,, 

"I   ^"Utli   Am.  ri,  ,1,  li.i.j 
'lii-    time    l),-i  n     -ciii    I 
ilill.r.iii   |-,uri>|if.iii  tAj,|, 

1I-.     liUt      ih.'     L'r.tLTaph. 

\".  .  r .  ■    ( I .  ■ .  ■  j  1 1  _\     1 . 1 1  /  /  I  ( 
^I  .1  rt  li  riL'     1,1.  t  -     u  . 
l'r.iUL;lit     li.i.  k     I'r.im     i  i 
.\<u    WUrl.i    iiiu.  Ii    i,i-t 
til. Ill    I  hi\    ( (Hil.i    hr   ^a| 
t-r.'.I    t  ,>'_^{'  t  h,.  [■  .,  II ,  j   , 

pl^lilK  ,1.       (ir.iLM-a|.|ui 

wrTi-    itrt.iiii    that    S.iui 
Aiiicrii  a     ua-     n.it      A-i. 
an.l    tlur.fur.-   niii-t    In- 
'H w   world  ;    Idwcmt.   tli 
laii.i    -ten    l.\     the    C"al...| 

•'■'"1  *-innilH,.  wa^>lill   l,.li,v.-.|  t..  In-  ( -hina,'.,,-  ..mr  lai, 
'■''■'•'"■    "rar    Am'.i.      Hut    u  h.-r.-    uvr.-    tin-    Spi.,-    Maii.l- 

^"tn.uli.r.   ih.r.iniuht  l,,- a  >trait  kM.lin-  t  hr..u-li  Ain.-ri. 

""•'  '1h'  ln,!;aii()..aii.  tlmi-li  n.Mmrha.j  tnun.l  it.      .\  |,  , 

'"'"  ''*-'"'   '"  ''i'"!^   "'■   -■'ilinu'  ,irnini<l   S.uuh  AmtTi.a   t^ 

<■'""•'■  '■'•'■  th.v  lulirvr.i   that  .in..-  .\trira   had  an  fiid    iL 
V,M    W    .1  1   .,,:  .1.,      II  ...  ... 

,,'  ,n^..  iia\i   a  iiiiiii,  ;itui.  it  so.  oiu-  niigh 
>ail  l.\-  it  t.)  China. 


•^  \'  '•   I"  III:    i\i.ii.> 


'It 


Magellan.         I  h.^  I.^M  ...I,,  u  h.  ,„..,„„,„  ,u   ,,uM.„. 
■'"'        "'    i""l"-'l  tli.j.i,,,,   t.,  \\u-  kif,,.  ,,.    I',,,,,,.., 

^^''"'  ■""'  l"'~w,ul,-,l  him  I,,  trv    ,l„.  j,i,,, 
Voyage    Round    the    World'      I,,    >,(„.,„!..,      ,,,,       . 

\"''>^"'>"'^"""'-^-n,a.       Ih,n    u..,v„nl,„.,,,,    . 

"•,'."■■""'   '■■^■' '"""''••■''  -"i-'^l->.ul..., „„„...„„.. 
,   ■;""-;7-    ■''"'     -"">■■   "•    'l.-n   u.-n-    „■„!„„,  ,.,    M,,,.,,,.„ 

::";;;7'''f"'-'-  ^"-'■>  '!>-.  u..  ,h,  ,., ,,,,„ 

.,   "    "    "'"^    ""■"■    ""■'■'■    -''i^^'....ilnin..  nul,.         |  !„,. 

"'■"'"■''    "^-'>"--"nun.l,.       M..,,nwlnl,.   ih.ir, |    ,,,.1 

■  ''I-  L'fcw  ^,  ,ir,  c. 

Reaching  America.       A,    ,,.,.   „„,,   „„,.^,^  ,,,    _,^,^,._^^ 

*■"'"""''■'■:''"''■-'""   "-n,hln,i,   l,..,,„.„„,,,,,.^ 

''   'l"-;^'""-   in.^h.r.     N.  .h.,v,„n,lu,i,..|    ,),,.,    ,',    ,,  „   ., 

"■;'■"' -'urnnl,,,,!,,.., a,      Th.ir  ^  ,.,„..,,,„,„  „,..,„  .J, 

^^■""■-^'I't.-d    l.y   .t,.n„.    an.l   :.    win,,.    .i,h    i,.   .'.M 

'"-'■-'Y'PI>n-hin^,h.,uvn.    in,„  u  in,..  ,„.,,..,. 

'•■-UT.      In    th.-  .outhrrn    l;u„l   tlH-  wint.r  ,„..nt!,-   an- 

■  -.inic  as  ,,ur  mmihiht  muiuh-^ 

A  Mutiny.        H-.-  tlu-  .ailor.  nuUmi,..!.  and  .hn.  .|,i,. 

'  '"   ''-''^'"I--       Hu.  s.ih.r.  ,ai,|   ,ha,   ,h..    had   alnadv 
"<•  near  cnuugh  to  tlK- .,u.h  ,H.|,,  and  th.  y'u  It  thanh.n- 


» 1 

1  ; 

f  i 


'\U\    <»|      Wii  Ri,    w    iiisinin     |\    II  K,,|' 


„::^','* 


\\  '-  ""  -'I'  ii  -ir.iit  into  ih.    1 11. li  111  (»,  ,Mi,  ,t>  til, A  h.i.l  h.-i.. 
'"    '""I        '  '"  .^    'I"  l-i"-l    'li.il    lli<ir   .utnfii.in.ln.    \ht. 
''"'■''''-'"'  -'••  i'i''  "'i"l   '"    I'l.'.v    I.iIm    Im    sj,,,i„    ,,,|,i  „,   ,1,, 
""■""    '"   -:•'    ''•"^-    h-in,  ,      \\h,,   •,^,,,    t,,   pnA.ni  '      Hi,, 
"'   ''"    I'''     -'I'l'-  ^^"'    in   til.  ir   h.tii.l..       Hm    th.^y  .liM   n, 

•^""■^     'I"      "'■"I-     M.lL'.  11.111.        |{>     ,,     .hnu.l.    I,., I, I    ',no\r,     I; 

'•'l'"""l  "I"    '"  'li'i'-  -liip^.    .in. I  h.ixiii-  u<<\\  thr,,'  t-.  tlu 
''^"-  '"■  '''■"  l^-"'"'   'li'i'i.  "|"in'l  hr.    ii|...n   tli.ir  .-l,ij,..  ,,i, 
-"""   '"■"''-■I"    'I"  11)   t..   Ill-   I,-,  t.       \ll   tlii,   M.iuvll.iii  .li.l   i 
'""'  ''■'••       ""    ''-"I"-  "'   'li'-  >nutin>    u.,~  l..(i,  ,i,l,..|  ,1,1.1  ,1 
""'"-  l'.".h.n..|    .iiirr  ul,i,h   Ih.iv  w.t.  ,„,  ,nur,'  .li.,.ln.ii 

I  111  I-    t>i     M.IL'.   11.111. 

The  Straits.  Wlu  n  ih,  ii,-.t  -i-ii-  .,i'  ^i-riii- .  ;!m.'.  I. it. 
in  XtiL'ii.t,  tlu-  -hij,.  u,  lit  ,,,!  ilu.jr  w.iy  MH.tlrAar.l.  li.ir,«-M  , 
'•>  "■'■i'l-nl  ~t..ii,i,.  |.,ii,.  i„  ().  i,,!,,,-,  il,r\  .iitnv.l  uh.i 
^"■'"'  '"ii.  \mI  U.I,  ,1  ,ti,iit  tlir.MiL'h  t..  tlir'u.M.rn  .„r,ui 
*'"  '"'"'  -i'i'-  "'   '!•'■  -Ii-.iit   uviv  lii-li.  -n,,u  ..ipiu.i  ,n,.nn 

'•'i"--         I'"'    "U.IV    th.ill     UXr     I, .11-    U.rk,    ih.y    U..U,l,l     th.j; 

w,i>   tlir.,;i-|i  111,    , 11, i/r  ..f  l.,i_\-,  ,111.1  ii.mnu  j.,i,>.i,i:.->.      Tlux 
•^'I"    '""''"-   ''"■  '•^"-'-  'i<'r  .ni.l   ,,,lt   ,.n,l   u.rr  ,urc  lli.a 
•'">    l''"!   'li-'"^.  iv.l    ihr    ^tr.iit.     One    ^hij,.    h.iwrv.-r.    .!<■ 
-I  rtcl  ,111.1  I'rt  uriic.i  t(i  Spain. 

Facing  an  Unknown  Ocean.  .\t  la^t  tluv  .am.'  mit  ..i 
till-  1..I1U'.  .  iu..k.d  -ir.iit.  .all.'.l  i,il,  r  tlir  Str.iit  ..t  Maucllan, 
in'"  .111  uiikn,,uii.  .,jun  -a.  Ir.ir-  .,t  jny  .am.-  1,,  thr  .\.- 
••'  ''"■  '-''■'■I'  '-ipLiin.  Maii>  siil.ir-  Ihu'-cI  to  <:.)  ha.  k, 
""^;  '''•"  '•>'  l"n--.u-lit  p,is„i^,^  |,a,|  |„,.ii  |-.,uii<l,  t.M- 
thru-  i.n,\i-ion-  u.i-c  ii.arl\-  -.me:  luit  M.m.  llan  lirnilx 
>ai.l  th.ii  lu  w,.ul.l  i;u  ,,11.  ••ii  h,.  h;i,i  t,,  ,..,{  ,j„.  ],,.iiii^.r  ,,,y 
tlu-  -hip'-  _\.ir.l-." 

Sailing  the  Pacific.  I  h,-  .^vva\  -la  up..n  whidi  th,-\ 
Ji-^v  r;;;i)ark^,i  w.i-  -. ,  ,  .Uiii  and  pcaii-fui  tiiat  MaLrcllaii 
nam.-.l  it   tin-   I'a.iiir.      It  was  a^  truly  a  Sea  ..t   Darkm-. 


'-^  \'  I      i"     I  ill      IM.jl  ^ 

'  \"'''': '''^'''^   ^'""   '-'"  N-'"!m«  .-u  n„n,  ,|r,  .MM.  .1 
''"""'"-  '""'1''  "'-    ^\.i\    t!u^    .,„„.         II,,-,    ,„,,  ,   ,        ,, 

^ ';','"■ '"■'■''^''  '■"  ""■  ■'"""1"    M"n,h  ,„„;„:,„,, 1,  ,t„\' 

II  I, 
The  Starving  Crews.       At  !,,,(  ,h..,.   i,,„i  ,,,,■,..,,  ,,^^,.  ,    ^ 

;".'n.-.  an.i  th,v    uvr..  v.,   .  h- M.sn.U  ,  ,|   n.il,  ,  ,„  „„    \.i  , 

"  "'"■' '^^•■'^.^"'n,,  ..VM.,,f  -,„,„■  ,.n,,i,i  „:.,,!-        ||,.,> 

"'■'^    ■■'    "•'•^''    ^^^^"-'^   ''•"I    ""-...i    ^,l!,...   ,,„i    ,|„,    ,,.,„ 

;   '"  ''"'■  ^^"''  ^''•r^..t;..„     n,..,  ,,.,„  „„,,., I  •,,,  ^  ^, 

""^  ^""     '"•■"■^   '.t   l.-,„|,..r,   uhi,|,   u.-n.   „,u„,l   .MM,,,,.   ,1,, 

■  '1-  .",.1  n,,in,  of  ,h,  .hi,..      It,,,  -kin.u.r,  ,.,,h;  „„l 

'■''     "•'•'"^'-  "'    "•'•    '""    ^^'"    ami    uin.U   ,lut    th.s'inn,.- 

';;''>';'"^'ii"''"t--,Mor....r,,i,i,,.,, ,..,., „.„„,.,,;; 

'    '^';"    ""■>    '""M    I'.-   ...... n.     S,;,r^a,^,^    .,„!    ,.,ul    , I 

"'"'V'"   ""^   -''••■^•l<-i<ii-a..  „f  .ursv,   a„,|   ...re.  ,,^ 

'■-"i"^^'l'<'lwhil..,nan>  ..Hut.  u.rr  t, .,  „•.  k  ami  u.  ak 

■■'^■^•^'';"^''-      '^^'"1—  ■v..s.alm.an,ltl,.v,na,i. | 

•'■''••"■tlu.y  wnukiall.vrtainK    hav.  .li.-,l  in   nuM, ,...,,„ 

-'^-"1  thrsiiiur.  iH.^an  ,.,  ,i.ink  that  ,,.rh.,w  th.    u.,rl,i 

-"""-..un.lalt.Tall.  an.lthat  th..   u.n    suli,.,  ,„  . ,  r 

'  ,    •""'    ^^•'^''    ""   ^l""-'-    '"'"rr    th.n,.      Hu,    ,,„;.,    ,,,f^ 

■'wl  ^ullmn^ran.l  miMPv,  MauMhan  .l.i  n.„  din,  h       11,,. 

■'-r.  uouhl   have  niutinioj   many   tinu-.  Inn   uhat   ..aiM 

'>  'I"-      II  thfy.k.MTtr.|,.rkill,.,|  Ma.vlk.n,  uh.n-,.,ul.i 

>  .t-"'.'      '•' turnl.uk  now  ,nra„t.|rathlMi,,nlan,|.,,ul,| 

^■^■■^^hrd.     S„ih.-y  siilr,l.,n,  nu.u.rkn.w  wh. 

Land  Ahead.       At  la.t    u.ti,  ,,r....  ;,..     .i. 


■n-. 


1  ">       U    X  l|  I 


■-l.i'ul  ,nhal..t..l   In    -ava^.-.,  wlun-  th.  v  unuul  ph-ntv 
-   iruit,   trc=h  vc-getul>k>,  and   m.at.     It   wu.^   ..n,    .,f  ,1,;. 


In 


■a 


,04     DAWN    or   AMKKKAN    HISTORY    l\    ICKoi-f.; 


■>JVb   .-»•« 


■^^•r^, 


RACK  TO  Tin:  iNDii: 


.s<J> 


l.adronc   Islands.     ,\   fc 


-'roup  ol  larfTc  iMand^.  whi,  h  tlu-v 
lilip  If  of  Spai 


Av   weeks    later    fhev   d 


i^coNcred    a 


II. 


tailed  Philipijines  alt 


er 


-la  Ikk 


m   heen  readied: 

The  Death  of  Magellan.       ff.re  th,,v  nn.,  trader.  ,n.m 

'  '""^^   :^"<i   the   Spiee    Mamis.     Xow    .Magellan    knew   Mr 

.'   .  .Tta.nty  that    the  worl.l   was  round,   and   he   had   won 

.lory    a„.l    fame.     While   trying    to    .pread    Christianity 

np-n   these  ,>lands.   the  ,reat    navigator  wa.    kill..!;    Uui 

n^  licet  reached  the  Spiee  Island.     ( ,ne  of  his  .ships  saiK.l 

hrou.d.  the  stormy  Indian  Oeean.  pas.sed  tin-  Cape  of  (iood 

H.'IH-.  crept  slowly  up  the  west  eoast  of  Africa,  eros.ed  the 

-liKitor.  and  on  September  6,  sailed  into  a  home  port 

Home  at  Last.       Of  the  two  hundred   and  eighty  hold 
sniors  who  >et  out  to  .ail  around   tin-  worM.  unlv  ..i.ht.'en 
iK.u-ard.  sutTering  men    ha<l  lived  to  reaeh  home  a.rain       It 
^va>  the  greatest  vcna^e  ever  un.lertaken.  and  it>  hold  h.  ro 
nuist  he   friven    the  title  of   the   Prinee  of   Xavi^Mtors       Ih- 
'">t  '.nly  ,,rove,l   the  world   to  In-  round,    hut    hr    showed 
'  Icarly  that  the  jrr,,u  eontinent  of  .America  was  sej.arated 
ironi  Asia  by  an  ocean  thousands  of  miles  wide.    Kuropcaus 
fH-an   slowly  „.    rc.ahV.c    that  Columbus  had  discovered  a 
-rrand  new  eontinent  much  nearer  to  Europe  than  it  wa. 
'o  Asia. 

QCKSTIOX.S 

■     \  hy  .l,.l  no,  ..tiuT  J-.MKlish  s.ilurs  foll.nv  up  th.  (  al,„K  ^'      ,     H..u 
MAm..ruaco,m.!olK-...,unu.l.^     ;.    'IVII  aluu,,  I),  ( ...ma's  v.n  .,.■ 


Win 


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iKtllan  s   vov 
Uh 


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;ii)()ut   Anurii 


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y,  or  wliv  nut  f 


greattr    man    lliun    (\,\ 


ulunilnia 


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^^  ..»f ' ii 


niAPTFR    XXV 
THE    SPANIARDS   IN    AMERICA 

Short-cut  to  China.       Tw„  all-water  routes  to  Asia  an, 

th<-  Spuv   Island,  tui.l  now  Invn  found,  and  fithir  calk-. 

t'T  a  lun^,  lon^  \uyaM'  for  thr  slow-sailin-  vessels  of  tho. 

'I.iys.     AuHTua  was  very  nuu  h  nc^arrr  to  I'un.pe  than  wa 

A^ia,  and  a  rate  he-an  for  the  jxtssession  ..f  the  riVhes  „ 

the  New  World.     The  e.vplorers.  one  and  all.  however,  hope. 

tli^il  "1  the.r  searc  h  for  j^oM  in  Amerira  thev  mi-ht  hnd  ; 

>hort-rut  throu.uh  .\nierica  to  China.     For  a  hundre.I  vear- 

yet    It    wa>    the   dream   ,.f   Spanish.    Krenih,   an.l    Kn-hMi 

navi-ators  to  uiul  a  >trait   through  North  America  t.rtlu 

••^""H--      I  lie    l>otomar.    the    Hr  l.on.    the    St.    Lawrenee 

I'very  lar-c-  hay  an.l  river  wa>  at  first  !,.oke(l  upon  as  the 

l.>njr-.uu,i:ht  pa>sa-e  thn.u-h  the  eontinent,  so  ea-er  were 

all  to  diMover  a  shorter  route  than  that  bv  Ci.H.d  Hope  or 

the  Straits  of   Ma<.'ellan. 

Spain  Takes  the  Lead.       For  sexeral  hundred  vears  the 
I<ni;zht>  an.l   warrior>  of  Spain  ha<l  won  .i<,rv  and  hon.,r 
"1  "i<-  l"n^  war.  a.uMin.t  the  Moors.      .\.,w  the  Moor,  were 
I'XIH'II.'.I.  and  the  brave  Spanish  knights  wh<,  had  lo>t  the 
'•'l>'t   "t    work   must  >ec.  Klory  and    adventure  elsewhere 
Kvery  .h,p  trom  the  West  brouj,'ht  home  to  Spain  marvelous 
>tone>;    and    Ameriea   b.rame  t..    the.^e  people  a  land  oi 
^vunder  and  i,ronu->e.     Thu.  adventurers  bv  the  hundred 
were  ea^er  to  .pread  their  sails  for  the  west;    and  Spain 
•lUHkly  took  the  lead  in  the  ex.,!oration  and  di>cuvery  ei 
llu'  .New  World.  ^ 


%  ^..  i 


,^?<!j*t..r--i;^:^ 


$m:. 


3W 


Tin-:   Sl'.\.\|\[<i>s    IX    AMKKK   \ 

Why  They  Came.       Sonu-  ..l  th.  c-xplor.r-  cam.-  in  th.. 

.n,>s™c-;    "tluT>  Mt.nl  out  .x,H..li,ion>  tu  roam  ..v.r 

';ndan.l_sc-aatthdrou-ncxiu.nM..     Thr  .  hi.,  na.-n.  for 

'iHT  a.m.n,'  w.r.  a  thirst  for  k-.!,!  an-l  a  lov.  o,'  a-lvcntur.  ■ 

>ut    tu,n'.va>  another  ohjcvt.     For  .vnturi..  Spain   haj 

l-n,.«ht„.,.,orthc.rauM.of,lu..hunh;   h.nu.  h.r  p.-opl.. 
I  iiiu'  to  look  uj)on  ' 

thcmsclvfs    as    the 

I  lu\f    (ii'ft'n(h-rs    of 

thr    cross,    and    to 

lia\c    nun  !i  of    the 

niissionar\    spirit. 

iliLTe    was    a    tine 

iH-ld    in    which    to 

-pri-ad  the  faith 

among  the  children 

"I  the  American 

'"rests;     and    so 

thes"  rough  and 

wicked   explorers, 

•1  midst  their  search 

'"r    gold,    tried    to 

< onvert    the   red 

men    to    Christian- 
ity (''ikiK/. 

The  First  Settlements.  -SettKnients  were  f.rst  made 
"pon  the  islands  of  the  We.t  Indies.  With  these  as  a  base 
■'t  sui)],hes.  the  daring  exi)lorers  pushi.l  hoMlv  on  to  the 
■nauiland,  and  before  long,  large  portions  of  .South  \mer- 
"a.  Mexico,  and  the  United  States  were  (.verrun  bv  these 
marchers  lor  gold. 

Cortes.     -Among   the    men    who   help,.|    to    fasten    the 
^|>aiush  grip   upon   America   was   Hernando   C  urles.      lie 


•  i  I 

'i  , 


.,  -  j 


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'  I 


,iiijfciw^j%K»^E^sf 'jve-v*.  '~r 


ACS     h\\V\    OF    AMKKICW    lUsn.RV    FN    Kl  ROPK 

J"l"nL:r,|  to  a  nul.l,.  SpaniM,  taniiK  .  who  lui.i  l„.t  it.  wcait 
iUHl  ,.u.,t,un.  WluM  hr  ;:rru  tu  nianhoo.l.  v..u.m  CorU 
'■"■^"'''■''  "'1'""  ''  '•■•••  "'■  a.Kvnturr  in  Anurira.  wIutc  h 
'"''"''  "■'""'  ''•■"'"- """"^'l^  '"r..^t.,n-  hi.  ,amilvloit>  oh 
l-Mti-not  .nllurmv  an-l  ,,uuvr.      H.-  pra.  ti.  ..r  hnrM^man 

^hq.  an,!  ih,.  „..  uf  arm.  an,l  at  la.t  I,.- a.tra.  h-,|  attention 

On  to  Mexico.       S.,un   uv  i.n-l  Curt,-,  in  Cuha.  uh... 

^ovrrnur  ..nt   him  t.>  ...n.|Urr  an.l  xttlc  Mcxi^,,      n,.  ., , 

";n  irum  Cuha  ,  i,s,S^  with  trn  vr.M.l>.  .ix  humlr.-,l  .ul.hVr^ 
.•mhtrrn   horM.mrn.   and   >umr  jmro  of  rann„n.     In  dm 

^""^'  '>'■  la>'.|.d  .at\ly  upon  the  mainland  of  M.-xiu,  Th, 
n"i-w|  hi>.ann..n.thr  appraran.v  of  hor...  and  warship, 
a  I  -.1  whi.h  uvrr  n.u-  to  th.  Indian>,  .prra.l  t.rror  anion,- 
"•'"I-  lliry  looked  upon  thr  Sj.aniards  a>  g.uls.  and 
'l""l<ly  Milt    thrm   many  ri*  h  pn-xnts. 

Montezuma.        Cort..  [..anu.!  of  ,hr  -Trat  Indian  kin-^ 
M'.ntr/uma.    u  h.o    ni,,nud    over    a    va.sl    nnpir..      Monte- 
zuma .  r,<  lu.  uvrr  untold,  ami  his  word  wa.  law  throughout 
tin-  va.t  country  of  .M.xiro.     Con.,  f.r.t  foundnl  the  dtv 
"•I  Ura  (  ru/  a>  a  hax-  for  .upplir> :    ami  tlun  burning  hi. 
>iiip>.  >o  that  his  M.ldicr.  would  know  that  thrv  mu^t  win 
'•'•  lHn>h,   h.  M't   out   to  r.mqucT  th.  ..Trat    Fiuiian  kin-'. 
Aithuuuh  Cortr.  had  l.ut  a  hamlful  of  .oldirr>,  a  hor>.  and 
a  -un  wrre  so  ttTril.lr  to  the  natixv>  that  he  ha<l  a  -rcat 
a.lvanta.ur.     With  M.nu-  tritH-..  who  wrr.  ho>tilr  to  Mont,- 
/.in.ii,  (  ortrs  ma.K.  frirn.i>;    an.l  manv  natives  joined  hi^ 
army.     ( )ther  trihe>  he  ,,ut  to  i1i,uht  with  hi>  hor>emen  and 
cannon. 

Approaching  a  Great  City.  At  la.t,  with  >ix  thousand 
"ative.  and  a  few  hu.idre.l  SpanianU  at  hi>  luuk  Cortex 
^■anu'  m  M.^ht  of  a  lakc^  in  the  mi.i>t  of  whic  h  wa>  huilt  th. 

iit\-  oi   \i,v;,,.    \j,,„».. •    1       ,..•  ,        ... 

'■■'■■'•■■''''•''•    oeautiidi    lapilai.      .Monte 
/unui  reeeive.l  C'-rtes  with  j^reat  pomp;    and  his  million> 


'*6.i 


\0<) 


to 


H-  a 


IIIK    SPWMRiK    IX     \Mi.;Kl,  A 

;'   ^uhjot.  who  l„.|i,v...i   ,h,  .,ra„,..  uhi„.  U„. 

-""HT  Span.anI       an  .,..,„>  uh.  had  ju^t  Ian,!.!  ,„  V.r. 
'•^'-^    .-'•'^""^'•'■-■"'•yn..  !,.„.,.,■  lHli...,hh.SpanianK 

ln^.an>uvn.n.a,|ytoh,hMoh..n,|..f,h..ir,.,u.,ni..: 
Se.zmg  the  Indian  King.        Hn,  C.n..  „..,„..   hhn..lf 

-     >.      "^-  '•^■nu-l>rv,.ralfn.lian  warrior.  I.,.f„r..,h...at,s 

-t''n>aUc.an,Uua..nK.<linawin,th...warn,,n,r..,rn,.., 

;:-;_'-•       ''7^''M<-n,..un.a  ,av..,h..n,  a  va^a.o.,, 

•■Mnr...oI.ian.Ianun,..I.i,iuan.i,yo,-pn..io,...,on..  to 

:-r,  ha>.  h,s  ,rcv<lom.  th.  S,.anian|.  ron,inu,.,i  ,o  hol.i  him 
i  prisoniT. 

Warring  Against  Great  Odds.       ri,h,i„.  I.n.k.  ou,  n.anv 

-us;    .u.    us...nu-da.,hou.h(-or,...an,ihi.h,,k.|.a„;i 
;'i  Spamanls  were  about  '^'  tall  int..  th.  hamU  of  thr  howl 
-^  stvaucs    who  ou,numhm..|   th.m  nv.  hun.ln-.i  ,o  on.- 

"  V  ^';^'^^  y-^"'^'-  ^-'^  tf-  Indian,  too  „u..h  n>n- 
-W.h.t-thc.yr.kHan.,,^^^^^^^^^ 

N-U;isju>,    the.   clKuuv   Cort...   .h..r...i.     .1.'...: 
-;-.  h>r  , , attU.;    and  hi.  wH,-train..d   troop.  .-;;:.;;; 
n>andc.am.w.w,.na,r.at    vi.tory.     Thi.   hrok.   th. 

.-     ..      lu.In<han.andM.xin.wa>.on.nu.r..dandn,a<i.. 

S,  an.>h   provnuv   (,,,o,.      Min..   w.rv  di.  ov.r...!     .nd 

-H_     ...Id  and  .ilv.r  w..r.  .arri.d  ,o  Spain.     Thi.  .....d 

^'^lUi  MTanihif  I,,r  the  ri(  ht-  of    \,mri(  a 
Balboa    on    the    Isthmus.       .Xft..    th.    Spaniard.    h,.l 
M»l"rc'd    and    macK-    .-^.ttlrm.-n..    ,„ ,  „ 

"-!>  "t  ■■>  n„l,k.  ,K,nH.,l  Uall,„a.     I„  (,i-   j„ur„,v,  :,„„.„,. 


M^iI'WmI 


,UO     DAWN    (»|     AMKKKAN    IIISI!)|<\     l\    |,i  Roi'K 

tlu-  Indian  trilH>  ..n  the  i.thmu>.  Hall,.,.,  nr,iv,-,i  in,m  a 
Indian  chut  a  procnt  ..|  a  lar-r  amount  .,|  ^r,,i,|  xVli, 
tluy  attrmptr.l  I.,  divide  it.  tin-  ^^Tr.dy  Spaniards  tVII  t 
(juarrcliiiL,'. 

News  of  a  Golden  Land.  Th.-  .  Idr^t  M,n  nf  tin-  .hi, 
ua.  >uri,nM.,i  at  lluir  j,'r,vd  :  -  What  i,  ,!„-,  ChriMian-^ 
-aid  he.  ••  I.  it  |„r  ,u.h  a  iittl,'  thin-  that  \.,u  -juarrtl 
It  you  havrMuha  Invf  uf  ynid.  I  will  >hMU-  voua  cuntr 
when,  you  may  have  all  y.,u  want.  Hut  v-,u  mu>l  havr 
lar-c  army,  tor  y..u  will  have  to  mhl  your  wav  with  -rca 
l<in->-';  .and  the  Indian  pointed  M.uthwanj  toward  a  v, 
which  woul.l  carry  them  t.,  the  .,r„lden  kin-d.,m  where,  h, 
>aid.  the  people  ha<l  so  mui  h  .,1  the  yellow  metal  that  the^ 
ate  and  drank   out    (,t"  <;.,l,len   vi^ssels. 

A  White  Man  Sees  the  Pacific.        Halhoa  re>o|v.-d  to  lu 
tlu'  dixovercr  of  that  sea  to  whieh  the  Indian  pointe.l.     S. 
lu'  -It  out  to  ero>s  the  isthmus.     .After  a  t.,ilM,me  march 
Hallmas  company  appr.,ac  hcl   the   top  „i    the    mountain 
ran.-e  trom  whi,  h  th.'  Indian>  ha.l  siM  that  he  mi-hl  In- 
''<•'<!   tlu'  other  M'a.      Within-  to  he  alone,  Halhoa  l.a.le  hi^ 
nun  Mt  down  while  he  went  on.     When  he  had  reached  the 
summit,  he  l.,oked  out  upon  the  va>t  I'acilic   (Kcan    whi.  h 
-'vupu's    more    than    one-half    the    >urface    .,f    thc^    earth 
Halhoa   dc-(c.n,le.l    t,,   th.'   ,<,a^t   and   wa.ied    into   the   .urt 
I  lu'n  lu-  drc-w  his  sword  and  took  po>>c-ion  of  this  unknown 
sra  t<,r  the  Spani>h  kin^^  ,,-,^,,      ,.>.„,,  ,,„.  ,,„|,v„^.  ,^^.^^, 
hv  r.HvivcMl  a  ,t:rc-at  am.,unt  of  p,|d  and  two  hun.lrc-d  ami 
I'Tty  lar-e  pcarl>.     .\mon-  the  Spani>h  soldiers  there  wa^ 
a  wild   hunt   f(,r  more  trea>urc>. 

Pizarro.        With    Halhoa   was  a   ..oldier   named    I'i/.arro 
who  was  much  intereste.l  in  what  he  heard  .,f  the  -olden 

K  itlir<  1(  im       tir       ■,■,, •    .       »  1-  .1  .  ... 

~ "■"■^-■'     '"    "'•^'    -'U.nwar.l.     I'lzarro    saw    im 

^  liance  tor  himself  as  long  as  Jialhoa  held  the  leadership  of 


i*  ^^v^  ^^h .  s"}^ ^ : 


III'';    M-\M\K1)S    I\    A.MKkICA 
■'"■  <M."li.i.m.. ,.  I,..  l„„,„..j,,,|„„.„„|  ,,.„.,,, I, 

,;:,;;;;;,;:::,:;;'" ' "  ""■• '  ■ ""> -'■■>■ 

Bound  for  Peru.       s„„„.  y,.,,r>  l,„..r  fk,rr„  ,.,il,.l  ,|,™,, 

::'f  '::::'::;':' ::'^ ■^"■■■^'' > '-,„.„:;: 


'""'  ''^'  •^"•'^'  "'-r  fh..  .ountn   of  11,.  In.a>,  th.  1- 


tIKl    ot 


K\rn.)\  SK.irris-.;  rm    |'\,  .n, 

'I'lJ'i/am,  saw  ..M,.u.h,..n.nvi,uv  him  that  thc-v  wm- 

^    •-'v-yn.ar,h.-.oM.-nkin,.lunKN.rth..vpi,kHun 
'■  -'■;'-■"  trade.     Hm.  th.y  ,.r.t  >aw  Hani,     ml 

-  tra.M  |.,r  h.um-tui  va.>cs  ..f  K'..l.l  and  >ilv..r,  ami  ...r'- 
nudtoIu.anuan,lhasU.no,lt.Spain,whc.rchcob- 

i'lcd    the   riLdll    t-.    r-..nf,.w.^   1    ^..j 

.  ,  -        ,  ;.  ••'i'^-  '-"^  ^-i^-  >ucn  new  iands  a.s  he 

'JU  d..cover.     \\,th  a  nnah  .tn,n,er  army,  he  again 
•-ed  the  isthmus  and  sailed  fur  Peru 


ll 


-fts^psaw! 


Ji.'      I)  WW    or    AMIKK    \\    Ills  nun-    |\    KCkoi-i.; 

First  News  of  the  White  Men.       Th.  Inra  rhicf  hca, 

with  'Ina.i  ui   ih..  .u.nin.L'uf  tlir  iMar.l.-,!,  whit,.  .tran-iT 

ih.y    ihoud.t     th,,l    the.    S|.,,ni.h    hur^-^    w.rr    uruMnh 

'""n.t.r>,  ,u.l  thai  tlu-  li-ht,iin-  aii.l  thumk-rl.ult^  „|  the 

.miii>  were  -nat  and  awful  inv^tcric-. 

The  Indian  of  Peru.  Aiur  a  I..,,,'  man  h.  JM.arr 
'■;""'  "'^•••'i'i'^'l-lthrhuav  Thr  ritv  rontainci  man 
th..u..n,i,>  ui  [,...,,,1..  uhu  livr.l  rhi.llv  in  houM'.  „|  adul, 
l.n.k  with  thatchr.l  r..ui\.  ThrM.  Indian^  wrr.-  wdl  u| 
vaiurd  f.wanl  .  iviii.atinn.  Thty  w.,rc-  (otf.n  doth  an, 
u>rd  w(a[)..n>  pointed  with  (..piHr  and  hn.n/c. 

The  Golden  Kingdom.       .\i|  thr  utrnMi^  of  the-  palace  an. 
tho>e  m  tlu-  tempie>  of  the  Inca>  were  of  ,.,ld.      Outride  th, 
ti'mpK.  wa-  a    Lrarden   of  artillciai  plant,,  with   the  leave^ 
"•^"t.  and   >talk>  of  pure  ...old.     The  l.uildin^s  were  laru. 
a'xl  ^tately.     The  palace  had  terracvd  .,'ardc-n..,  haths   an, 
'<'UMta.n.>.     The   I,i,lia,.>  wer,-  skilh-d  in  anrieulture.     Dn 
waste  land.,  wctc^    irri.^atcd,  an,|  thc^  mountain    >i,le.  wen 
IcTraced.  >ometimc.>  a  hun,ln,l  terraces  deep,  for  ihe  pur 
p..se>  ot  Umniw^.     Tlu'v  ha,l  l.uilt  up  a  ^pUdid  sv>tem  of 
K'vel.  uel|-pavcdn,ad>,  on  which  travel  wa>ea>vand  >peedv 
I  he  Inca  duel  often  ate  !re..h   li..h  that  had  been  caught 
;.  (la y  or  m,  heton-  in  the'  Padhc-.  three  hundred  mile..  awaN 
\a.t   t1o.k>o|   llan,a.  an.l  alpaeas  supplied  mc-at  for  food 
^""'  -ool  tor  i.ne  cloth.      In  many  ways  thc.>e  Indians  had 
rcaeh.d  a  higher  civilisation  than  had  tho.^e  who  were  now 
aliout    to  ( oiKjiur   them. 

The  Inca  in  Prison.       The-  I.ua  looked  upon  the  vi.sitor. 
a>  .^ky-.:ods.  an,l  nvdvci  them   tnost   politelv.      However 
wlu'n  the-  Spanianls  .s.w  the  many  thousand^  of  red  men 
thry  reah.ed  that  their  s.fet>-  lay  in  frightening  the  native^' 

I    :  :  t    •.      I  t  T I  : 


:  Win; 


cd  the  cxampie  oi  C'c.rtes  in  Mexico  by  seizim 


and  impri>,iniiig  the  Inca 


Wi^- .  .aPTP< 


,^^'i-' 


:f,;'A    ^7 


'-^'^^  ^y  •  ■  r 


III!     M•\^|\kl.^    |\    AMI  Ri,    V 

Buying  His  Freedom.       Tlu.  dnVf  ua.  ,. la., 1  i,.  .  n,..n, 
;;-['t    tl...  ...  ...   a    .h....Ir....n..     Th.    ,ri,h,..n...|    I„,ii.,„ 

7^-y-;;-''H.walla.,n.ha.lu...uMr..a.l,,an.I 

-'-"-•      ''•— -vptnl   ,lu.    ..n..r.   an.l,   i,    i.    .,i, 
-M  wa.n.lK.,..!,.,  „u.  amoun,   ..,,.,,.000.000.     TIut..' 

•••I-  <li\iilf(|  aiiK.n^'  the  Spaniards 
Incas    Death.       Tl,,-    ,„.,,„„   .„■    ,„.|.,„,    |^,^ 

:~V  '''T'"  '■'■''''"'  '^^^  "'■-'""^■••■ 

■r,    „.,    ,,..„,   „r    ,|„,   >,„„|,|    ,.,,,^„.,„.,,„    „,^.   ^  ^^^^^.^■ 

:;■  ''■^^■,'  ■■"'■"''-'  IH.I.nV  i.laa,  .,mr  l,.,vin«  ,.,k,.,, 


Peru  Conquered.        IMur.  th.  In,|ian>  ha.i  tluir  r.-v..,-.. 
|-n.  S,Mn.anl.  .a.n..     Tlu-y  n..w  nu,nh..n.,l  nv.  hun,i;.| 

•  -  \cTy>hor,lylh.yn.utnltlK-r.<inK.naM.lhr,.ud,t 
"'^'"   t..  thur  k,uv.>.     Thu>   iVru.   th.  lan.l  „i  Un-   I.ua- 

|va>ronqum-,Ian.lad,K.c|,..,lu..l.>main.,,f  Spain.  Wlun 
l-arn.  landed  in  Kun.p.  .-itl,  hi.  |..ad  ,.f  ri.  lu-.  ,lK.n■ 
•  ■>  th.  w.ld.st  .xnt.mc.nt.  A,ain  .lu.  Spanianl.  h..,an 
'i'"kin-t..AnHTirain>c'anh  ..t,r,,|d 

Ponce  de  Leon.       On.  ..i  ,h,  ^r^t  ..pl.nTM..  pu>h  in... 

'"■  \^'1'^;''-'H-  "t   wuat    i.    n,.w   ,lu-    Tnit.-d   Sla...  w..    . 

^panurdnanu.,lI>..„...,..K,.,,,,,,,,.,^^^,,^.^,,,^^..,^^.,^_^ 

'•-•  had  ...t.n  heard  ..f  ,lu.  Muntain  ..,■  v..u,h.  Jh... 
-'-'in.nkat  .hi.  l.,untain  uvn-  .aid  ...  l.  ,  ur.-.l  ,.i  all 
'  i-^ase  and  t..  \nn>mv  v..un-  a-ain 

Searchingfor  the  Fountain  of  Youth.        In-n,  th.-  Ir.lian. 
=  '  V  UtKl,  JJi- Li,,n  I,.;, rti,.,l  flv..  .k:    .-...,-.    •  .       . 

L  ■■'  "■'"  '''liiiwUii  wa.  i,»  in-  i.)iind 

;     -vhvr..  „.  ,  ,,  „„r.hwcs,.     S„  I,.  „l„ain,,l  ,„rn,i,H„„ 
-m   k„,g  |..r.|,„a„,,  ,„  .„,,,  ,-,  ,„„^     ,.^,  ^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^ 


•^rw. 


m.inl..n.l    n,..r    ulut    i,    ...w    S,.    .\u^u>tin.-,    <.n    E.M 

^•'|"lay(.,.    .       l>.I.o„w.„.l„rnu-,lui,h,lu.lK..u,i, 

;'!'''^'  ^";''   ''"•   '"-'>    '"■'>'"   '1uu..r.      I,    .,.  ,,,,,,,, 

tlM>  tluf  lu- M.mnI  tlu.  „.w  land  H.ri.l..,  wlmh.  in  SM.ni. 
nican^  iIk-  l.iii.l  uMlnw(r>. 

Attempt  to  Settle  Florida,        I- I..  ..n  .  oa.tnl  ..n.un.l  ,1 
I-;:'-'-"    li..ri.la.  Inn  ,.n   a..,.,,,,..,    ,n.uM..   uLImI 

y.ar.    lat.r    ui.h    .,,|..r.    f..r    ,    ...,.,„,      .,.,,;^    ,.,^^^.    ^^ 
n.i.an^atta.kolhimui.h.nat    fury.      I.M.a.l  ..t  .imlin 

''"'''^'"'•;''''"'>*'^''^'''''''-''---uun.K..ll.v  an  India 
arnman.l  went  Lark  I.,  (ul.a  t..  diV. 

De  Soto.  --  Arnon,^  .h.  ,-.,||..uvr.  of  f>i,arn..  who  sham 

'.•n.lMund.rof„u.,n,a.u.. ..■  nanu.,  ,..,1..:. 

S^..).So,or.,unu.d,o  Spain  ui,hin,nu.n..w..altl 

;  7  '';\''^'' '''7'  '••''"''  ^'n'''lur,..ldc.,  kin,.|.,n,  and  a.^nV 
to  linr  his  porkrts  u-ith  it>  >|,oil  ^ 

Ix^Florida,        H.arin,  of  M.nda,  h.  ...  ur.d  p.m.ission 

-    ll...and.on,,u..r,hi.lan,iof,lowcT>.     With  about 

"HH.n.lrc^d  nun  and  half  a>  nuny  hor...  1,..  Soto  landed 

•    .'""7      -l.an.    who    drov..    .h.    Spaniards' to    thdr 

:z  n";;^'''r,''^^'"- ''"'■'^"-'^-'--^'^--'■ 
..r.Kr ...  I....  ..,d  l.,an  hi.  Ion.  Ion.  n.ar.h  in  search 

The    Indians    Unfriendly.       Th.    Indian,    had    hern   s„ 
-r     ya,         ,,        ,,^.^^.^^^,^^^^,^^^^^_^^^ 

'•'lu.,r,ru.nd>h,p,  although   lu...nt    manv  pr....nt.  t,. 

--7^     nn.o,d.hi..f..nt,hi.r.p|ytohi.o,rc.rso, 

I'—       <^^7""y"ura>vur..draa.,invc.ar>pa.t    hav. 

,vi       '• "'""      ''''■>   '""'"^^   '''^'^iii  nif  what  vou  an. 

What  .>  your  employment-     To  wander  about  like  vaga- 


'j^-w-Twmk<*' 


..JP  .^« 


"ii;    M'\\|\kl)s    |\     \m|.;k|(\ 


•vl 


"HiU  Ironi  Iitiil  til  I  in. r    t  .  r  I     I 

'N.r.n.liiiu,  war  (.,  thr  ,i,.,nl.  ,\  .,||   J    ,,|,  - 
Endless    Wandering.         ,  ,,..    Spannnl.   .  ..,.,inu...|    ,I...ir 

*'''""^  '''''''•'-•'•-•'''-'-■<•'•'- thn.u,!.  .van,,.,  .n.| 


Indian    Fighting.       Th,v    j„,,,,|   •„,.,„„    ,       •  ,     "'    , 
.f '■'"'■'■  7''''"'-'- ''"'•'"'«  all-,lay  l,:,,,l,.- „i,i,  ,1,,.  ,i,.m. 
"1'lrtMi  and   sc-vt-ntv   mm         yu, i,    .,.• 

'""'"  '"'"i-.'i»i,i,  ,i„.  i,„ii;„:;h„";Hi,x  s,,:'!;! 


SUIT  could  not  atViird 


ni 


my  su(  h  \  ji  i 


one; 


w'o   \i-ars 


,;i'.     I»\\\\    n|      \M|.|<1(    \\    |||>|nK\     |\    I  I  Rnl'i; 

Ml  .litiih --  waniicriti:;  h.id  |i.i-mi|  .iihI  1).  s,,|ii  \\,i,  -,| 
.iimI  \\i.ir\  ,  hut  111  W.I-  tiKt  [.riiii'l  tn  'Swf  uj)  .hhI  'Ju  lium 
.1  |iipiii'  111. Ill 

The  Mississippi  In   i  -,  j  i .  I  »r  ^..Im  ,  .inn    upMH  ,i  i^tci 

rixif  iiii>ri  ih.iii  .1  inili  wide  |i  u,i,  ih,  .\I  i--i-M|i|i 
I'll'  I'liinil.--  (-  llic  iii.ii(-tii  -iri.iiii  ii.nl  il(i\\(i|  (p| 
mil, ii'iu  11  Im  ,  i\  ili/nl  1 11.111  Hilt  I  ii  ■^(itii  I  .iini  \\<>\  i(ir  th 
i-:liir>  <>\  ili-i  ii\  I  liiiL'  ,1  ii'U  I  i\  I  r  .  he  W.I-  in  -1  .in  !i  oi  i^i.h 
.iih!  'j'llil    .iliiiir    wumM   -.i!i-!\  liiiii  .111(1  lii-  'jii  ii|\  ii.lliiwfr 

Exploring  the  West  I  Ik  \  1  in--. d  i  he  l:i(  .it  .\1  i--i--i|ii 

.iihI  -piiit  ,1  \r,ii  -iMi  I  liiir_'  tlimuuli  the  |irr-ini  -t.ilo  < 
,\rk,in-,i-  .imi  M  i--ipnri  1 11  t  hi-  \  1  ,ir  ni  li,iri|-lii|  1  .iin  I  ^11  I'd 
iiiL'.  III. ill)  111  itir  nil  II  ijiril  111  iji-c.i-t  nr  in  hatth  with  lli 
fell    1 1  nil. 

De  Soto's  Death  .Xini  imw  I  )c  ^utn  w,i- wmii  mit .  II 
rriiinuij  111  till-  li.iiik-  III  till-  M i--i--i|'[ii.  wlini'  lie  ^dd 
l<  II  ill  I'l  .1  liAi-r  .iinl  ilicil.  In  nfilcr  tli.it  tin-  |iriiwliii 
linli.iii-  nilLiht  iicil  kii'iu  111'  the  ilcilh  ni  tin  ir  urc.it  IckUi 
llif  S|i,ini,iri|-  liiiriiil  Itiiii  at  (Iriij  ut  ni'.:lit  in  the  hn-uiii  1 
the  uiiiiiliriul  ti\ii-  til, It  he  Ii.kI  ili-i  ii\  t  nil.  he  Sutn' 
lulliiuar-  llii-n  Imilt  nnlc  -lii|(-.  llo.ttni  iluwti  the  ri\rr  I 
the  u'uli.  aiul  ,irri\r(l.  ,it  l.i-t,  at  .1  S]),iiii-h  lulutu   in  Mtxin 

Menendez  in  Florida.  .\  >i>.ini,i!il.  ii,initil  I'cili 
.Miiifnilr/,  w,i-  luiit  u[>iin  Iniiiiiiini:  .t  inlnnx  in  I'luriil, 
ami  I'liili|i  11  L'a\<'  hi-  iitrnii— imi.  With  .1  line  licit  1 
lliirts  tmir  \c---cl-  anil  ninfc  than  tuu  tlmu-anil  luT-iiti 
in  hi-  (iim]i,in\.  Mcncnilc/  -])rca(|  hi-  -ail-  I'nr  the  -uiin 
land.  Ilcariim  of  .1  inlunx  nt'  I'rciicli  Pfnt r-tant-  who  \v.v 
already  -cltlcd  in  I'lnrid.i.  .Mciicndc/  xnufd  that  In-  wuul 
h.iiiL'  c\(T\  I'rctKlim.m  he  inund  there;  fir-t.  Iiceaii-e  the 
Were  nil  the  diiiii.iiii-  n\  >|)aiii.  and  tuxt.  hccau-e  they  wer 
ruTiiii-  Willi  ii.iii  ;ii"iiKi;'i  ,i\\,i\"  irniii  iiic  i  aiiiniii  i.iili 
He  kejil  lli-  I'lcdu'cand  the  liand  ot'  l'"rciu  iiineii  were  -lain 


lAaS^^MMMM^^jilikj^JBin^ 


'III     H-\\|\k|,.    |\     wiiK,,^ 

St,  Augustine         M-n-n,!.  m,„m„I.  ,!  ,l„.  n,M  ,..rm,.n.n. 
'"'"'"'■'"    -'"-■"'-■>"    ^^-tl^n   ih,    ,.„  . m    l„,^n.iar^    .„    ,1„ 

ii'"u;:h>,„„nurn   ,.,.,,  ...rip  upunlh.   1.,,,..-!  |„,rti,.n. 


■I     \<  ■'     n\>     I  i,.Kii.\ 


N"<irtli  Aim-rica.      11. ,u,  >  ,r.  i;iirn|,c 


\\'i-  at  Ihi  -  iitMr  turn 
-"'.Irr  with  nli.iuu.  u,,r,.  aii.l  u.  ,n,i^I  ,„,ii,,.  I,,.,,  (hi, 
""'•^'  •'"*-'tnl  Spain'.  I„,|.|  upon  u!..,l  i.  n..u   il„    Cnit,,! 


nu  !i    t(i     \ni.ri.  .1  -      ,,    \\ 


'"■'     'l"l    <"r!r,    ,x.,|,„v  '       ,      \\i,,, 


'■   ''"  *■  "'I  .11  1  ior.il   lur 


^'■';'  ''■'""   '"'"'-•  '■'   I'i^  ^-"1^'     :      I.  II  ..!-w!    li.ll,,,,,-.  u..,k 
Wli.il  I  iMli/.ilinii  ,ii,l   |'i/.,rn,  li!,,!  '     ,,     11, 

10     Flou    ,|i,l    hr   ,.,iM,i„r    I'cr 

"'["\     ''      ^^''■"    ^l''""-!'    !MVii:.,lor,   |,av,     'A..,lr-„U    .,i;,li,,| 
R(\i<u    the   wnrk   III   r,i,  h       I,      I,,.     ,!,,,    ,.  ,._    [.,,,.,'.    ,i^'| 

'I'      lu.    Uh.P'   .li,i    h.     tra\cl'      ,-      \V1...   ...,.l..   .1... 

nt   in  Am.Ti.,.-      ■,     Wlu-n- ^     ,,     M,...,,..  ,„   U.r  r^,,U,r,^[uZ 
■■■    "lu.h  an.l    uiial    [url   ,.i    Airuriia   .li,|   si.ain   .Lani  - 


CHAPTKR   XXVI 


RISE    OF   THE   PROTESTANTS 

The  Roman  Church  Rules  Itself.  As  lonj,'  ;is  the  Koniar 
empire  held  together,  the  emperor's  word  was  law  through 
out  his  wide  reuhn.  'I'he  emperors  often  insisti-d  upoi 
their  right  to  make  the  laws  of  the  church,  as  well.  Hul 
after  the  empire  had  gone  to  pieces,  the  Catholic  ("hurd 
was  free   to  make   its  own   laws  and  to  rule  itself. 

The  Pope  an  Absolute  Ruler.  The  (hunh  patternec 
its  government  after  that  of  the  state,  es])e(  ially  in  tlu 
point  of  having  one  chief  ruler,  who  lived  at  Rome  and  whc 
was  (alli'd  the  pope.  Whe'  -  hurches  or  clergymen  dis- 
agreed as  to  what  were  the  cirect  forms  of  worshij).  they 
referred  the  disput*-  to  the  pope,  whose-  lecisions  came  to 
he  aicepted  everywhere.  If  j)riests  and  bishops  differed 
ahout  the  meaning  of  any  i)articular  j)assage  of  the  Hihle, 
they  a>ked  the  j)ope's  opinion.  In  this  way  the  popes  came 
to  he  absolute  rulers  in  the  church,  just  as  the  emperors  had 
been  in  the  empire. 

The  Pope  Infallible.  At  lirst  the  decision  of  the  pope 
was  s(mu'times  disputed,  and  the  clergy  wasted  their  time 
in  wrangling  about  it.  So  thechurch  (  ame  at  last  to  teach 
that  the  pojjc  was  infallible;  that  is,  that  he  could  not 
make  a  mistake  and  that  to  differ  from  his  decision  was 
a  terrible  >in.  This  put  an  end  to  all  dilTerenc cs  of  opinion 
on  (motions  of  religion.  Thus  the  pope  ruled  with  a  free 
hand  :  and  the  i  hiirch.  with  its  faitlifu!  and  obcdicMt  clerg--- 
in  tvery  land,  tame  to  be  a  powerful  institution. 


RISE   OF  TFIK    I'KOTKSTWis 

The  Pope  as  King  of  Kings.  m-caus.  the  Kovcrnnn-nts 
-re   uc-uk,  and  t h.  p,.,,.  was  s.n.n,,  he.  .ra.h.allv  ,o..k  a 

'"<i  -n  ry,n.  to  k.c-p  order  and  in  protn  tin,  the"  hel,,l... 
...auist    tlu-  powerlul.     So   hi>  in.huna.  ^rew  out>ide   the 

't.ureh      Alter  (■hariema,neua.erouneden,p.rorI.vt 
P"l-  at  Rome,  other  kings  consented  to  alN.w  the  pop.  ,., 
^lure  ,n  the  coronation.     In  tinu-  it  wa>  eh-inu,]  that  no 


TlIK    VaTK  A.N.    Tilt    I'OPKS    I'AIAO,    KuMK 


Mier  was  lawfully  in  power  unless  he  had  been  crowned  hv 

'l';;^^^^[^^^  ^^^r^.     Wtimes   two  or  more   rivals 
^'  u.ht  the    hrone.  and  the  decision  between  then,  Ml  to 
;  ;-■  P-IH"-     At  last  the  pope  claimed  the  right  to  choo.e  the 
K.n,   m  every  country  in    Kurope.      Moreover  he-  e.^jH-eted 
•■-hence    from    all    these   crowned    heads.     Manv    kings 
-u-ver.  would  not  a<lmit  the  jK.pe's  ,>ower  <.^er  then, ;   so 
■r  hundreds  of  years  there  was  strife,  and  often  war,  bet  we.n 
'''  kmgs  and  the  head  of  the  church 

Riches  Weaken  the  Church.       For  manv  centuries  the 

-urch  was  ruled  by  i.o,„..  of  noble  character,  a^.i^tc-d  bv 

■  --'i  I'i^hops  ;  an.i  during  that  time,  it  was  of  immea.ur- 

.  'l^'  scmce  to  mankind.     But  linally  the  church  became 


'I 


I! 


t-.Xi. 


•.^.-Jfci^_ 


DAWN    ()|     A.MI.RK.W    IH^iokN     |.\    KlRopK 


vir\-  ri(  h  in  iiuk  h  the  -ainc  nianiur  a:>  the  niona-tnif^  ha 
(lone.  \a>t  trrriturio  wtrc  !nl<|  and  rultd  hy  tlu'  jxiji 
a-^  thduu'h  1>\  a  kin;:,  and  the  duty  of  .^on  truing  tluiii  l(»i 
iiUK  h  of  hi-  lime  and  cm  ru_\-.  And  m.  he  wa-  foru'd  i 
.u'ivr  lc>-  and  K—  attention  to  the  true  duties  of  ih 
(luinh.  I'lic  ilcr.iry  nf^Ki  ti'd  to  (arr_\  out  the  cxaniiil 
and  t(a(hin.L'-  of  Jc-u-.  I'hcy  h'vcd  li\(>  of  ra-c  am 
hixury.  Maiiv  iHtanic  M-hidi.  la/>  .  and  (orruju.  Wh.i 
a  \)<t])v  dii-d,  th'.Tr  wrrc  nuintrou>  <  andidatc-  for  hi 
l)o>iti(,n  ol  pourr  and  honor,  and  un\vorth\  men  wtr 
-omctinio  I  ho-cn  a-  hrad  of  the  (hunh;  otlicr  importan 
rhunh  otiu f>.  -ui  h  a>  that  of  hi-hop  and  arc  hl)i>hoi).  wen 
obtained  1)\  worldly  nun,  and  >oon  a  hiriic  j)art  of  thi 
l»rii'>thood  htianic  -illi-h  and  nc,i,dt(  tid  the  work  of  teach 
in^'  and  leach'n.L:  men  to  a  hi;;her  life.  Some  houirhl  thei 
places,  lived  l)a>e  li\e>.  and  hrouuhl  di>grace  ui)on  IIk 
name  of  ('hri>t. 

A  Noble  Reformer.  Then  there  came  to  the  papal  rhai 
one-  of  the  nol)Ie>l  men  of  the  Dark  .\j:c->,  I'oj)e  Syivoter 
He-  lovc-d  Ic-arnin-;.  and  tried  to  awaken  the  thir-l  for  knowl 
ed^e  that  was  asleep,  i-]  very  where  men  were  ij^norant  an* 
superstitious.  Sylve-ter  al>o  tried  to  reform  the  church 
to  put  .uodly  men  in  the  places  held  l)y  the  unworthy  and  tlu 
sellish.  His  life  was  one  Ion-,'  stru<;^de  airainst  wickedne- 
and  he  died  alter  rulint;  the  c  hurch  only  a  lew  years.  Tlu 
time  had  l)een  too  short  to  root  out  all  the  wickedness  thai 
had  crej>t  in. 

Nev/  Learning  in  Italy.  .\ftcr  the  Crusades,  the  Italiiin 
towns  hcrame  immensely  ric  h  through  the  trade  with  the 
Ka>t.  .Men  now  had  tnoncy,  and  v.ith  money  came  leisure 
-  -  time  to  read  and  to  think.      The  |)eople  of  means  not  oplv 


Ji,.,i  . 


what  was  written  in  hooks. 


^!.I      1 


i.  Mui  intx  Were  eager  to  km '\\ 


kisL  ()i-   I  HI.  I'kon.Ni  \M>, 


3-' I 


Petrarch.  'I'hc  mo>i  l"ain()U>>ch..lar  ot"  (ho  liim'w.is  an 
iMlian  poet  nanifd  iVlranh.  In  hi,  youth  ho  wanted  I,. 
:r.i(l  {irci'k  ami  I.aliii  iiuuium  ri])t>  aixl  u>  know  all  that  the 
■iM  Romans  and  (jrt.ik>  had  known.  IVlran  h'-  lather 
■  iwcviT,  wi>hfd  hn  .>on  to  lKot)nu'  a  lawyer;  and  wlun  the 
'oy  >j)ent  his  money 
■11   (ireek   and    Latin   [| 

' k>.   the   fat  her 

'iirew   theni   into   the 
iiif.       Hut    when     he 
~.i\v  the  deep  ,t;riet'  of 
■'ii>  Son.   he    snat(  hed 
the  hooks  out  ai'ain. 
>"  Petrarch  was  per- 
!"itted    to    study    the 
<hi>\\     hooks    of    the 
'■reek  and  Latin  au- 
ihurs.       He  >o()fi    he- 
'.inie  a    famous  j)oet 
^^nd  scholar,  and  col- 
''■i  ted     many    old 
'"'"ks.    or    manu- 
-I  ripts. 

Petrarch  a  Teacher. 

He   showed   j)eople 


">\\"  to  read  th^ 


fse  <) 


Id 


•vritmi's 


md  h 


ow  to 


•nij)are  them  with 


one  another  t 


•re  eoi)ie(l  from  oth 


<>  see  whethir  some  of  them 


t-Ts,  or  whether  all  of  th 


om  ( 
i,..i.._ 


>I<1    fu-nks    that    had    <lecay..i    or    heen    I 


em  were  copied 


o>t. 


11 


)US 


ai-iU-    to  f)i    hue  judj,'es  of  tl 


-•mans  and  {;reeks.  and  eould  pi,  k  out  th 

r.^rs  that  ha<l  crept    in   through   the  dilTerenl  ^1 


If  writings  of  the  .)1(1 
(■  mistakes  and 


ivtv 


anc 


i 


I! 


3  ! 


:,22     DAWN    Ol     AMKRK  AN    HISTORY   IN   ELKOI'K 

monks  who  had  written  out  these  parchment  books 
Petrarch  became  famous  among  scholars,  princes,  and  othe 
great  men.  He  was  a  tireless  worker,  and  even  old  age  couir 
not  iluck  his  study.  One  morning  at  the  ripe  age  o 
.seventy  he  was  found  dead  in  his  library. 

Learning  Awakes.  Petrarch  had  started  a  great  move 
nuiit.  which  we  call  the  Revival  of  Learning;  for  as  yoi 
know,  learning  had  slept  for  ages.  Petrarch  had  man\ 
follower;  xnd  they  continued  to  search  the  monasteries  and 
I  hurdle  ,)f  Italy  for  the  long-lost  books  of  the  old  authors, 
They  found  old  Latin  books  and  learned  to  read  them. 
.Man\  became  line  Latin  scholars.  The  enthusia:  ni  for 
this  learning  >i)read  over  Italy  and  to  other  countries  oi 
western  Lurope. 

Greek  Learning:  Saved.  When  the  Turks  were  about 
to  capture  Constant  inoj)le.  scores  of  learned  men  of  that 
city  took  shij)  for  Italy,  bringing  with  them  a  knowledge 
ot  the  (ireek  language  and  many  rare  old  books  written  in 
that  tongue.  There  had  l)een  (Ireek  scholars  in  Italy  be- 
fore this  time,  but  now  came  many  more,  with  treasures  of 
writings  of  the  old  authors  »)f  Athens.  They  received  a 
hearty  welcome  in  Italy.  Students  began  to  read  the  (ireek 
manusiripts  eagerly,  and  they  urged  their  friends  to  do  the 
same.  Gradually  a  knowledge  of  (ireek  literature  and  a 
lovi-  lor  it  spread  over  luinipe.  "  I  have  given  up  my  whole 
soul  to  (ireek  learning,"  >aid  Krasmus.  "  and  as  soon  as  I 
get  more  money  I  shall  buy  (ireek  books  and  then  I 
shall  buy  some  clothes." 

Studying  the  Bible.  The  light  of  this  new  learning 
and  >tu(ly  was  turned  ui)on  the  silly  superstitions  of  that 
ignorant  time.  It  was  also  turned  ujvm  the  church  and 
the  liible.  It  was  found  that  the  Hible  in  the  (ireek  lan- 
guage and  the  same  book  in  Latin  did  not  read  exactly 


^m^mi'-^^'mi':' 


£.i^ 


KISK   {)|     TM1-:    I'KOTKSI WIS 

alike,  ami  that  mistakes  had  been  made  in  translating  i\u- 
li.ble  irom  Creek  into  Latin.  This  the  ju.p.  denied.  H. 
was  lunous  that  any  one  should  dcubt  a  word  of  the  Latin 
H.b  e.  Hut  learned  men  in  many  land>  were  beginning  to 
'l"U»>t  the  correetne^  of  many  ,,as>age>  of  ,he  Latin  Mibl. 
"1'  to  ponu  out  what  they  thought  w<-rr  .vil>  in  the  ehureh 
d\u\  among  the  clergy. 

The  Inquisition.       The  Roman  Catholic  Chureh  reM.Kvd 
t..  persecute  these  doubters,   for   the  poju-s  beli.v.d   that 
unless  something  was  done  to  prevent   the  spread  of  siu  h 
'.  achmgs.  the  ehurch  would  lose   its   inlluenee   an.l   go   to 
Mi.res.     So  the  Inquisition  was  (kdded   uixm.     The  ixmc 
-nt    men.  called  incjuisitors.  to   search  out    the   doubters 
-'-n,  they  called  heretics.     The  heretics  were  commands 
"  o'lve   up   these  new  ideas  or  Ix-   burned  at    the   stakc^ 
I -us  .,1  thousands  of  noble  and  innocent  people  were  tor- 
nired  to  dc-ath  in  this  horrible  manner 

Block  Books.  .S<,nu-  years  bc-fore  the  time  of  Columbus 
th»-  prmt.ng  press  had  bc-en  invente.l  (m^S).  Hook,  now 
'Hcame  cheap.  The  ..Id  methods  of  making  b<.<,ks  bv  copv- 
n.g  With  pen  an.l  ink  was  slow  ami  tire.s.,me.  The'uM'  of 
parchment.  ..r  sheepskin,  instead  .,f  paper,  ma.le  b.>.,ks 
V.  ry  costly,  an.l  few  pe.,plc  culd  atT.,r.l  t..  .,wn  ..nc  \ 
^vay  was  then  mvented  t.,  print  a  wh.,lc-  page  at  on.e  Tlu- 
l.rmter  t.,.,k  a  bl.uk  of  w.,<,d  or  a  boar.i  the  su.  of  the  page 


wished  t.)  make,  and 
I'  tiers  of  all  the  w.)r(l< 
'"ilsome  care  he  cut  away  the'  v"ood    I 


d  on  it  he  «lrew  the  outline  of  thi 
on  the  i)age.     Then  with  slow  and 


ist'd.     Hy  inking  this  and  pressing 
'Uire  page  was  j)rintcd  at  once.     Such  b..ok 


!'Hk  })(,oks ;  and  while  the 


ea\ing  the  letters 

it  ujx.n  the  pai)er.  an 

s  were  called 


i  ript  books,  it  was  st 


y  were  cheaper  than  the  manu- 


ill  a 


It  was  slow  work  to  cut  a  block  for  each 


costly  process  t..  print  them,  f. 


i.)r 


I)age.     Moreover. 


-   3    i 

i  ri     - 

ill 


Hi 

i 


*  ., 

li  ' 


ftsLi-Atjil'  »kJlA\ 


1,24     DAWN    ()!     AMKKU  AN    IIIS^)k^     IN    KlROrK 


tlu-^c  rxiuii-i\t'  block'-  wrre  ii>fli'>s  fxifpt  fur  this  i)ar- 
ti(iil;ir  l)iii)'k.  anil  it  M'l'nu'd  a  ;^rtat  \va>tc  of  tinu"  and  lattor 
to  throw  thiin  away. 

John  Gutenberg.  .\l)out  thi^  tinic  a  printir  nannd 
John  ( iiitiiihtti:.  who  li\t(l  in  (icmiany,  l)c-^an  to  dRan'i  ot' 
a  hfttcr  method.  .\t  la-t  the  idea  ( anic  to  him  ot  (Uttin^ 
each  letter  from  a  -eparate  pii'ee  of  wood  and  then  binding' 

the-e  letter  bloek> 
t()<'ether  to   form 


pa 


ire 


Th 


e-e 


pa^e  forms  mi^ht 
be  broken  up  and 
u>ed  ajiain  and 
aj^ain,  for  dilTer- 
ent  pairt>  or  books 


until 


ll 


u\-    were 


worn  out. 
inj:  mo\able 


Mak- 


t>I 


w 


(  il   II  Mil  K(. 


I'K1>S. 


was  a  ^'reat  in- 
vention, but  it 
was  still  a  hard 
ta>k  to  j)rint  a 
book,  (iutenberfi 
learned    to    mold 


his  type  of  metal,  tor  the  wv)oden  letter  blocks  soon  wore  out. 


hen  111'  erownei 


hi- 


iri'at  work  by  making'  a  iirintinj^  j>ri'; 


soon   HI 


New  Religious  Sects.        Print inj,'  presses  were 
demand  in  t'ver_\-  country  of  JAirope.     They  could  not  be 
-I't  uj)  fast  enough.      lOxerybody  could  now  atTord  to  own  a 


lew  Doo 


The  Hible  wa^  quickly  translated  into  (ierman 
|".neli->li.,  and  other  lan^uaire-,  and  the  common  neople  beeai 


new 


to  read  it.      This  ^Tcatly  hastened   the  >pri-ad  ot   the 
learning,  and  set  people  to  thinking  for  themselves  about 


RISK   ()!•    nil;    I'ROIKM WIS 


♦t 


.I'.") 


the  Hihir.  The  morv  th.-y  thought,  f hr  nmn-  .litirrrn, v.  „| 
-pim.m  tluTr  wen-  about  n|,Vi.,u.  ,i,in.,.  -j  lui>  th.n- 
aroM-  many  diflVrint  mh  t>. 

Martin    Luther.       TIr.  man  who  , I,,  land  war   .u.    the 
CathcUc  Church  and  hcramc  the   k-a.icr  <.l    thi>  n»w  r.li- 


Martiv  I.riiuK. 


UMous  movement  was  Martin  Luther,  a   (urman  i)rote>.or. 

"•■  '    '"'^"^    "    >aere.-l    pu^TnVM^ie    lo   Rome.      While 

there,  he  heard  st()rie.>  ahout  the  pope  and   m.inv  of   the 
hi-her  clergy  that  dis])lea>ed  him  verv  much.     Luther  (h'd 


II 


.^jo   ij.wvn  of  a.mkrhan  msTokv  i\  kikoi'i; 

not  \v:inl  to  (|uarr(l  with  the  poju.  hut  hr  hrliiviil  iliai 
evils  had  <  rcj)!  into  thi-  rhun  h.  and  h<  wished  to  drivf  out 
thi>  wi(  ki(im»  as  Pr.pr  Sylvotir  had  trii-d  .so  hard  to  do 
many  years  before. 

Breaking  Away  from  the  Church.  Wh*  n,  a  h  w  \ears 
later.  I.utherwrote  M.nieof  his  l)eli,|".>  in  L;!iin  and  i»ost,.,| 
them  upon  the  (|o..r  ol"  his  ehun  h.  as  was  the  tustom. 
e\eryl)(.dy  he^aii  to  talk  about  them.  'Ih(  y  wiTe  trans- 
lated into  (iirman  and  spread  broad(ast.  The  poj.e 
threatened  to  i)uni>h  Luther  for  heresy;  but  stroim  frien(l> 
came  to  Luther's  sid,.  and  proteeted  him  from  both  the 
kinji  and  the  pope. 

The  Protestants.  .\othinf,'  could  stoj)  the  spread  of 
Luther's  beliefs.  His  followers,  beeau.se  they  made  a  pro- 
test, were  called  Protestants.  Ihey  .sj)ranK  up  ^i"  <>vtr 
we.stern  i:uro])e.  Preai  hers  went  from  town  to  town  and 
fnmi  country  to  country,  sj)readin<(  the  new  tiaihin^'s. 
(iermany.  Knj,'iand.  and  other  northern  (ountrio  broke 
away  from  the  Catliolic  Church  and  formed  new  relij^ious 
sects,  for  the  Protestants  could  not  aj^ree  amonj,'  themselves 
on  rehV'ious  cjuestions.  Lar<,'e  numl)ers  of  IVotestants  were 
found  in  France  and  thi-  Xetherlands.  Hut  there  was  one 
(cuntry.  above  all  others,  rhat  was  loyal  to  the  poi)e  and 
to  the  mother  c  hun  h.  and  that  country  was  Spain. 

Purifying  the  Roman  Church.  After  the  JVototant 
nations  of  the  north  had  broken  away  from  the  mother 
church.  Ilurope  })ecame  divided  into  two  hostile  camps, 
and  lon^'  religious  wars  followed.  The  nobler  and  better 
peoj)le  anions  the  Catholics  sou.^ht  to  jmrify  their  church, 
to  dri\-e  out  sc^ll'ishness  and  wic  kediuss.  so  that  they  mi),'ht 
tace  thc-ir  enemies  with  a  clear  conscience  and  a  united  en- 
thusiasni.  Thus  there  arose  in  the  Roman  church  several 
orders  whose  purp..se  was  to  brin^:  back  the  purits  .the  noble 


KIM.   "I      im.    I'kOTKM WIS 

'l.'votion,  an.l   th,.  virtm-  u|   i.,rmrr  .lav>.     Thr  mu.t   i.n- 
l-rt.int  .,1  tlK>.  wa>  l\u-  '•  Or.Kr  ol  J.m...-  „r  tlu-  J...uit> 

The    Founder    of   the    Jesuits.       Tlu     ,.,un.Kr    ..,    ,|,i, 
nuhlc.nlcrw;.,  l;rnatiu>Ln\ob.aSj.ani>hkni^rht.     H.  h  ul 

;n«   .linos  h.   rc-a.l    th.   livo   an.l    >(uri.>  uf   tlu-   s.int. 
I  IHM-  had  a  marvd..u^  inlliun.  f  ..„  hi>  miiKJ.     IK-  ^-avr  up 
t'l^  .Ircams  of    military  ^U>vy  an,!  ,Kdi(atcd  hi.  Iil\-  t,.  th,- 
'l-ureh    of    Ron,c-.      The-   Jc->uit>    wm-   a    .k-v..tni    l.odv   ,.| 
";'t>^-  an.l  unsdi.sh  nun.  wlu.  pn,v.,|  a  «rc-at  aid  t.,' th<- 
'  -'thnlu  Church  in  this  trying  tinu-  of  hitt.r  war.      Thc-v 
.Ir.uc-d  thc-m.dvc->  all  tic-s  of  honu-,  faniilv.  a.ui  fri.n.lshi,', 
•NothuiK  was  pc-rmittal  t..  ,.,nu-  h.-twrcn  the-,,,    an<l    thdr 
-rvuc  tor  the-  church.     The- Jc->uils  did  not  shut  thc-msdvc-s 
away  trom  the-  world  about  thc-m  to  fast  and  prav  for  th.-ir 
;'wn  .ouls.  a>  did  the-  early  monks,  hut  th.v  ^ave  thcmsc-lvcs 
m  nloru.us  .c-rvicc  to  thc-ir  fc-llow-mc-n.     Nothing'  was  too 
lu.i-'h  n<.r   too   low   for   thc-ir   nobk-  endeavors.     The-y  were 
preachers  and  cnfe-ssors,  the-y  we-rc-   politicians,  the-v  wc-re- 
a.iv,.e-rsol  kin^s.     As  missionarie-s  the- Je-suits  e-n<lurt-d  the- 
i'ardships  ot  a  lone-ly  life-  in  the-  far-otT  corne-rs  of  the-  worl.l 
n.  orde-r  to  te-aeh  and  to  h-ad  the-  >avaKes  into  the  C'hristian 
'-"th.     One   of   the    greatest    service-^    to    their    time-    was 
'He  loundin^'of  the  Jesuit  sc  hool>,  which  were  the  best  in 
l-uropc.     Hut  above  all  the  Jesuits  helped  to  brin^'  back 
i'unty.unselhshness,  and  -...Hiness  to  the  fatholic  Church 


(.'I  Ksrioxs 

>•    iJow  .11.1  riclu-s  weak.n  tlu-  .  h»r,  h  :^     ,.    Wh.,  was  Vujn-  Svl- 

■' >tfr  an.l  what  n.ihli- thiiu' ,li.l  I,.,  f,,    ...    i.    .      .      ,.■•  •     •     ' 

''•'  ■'  '•"  >•  >*  f'V  wa.-.  lic.irc  to 
-art,  >,ru„Kcr  u>  Italy  that,  clsc-whcr..  :^  4.  Tc-ll  al.,ut  iVtrarch's 
'-•■  5  W  hat  tn..vcm,-ms  .ii.j  lu-  s.t  i;..i„K>  6.  H<,w  was  tlu-  k.i.,wi- 
■iKc-  ..t  the-  (,n  .  ks  savc-d  ^      ;.    \\h„  ucr<-  hcTc-tics  '^     S.    \\hv  .li.l  the 


S..S     l>\UN    Ol     AMIKK  W    lll>|(>k\     |\    I  I  KOI'I. 

I  liiiii  li  |H  r^i(  ulr  ilittti  ^  n  \\i\'  ■■,n\  ilifi.irU  I'mli  ,iiit  i  liun  ht-s 
KUiIlN  <<\  iM-r^i  Ilium  ,iU.i  ^  >,  I  l.ii.r  ili.ipi  •  oil  lloll.iinl 
lo  Wli.il  Win  HI. Ilk  hiH.l.-.  -  M  I'l  II  ,il".'H  ihi  i!i'.  (  iiiioii  (i!  till 
prill  1 11!^  |irr^>  1  ( '.III  \<iii  think  ni'nilu  r  iii\  >  iii  inu^  il.  ii  li,i\c  iiicmi 
"Hin  lu  ih.  «  'III'  i;  (iivi  n.i-uii,  l.ir  Muir  liilirl-,,  i.j.  Wh.it 
•  aiiMil  ihr  >i.lil  ill  ilif  Ciihiilit  Cliiirth'  l^  Who  lid  in  thi- 
rniivrniiiit'  lO.  \\lu»  wtrr  tin-  Ji>uit.-.  and  uh.il  nulilc  work  liid 
tluv  tlo  / 


■fW^ 


CIIAI'IKR    \X\II 
THE   REVOLT   OF   THE    NETHERLANDS 
Philip  Defends  the  Roman  Church.      Th.  .  r.,w„  nt  v., „„ 
>;'ll"n.5xvtn  Philip  II.     H.-..!.,r.M.iv..i,run,  hi-f.ulur 
the  \(.fluTlMn,|>.      Now  Philip  ua>  a  amIuu>  (•.ah..li.        II.. 
thou^'ht    it    \va> 
his     rrli>,'i(>u> 
•luty   to    burn 
t-viTV  hiTitic    ill 
ills  (loniininn  nr 
to     fortr     thrill 
all   hack    into 
t  lu-     Catholit 
Church,  and   he 
>tar     i\  to  do  it. 
I'lu  >j)ani>h  had 
■  'U^ht     many 
.>   ar.s  to  uphold 
thf  faith  and  to 
ixpc'I  thi-  intidil 
M'M)rs.     Thfv 
wiTc  in  no  mood 
to  allow  any  om- 
to     critirizf     or 
brtak  away  from  ••.,.,„■  ii  ,..  ..^s. 

th.    laith  for  whi(h  thi-y  had  ^arriii.  ftl  >o  much  in  frra^urt- 
■  Hid  in  Mood. 


Stamping  Out  Heresy  in  the  Netherlands.      Phihp  vowel 

-m  from  hi^  domains, 


he  would  stamj)  out  all  Prote-t, 


0  -') 


15 


',\0     l>\\\\    Mi     AMIKK   \\    Ills  It  (in     IS    II  K(,|.| 

•  iiitl  .It   (.tut    or.l.ri.l   the  -..\trtiur  cf  the   Nitlu tI.iikU 
I'urii  ur  kill  .til  wlin  nliiM.I  t.,  ,it.,|,t  the  C.ithuli,    inrni 
u.ir>hi|>.      M.iiiy  Krrat  ti.i|,|,s  ,,ii.|   liiiii(|rt(N  ,,\   \\u-  Icidi 
<ili/.ii-  nt   the   Xcilitrl.iiiiK  ucrt-  triu    ( '.ithcli,  .       \,  \ 

tllrlf..  tllt\    ..l,j,,tf,|    In  ilii.   uli,,|,..i|,.   |,.,„^-i,m    , :,„|    |,„, 

111^:  <'l  llitir  iui;^lil...r-.  htt.iuM'  u|  rdii^i.-u-  h«lifl. 

Too  Much  Freedom  I'liilip  .,,w  thai  h.  \v,i.  lik.ly 
li.ivc  lr..iil.|f  ill  niakiii-  tlif  |.f..|.|.-  ..i  the  Wt litrl,m.i>  ol, 
lii-  .ruil  ..r.itr>  .i^.tin^l  llir  l'rut,Maiit>.  'IIu-  \,>\\n>  ai 
pr.iviiHt-  ..t  tli.il  ...uiitr>  Ii.mI  |un-  h,i,|  ,|,art.r>  ..!  lituTt 
aii.l  tin-  iKil.lf.  .pukf  ..lit  iM.l.lly  .i-,iiii^t  tlii>  txraruii. 
•  Tdcr.  S..  I'hiiip  .oMilu.Ini  that  the  iir>i  thin-  tn  .!.,  w 
til  t.ikf  aw.iy  lluir  lilxriii-. 

Would  Become  an  Absolute  Ruler.  Ih  |.I,,iin..| 
capture  all  the  ^t.uil  duarl..!  patriots  an. I  lilurtv  |..vii 
iinhl.s,  niaii>  .,1  whom  ^u■u■  |:,y.il  Catholits.  an.l  upon  oi 
cxdisc  or  anoth.r  to  put  tlicni  to  .hath.  In  thi-  \va\  1 
li..pnl  t..  Iri-ht.n  .ill  the  .oiunion  p.opl,-  an.l  lor.f  th.ni  l 
-uhinit  to  hi^  al)M,|ut.'  rulr.  Alttr  th.tt  it  woul.l  1,^  ca, 
t.>  ro.)t  out  Pr.dotantisni. 

The  Beggars.       On.'  ..t  thf  kin-'s  oftuvrs  in  thf  Xcihf 
lan.ls  lallc.l  thf  IV..|i'>tants  "  |ir^ru,,r,  •• .  _,„,,  ,,^^,^.  „|_^^,, 
adojUi-.l    the    nanu-.    .ryin;;.    "  Lon-    live    tlu'     Hi-^'-.ir>! 
One  ot   ihtir  h'a.iirs  >oon  app.ar.-.l  in  puhii,    .lri»nl  as 
lH',-,'.urar ;    an.l   Irom   this  tini.-,   the  .X.'th.rl.m.l    IVoti'stanl 
\v..r.>   thf   l)c<r^Mr"s  ...stunu'  ..l"  coar>i'.   -ray   .l,.th.  with 
w.illct  an.l  \\-..o.|,ii  hnwl  a.v  rmhlfms  of  th.  ir  hc-.-arhood. 

The  Beggars  Striking  Back  On  Mwral  ...rasion- 
niol.s..f  I'rotrstants  l.rokr  int..  CalhohV  .hur.hrs.  urc.  k.'. 
thf  .dl.ir^,  M)i.i.hc.l  thf  iniat'ts  t.>  piers,  an.l  .|.str..\  .'.I  al 
"l).i«rt.  ot  art  .iii.i  l.,auty  that  l",ll  in  th.ir  way.      Tlu'y  wrr 

n!<t     ■'*    r.i.K-    f,,    .,..-    .....        .  j.        /■     ,1       1-  •  .       . 

•' '-"    '■    i-!-^^-;'    i.ic  V  atii.uh  s  m  liuirlurn;    i.i 

at   this  linu-,  n..  ..nc  Ixlicvnl  that  ni..ri-  than  .,nc-  rrii^ioi 


-s/:^ri:' 


m^^Em^:. 


m^i^m  T.'?»£^^B^.i#  .tM^m 


1.1. 1  ly 


""     KI\<i|.T   <.i     Till,    \!.H||.K|.v\,,s 


>  ,1 


-"uMcM-.t  i,.  Ih.  suml.m.i  i:v.r>.,n.hl,  that  InM.,  hVf 
u..^  ih.onK  ri;;hi  r.li^i,,n.,„„|,i,,,  ,t  w,,.  |„,  .lu!\  t..  i-.r- 
^t<  utc  .ill  4. till  r  l.iiti)-. 

••  It  shall  Cost  Them  Dear.  '       \Vh,„  tlu   km,  I,.  ..r.l  ..f 
Hum.  Hutr.m,..,  h..  I.mk..  out  in  ..n^Mr    '■  It  .lull...,,  th.n, 
'K..r.  I. war  II  !.>   thr  -oul  .,  nn   latli.r-      H.  ..ou  M„t  a 
MfW  ;,'u\»riitir.    llif 
l>ukf  >>\  AK.i.  with 
■I    ^rc.it     army     t.» 
'  ■!  r  ry    o  u  f     h  i> 
uitkfil    (If^ii^^Ds    ill 
lilt-      XctluTl.imU, 
I  lie   l)iikf  i>\  AK.i 
w  .1  >    (I  lie    (»|"    the 
•jr.ati'st       ;,'ftUTal> 
"I    I]  u  rope,      lit- 
\va>    -tddy-htartrd 
and  m.r(ili.>s.      IK- 
'"•li<'\f(l.      vvith 
''liilip.    that    all 
lurrtio  >h..iil(l   In- 
put   to  (k-ath.  ami 
\\as    ul;„i     ,,f     ,1,^. 

1  ham  I'   to    huliliiT 
the  Mfii^ars. 
The  Duke  of  Alva's  Plot 

-  ''>>-lay,  •  >aid  Alva,  a.  lu.  .,  .,n  ;  ••  I  dull  know  ^,u"  to 
'  «al  with  thf.c  nun  of  l.uttrr.-  Kv.rvl.ndv  wh.,  ,,o,.d  lor 
'  "••  I'lHTtus  of  hi.  lami.  Catholi.  or  I'n.t.Mant,  Alva  wis 
'  I'arunl  to  put  to  .l^ath  upon  om-  ,x,  u>c-  or  .inoth,r.  Alva 
'^^.i>  kindl\-  ri'H'i\fd  l)\  ih.-  .rr,.o  „.,i,i,.  .  .■  .i.  x-  .i  ■ 
■'"'  'H'  lu.l  h.,  wi.krd  intention,  h.-ncath  manv  .mil... 
^vhUehc  contrivnl  a  pk.n  to  capture  all  the  Icadin^^  patriot^ 


III    K(     .If      \|  \    \ 


i\r  I. lined  men  of  iron 


w^^mr'-': 


f'T; 


.;^j     I)  WW    (»l     A.MIkK   \\    IIInIokv    IN    lilkOPK 

•'•  '""  "''1"  •  !'<•  iirr.iii-cd  ,1  l.rilli.int  lf-ti\;il  in  the  most 
I'ididlN  way,  A\u\  iiiMtcl  ;i'  !  ,.  I,a(lir>  t..  tin-  caj)ital. 
Mo-t  (.1  thrill  ..mif.     Hi.  <,ri  IkkI  tluir  or.ltr>  to  arri>t 

'''•"'  """"  •''  ■'  ,^''\<n  -it-'iia  i'liiiN  tlu'  l.ravcst  K'adtT^ 
ol  ili(  X.  tluriaii.i-.  -nnu-  o|'  u'.om  h.id  lou.uht  lor  Kinj,' 
I'liilip  on  iiMiiy  liatticii.jd..  were  tak.ii  unawares  and 
l.mdid  in   ]iri-on. 

The  Council  of  Blood.  Alva  quii  kly  nia.l.-  up  a  ( ourt  (.f 
lirartic-.  nun  to  ir\  tlioc  iioMc-,  ,itli,.r  a-  traitor>  (.r  luTi-- 
t"  -       He  (allid  iir>  new  ho.jy  the  CouiK  ii  Mt    I'rouhlo;  liut 

i>-o|.lf  lia\c -iiKr  named  it  the  Couiuilol   HI j.      ■•\Vholt' 

bal(h.^..|  tlicatiu-cd  wcn- (  ondciiincd  to^c•tlu■r.  olThand  ; 
iiii'l  Ironi  one  end  ui  the  .\(lli(rlan<l>  to  the  other  the  e.xe- 
(Ulii.iur-  were  l.u.>  Willi  xiak,-.  ^word,  and  -;iM.et  until 
the  w  hole  lan<l  ran  red  with  hl.icid." 

Hatred  for  the  Spaniard  ( )n  an  A>h  WediuMlax ,  wlun 
the  peopl,'  \\cr(  at  li(im.  ,  liiteeii  lumdre(l  j.atriot>  were  .ir- 
ri-led;  and  \l\a  wrot,-  to  i*liili|.,  siyinu,"]  lia\e  ordered 
tlieni  alltxe.  uted."  .\lan\  |o\al  ( "atlioli*  •-  ohje,  ted  to  thi> 
wlinli^aie  -lau-hter.  i)ut  not hin- i  oul<l  nioxi-  I'liiiij.  or  thi' 
i'loo.l  thir->t\  Al\a.  Ihi.  atro,iuu>  l.uriiin.i:  an<l  kiliin;:  of 
iroud  men  lor  no  (  rime  hut  a  love  oi'  liherty.  or  a  de>ire  to 
wordu"|.  a-  they  l.elie\e<l  riuhl,  arou-i-il  undying  hatred 
airaiii-t   the  Spaniard-. 

William.  Prince  of  Orange.  .Xmon::  the  unhapjiy 
.Xeth.rlander-  wa-  a  patriot.  I'riiue  William  ..f  ( )ranjie. 
whom  .\I\  a.  with  all  hi-  .  imnim:,  .  ould  not  ( atdi.  allhouj,'li 
h.  laid  man\  trap-,  lie  iiuited  the  j.rime  to  lea>t-.  he 
oil.  red  him  hril.e-,  he  hired  a— a— in-  to  -lav  him  ;  hut 
William  ol  (Irani:'  wa-  a  war\  man.  and  the  eruel  Al\a 
tried  in  \ain  to  (apture  him.  \\  illiair  wa-  -o  earel'ul  in 
what  he  -aid.  that  people  lu^ra,,  to  eall  him  William  the 
Silent. 


Tirr:  rf-aolt  of  thi:  \i:THi;Ri,\\ns 


.>  ■>  •> 


William,  the  First  to  Believe  in  Religious  Freedom.     - 

IVirid-  William  \va>  the  Itadrr  and  .l.t.iKlvr  ..|'  hi>  pc.ppif 

al  thi-^  li<iiuK»  time.     H.-  I.ilirvtd  thai   n.i  ni.iii.  not  cx- 

(■i'i)tin^'  the  \H<\K\  had  a  riu'ht  t«.  puni-h  utjur-  lor  l)ilii\  ini; 

and  \v<)r>hii)iiii.;as  lht>  |>KaMd.      Jhr  prin*  r  ituouniu'i-d  his 

pfo|)lf  to  litrht  ;    hf  raJM-d   inoruy;    hv  raiM-d  arniii'>  ;    ht- 

niadf    frifnd>    in 

otluT    lountric-,    in 

I'raiuc.      (itrtnan\. 

and     I-",nf.dand.    ulio 

were  willint;  to  M-nd 

aid. 

Crushing  the 
Pa  riot  Armies. 
William  tin-  Silrnt 
w  a  >  a  t  i  r  (,■  I  (■  ^  > 
Worker.  Hut  .\!\a. 
with  hi>  \itfran 
Sj)ani>h  >ol(iifr>. 
-rattcrfd.  oiU'  by 
onr,  f\iTy  army  that 
thi-  patriots  rould 
rai>c'.  In  onr  hattic 
I  111-  Spaniard.s  lo->t  hut  -c-vin.  whik-  tlu'ir  opponniN  lo>t 
-•■vi'M  thou>and  nun.  The  Spani>h  armit-^  (  ru-hrd  all  I.c- 
lon-thrm,  lor  William  \va>  no  mat(  h  for  .\l\a  a-  a  ^'cncral. 

Stamping  Out  Teutonic  Liberty  not  Easy  Still  th.' 
l»rincf  woulil  not  own  him-cli"  loiKiutrcd.  .\ii.r  a  hitttr 
'Iftcal.  hf  >aid.  "With  (iod'-  h«;lp  I  am  dtt.rmincd  (o  ;;o 
on."  .\f,Min  armif>  wire  rai-i-d.  and  a^rain  .\l\a  i.ut  tli.in 
lo  rout.  Ill'  wrote  IMiilip.  -ayim:.  "We  ma\  nuard  the 
i'riiue  ot  Oran-if  a>  a  diad  man;  he  ha>  now  ntith.r  in 
lUicm  r  nor  i  redit.'" 


W  r  I  1  \si    iii>    ^11  i  \  1 


3U     I>AWN    or    AMKKK  AN    IilS'K)k\-    IN    l.rROrF. 


Dark  Days  for  Liberty.  .\1\  .i'>  armiis  m;irc  hid  up  ;in< 
(iiiwn  the  liind.  tapturiii^  in(»t  (if  tlu-  t()wn>.  and  putting 
niaiiy  of  tin-  ih(.]>K-  t(.  (k-ath.  Kvrrythin^r  looki-d  dark 
to  tlu'  .\ftluTland(r>.  'rhou>an(!>  of  I'rototants  tied  foi 
relume  to  I'raiu  I',  (ifrmany.  and  Mimkiiid. 

The  Sea  Beggars.  Ilu-  l)ravr  Hollai',dir>  now  trii-<: 
a  new  way  of  n^jlitin^'.  'llu-y  1k'<,mii  to  huild  .>hip>.  and  .soon 
had  cij^ditffn  vc>scl>  sailing'  aljout  in  Sfarch  of  the  tnoniv, 
Tlu  >(•  Dutch  vi»t!>  Win-  nianrifil  with  wiid  and  hiwk's> 
nicn.  who  hatrd  the  S|)aniard>  hitti-rly.  Ilu-\-  witl-  as 
(  rucl  a>  .\l\a  hini>t  If.  The  (  rcw>  c  and  ru»thin^'  for  dan^i-rs, 
a>  Ion;;  as  thcrr  wa>  plenty  of  li<,'htini,'  aiul  rich  booty.  'I'hc 
Spain'ard>  lallcij  thcni  Sea  Ht-y^ars. 

Philip's  Match  on  the  Sea.  In  a  year  they  had  taken 
three  hundrt-d  Spanish  \i»els  and  enormous  hootw  Kn- 
ioura;red  1)\  thi>.  WilHani  of  ()rani,'e  Ituilt  more  ship>.  until 
tlic  number  had  rea(  hid  ei^dU\-four.  The  <  rt'w>  >])read 
tiTror  everywhere,  but  little  of  the  booty  e\-er  reached 
Orange.  The  Sea  Het;^ar>  >aili-d  uj)  ami  down  the  loast, 
seekinu  re\cnj.re  for  .\l\a's  cruel  deeds. 

The  Sea  Beggars'  First  Port.  Onee  a  fleet  was  driven 
into  the  Meu>e  I<i\-er  by  a  -lorm.  Findinu  the  S])anish 
uarrison  of  lirill  off  their  j^nianl,  six  hundred  Sea  Heji^ars 
manheil  in  and  took  the  city.  i)illa^ed  du'  ehun  lies,  and 
murdered  the  Catholic  c  ler'^y  and  ott"uial>.  Then  they 
St  remit  hcMied  tin-  walls,  ran  up  the  tl.iii  of  Oran^^'e,  and  held 
the  town,  which  became  their  lirst  port. 

Dutch  at  Home  Upon  the  Sea.  From  thi>  small  be^'in- 
in.ii.  Holland  wa>  to  i;rovv  into  a  ^reat  >ea  power.  .\!\a 
tried  aiiain  and  au'ain  to  retake  Hrill.  but  in  vain.  One 
port  after  another  c|uickl\-  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Sea 
Be'jLrars,  and  seviral  whole  provinces  were  r-  'aiven  by  them 
in  the  name  of  William  of  Orange. 


TFII-:  KKNoi/r  oi   Tin;  MTnr.ki.WDs 


,'»,>.'< 


Holland  Holding  Out.  -Ridi  nun  Hants  now  opincl 
thtir  |)ur>t>  to  Willi. im  ;  and  thcrt-  Mcnicl  Iio|h'  of  >a\in.i: 
the  northern  i)rovintf>  from  the  dutilu-^  of  tlu- \  ii  toriou> 
Alva.  I'riniT  William  (Ifd.jnl  to  ^ivc  up  thr -outluTii 
pro\in(t>.  in  whii  li  thr  jn'opK-  wfrc  lar.i^'cly  Catholii.  an<i 
to  makf  hi.>  Ia>l  -tand  for  tin-  low  iountri«->  of  Holland. 
wluTf  tlu-  Prototant.-  witc  numtTou>  and  rradx  to  put  up 
the  >toutfSt  liulit.  ■rhi>  was  a  swampv  land  protit  trd  |,y 
dikf>. 

The  Fate  of  Holland.  One  of  Willian)">  coa-t  town- 
wa>  llarltm.  .\lva  ri>o|\r<i  to  takt-  this,  and  thf.ontr-t 
l.i>t(,(i  for  month-  with  li;,'htin,u  "iudit  and  ilav.  K\»-rv  tinu- 
the  Sj.aniard-  made  an  attatk  thfv  w.-rr  driven  hai  k  with 
;:rtat  lo>>.  At  la>t  tlu-y  surroundi-d  tht.-  town  and  -at  down 
to  >tar\c'  Harlem  into  surrender.  So  lun^  as  the  -hallow 
water-  -urniiindinj,'  the  town  were  coven-d  witli  ice.  -wift 
skaters  darted  in  during  the  dark,  fo^^'y  nij,'ht>  with  food. 
Mut  when  spring  «ame,  a  Spanish  tkrt  i  ut  ot"f  approach  by 
water.  The  >larvin,u'  jHople  inside  the  town  had  eaten 
>hoe  leather  and  even  weed-.  .\t  la-t  they  were  foncd 
to  <,'ive  up.  The  hlood-thir-ty  Spaniard-  ru-hed  in  ami 
l)Utehered  the  weak  and  helples-  -urvivor-  hy  the  hundred. 

Still  Defiant.  -  I'hilip  now  otTered  par<lon  to  the  stout- 
hearted Hollanders  if  they  would  lay  down  their  arms  and 
return  to  the  ("utholie  faith.  Hut  they  bitterly  hated 
Philip,  the  man  who  had  handed,  beheaded,  burned,  and 
buried  ah"ve  their  inmnent  brethren.  So  thev  replied, 
"  .\s  lonji  as  then-  is  a  living  man  left  in  the  rountry,  we 
will  ti<iht  fi»r  our  liberty  aini  our  reli.uioii." 

Attempt  to  Take  Leyden.  .\((()rdin<ily,  a  powerful 
Sp.u\ish  arm\-  -et  out  to  capturt'  Ley<Ki).  a  (ity  not  mam 
mile-  from  the  -ea.  They  were  beaten  otT  b\  the  br.ive 
del'ender-  and  auain  -at  down  to  >tar\e  ihern  out.     William 


3,0     DAWN    <)|     AMI.kK  AN    lIlsIORN     IN    Kl  ROI'K 

(<»ul(l  nut  rai-^r  an  army  hi-  cikmi::!!  tc  heat  l)a<  k  the  Sf)ar 
ianU.  !)ut  he  ur^'cil  the  l.ra\<'  lluilaii<lrrs  lo  hold  out  hi 
three  tnoiilh-,  promi-inL,'  ihat  tie  would  -a\e  iheiu  Irorn  th 
I  hlti  he-  ol"   the  elKitu  . 

Facing  Starvation.  Week-  ])a-e(|  h\ .  and  tooil  heeam 
-1  ar(  e  ill  th.  town.  rhe\-  wr..tc  ( )ran.m-  that  they  had  kep 
their  proiui-e  ihe\  •'  liad  held  out  two  monlli-  with  lo.ul 
and  another  month  withou!    food.      Th,  ir  m  ill  ( akt-  wouh 


Wfi'^ 


'I     i    .    (It     ||.,|  I   ^Mi 


ki>t  hut  four  .la\-;  and  after  that  \\a-  -^'one  there  wa; 
iioihinu'  left  hut  -tarxation  ■■ 

The  Only  Hope.  Orange  had  hut  one  roour^e  left 
Ihat  wa-  to  (Ut  the  dike-  and  send  the  oiean  waxes  t( 
liizht  the  S|)ani.ir.is.  'I'he  j>eo],|e  he-itai..l  losurrendtr  t< 
the  >ea  thi'ir  erop>  and  land-  won  by  year-  of  toil,  hut  the\ 
at  last  aureed  with  ( )ran^'e  when  he  -ai<i.  lietter  a  drowned 
land  than  a   lo-t   land." 

Cutting  the  Dikgs  Oraime.  therefore.  (  ut  the  ^T^-at 
dike-  in  -ixteen  ptaie-.  and  the  oican  pour,  d  throu<^h. 
rii.-  >.i  He-uar-  had  two  hundre.l  -hips  of  li-ht  draft, 
well-mann.-d.  ready  to  .-ail  to  the  relief  of  Le\.len,  hut  the 


Pil 


THK   RE\OLT  OF   THE   NKTUKKLWDS 


>•>/ 


^f)an- 


sca  TOM'  viTV  slowly,  as  the  uitid  was  in  tlu-  wronji  dini  - 
tion.  The  tlt-rt  had  approached  to  within  iiw  miles  ol"  the 
eity  and  la\  there  waiting;  for  the  water  to  rix  . 

Starving  for  the  Sake  of  Liberty  A  wt  i  k  pa>M  d  and 
the  >lar\inj,'  (iti/en^  he^'an  to  Iom'  ho|)e  .iml  to  (oini)lain 
t)itter!\-.  lirtad,  malt  (  ake,  and  liorMlU-h  were  all  u'oiu-. 
riuy  had  eaten  all  the  do^'-.  iat>,  ami  rat-  A  lew  (t»ws 
w.re  l(M,  hut  thi'y  were  needed  lor  the  milk.  i:a.  h  dav 
-onif  were  killed,  and  >mall  liit>  di-trihutcd  anions  the 
-tar\inti  l)eo])le.  The  (owhi(K>  were  i  hopped,  l)oilcd,  and 
I'aten  eagerly.  'I'lu'  ^reen  Ii'a\e-  weri'  -trii»pt<l  iroin  the 
trees  for  fotwl.  Men.  women,  ami  children  were  (l\in;^  in 
L'rcat  luimhc-rs.  tor  a  i)e-t!leiue  had  lomt  upon  the  unhafipv 
.  ity. 

Supreme  Heroism.  The  >i)aniar(U  tauntdl  the  hravc 
|Hoplc  (in  the  wall-,  hut  th-  j)huk\  Holl.mdcr-  -houted 
l)a(  k  :  "  \  c-  rail  n-  rat  cater-  and  dou  cater-,  .md  it  i-  true. 
So  l..,'ii:,  then,  a-  \r  hear  doi:  hark  or  i  at  mew .  \c-  !)ia\  know 
lliat  tile  I  ity  hold-  out.  And  when  al!  ha\f  peri-b.eil  hut 
our-el\e-.  lie  -are  that  wc-  will  ea(  h  i!i  \our  our  Kit  arm-, 
retaining'  our  ri^dit  to  ilefend  our  wonn-n.  our  lil>ert\,  and 
our  reli^n'on  aijain-t    the  hloodthir-t  \-  >p,iniard." 

The  Unconquerable  Van  der  Werf.  Some  !ioi)e|e-s 
wretihe-  irathered  ahoiit  tlie  hraxf  Idir^onia-ter  \'an  der 
Werl,  the  commander  of  the  town,  and  at  i  u-ed  him  of 
preferring'  to  -t.ir\e  them  rather  tli.iu  .L.'i\e  up  to  th,- 
Sjianiard-  That  hi  ,o  r<|)lied  ;  "  Here  i- m\  -wonl.  piun^'e 
it  into  my  Itrea-t  and  ih'x  ide  m\'  t1e-h  amoUL'  \ou  to  ai)|>ea-e 
\our  humrer;  hut  cxpc  t  no  -urreiider  -o  luui;  a-  I  -hall 
remain  alise."      1  hi-  -h  tmed   the-  faint  hearted  liti/eii-  to 


ibedieni  e,  and   tlieri    \\,i-  no  more  lliiu  liiiu 


The  Wind  Changes 


're-.entl\   the  wind 


riianiriit  aui 


Irovc  the  -ea  water-  o\er  the  land.      The  lnit>h  tlcct  with 


.^yS     DAWN    OI    AMKklCAN    HISTORV   IN   KIKOI'K 

tluir  lulovfd  prime  aboard  saili-d  in  anions  trees  and  farn 
l)uildin^'s.  difiMtcd  the  Si)aniar(ls,  and  l)r()U},'ht  food  to  thi 
Milterin^'  i)eoj)le  of  Leyden.  Kvery  man.  who  eould  stand 
eanieout  to  meet  the  lleet.and  bread  \\a>  thrown  from  ever^ 
vessel  into  the  erowd.  Some  att-  so  ea<,'erly  that  the\ 
(hoked  to  death.  'I1uy  gathered  in  their  church  when 
they  san^'.  prayed,  and  wept  likt-  children. 

Leyden  Rewarded  by  a  University.  When  Wilhan 
Mstened  to  the  story  of  their  glorious  <lefen.st'.  he  rejoieec 
e.xceedin^'ly.  Wishing  to  reward  the  heroic  defenders  ol 
h'berty.  the  prince  olfered  to  release  the  city  from  all  ta.xes 
liut  the  Dutch  were  a.s  wiM"  as  they  were  plucky.  rhc> 
>aicl.  "  Wc  prefer  a  uiuver>ity."  Sometime  later  thi 
j.riih  c-  founded  the-  ^nat  rniver>ity  of  Leyden  in  honor  oi 
thi^  vie  tory.  In  the  course  of  time  this  bee  ame  famou>  and 
drew  scholars  from  all  c  ivili/ed  lands  to  enjoy  it>  advan- 
taj^es. 

Philip  Hiring  Assassins.  Kin;^  Philip  was  now  con- 
vinced that  he-  could  never  eonciucr  Holland  as  lon^^  as  the 
wonderful  jjatriot  William  wa>  alive;  so  he  proclaimed 
him  to  all  the  world  as  a  traitor,  and  olTere-d  twenty-live 
thousaod  crowns  of  uold  toanyc»ne  "who  shall  deliver  this 
pc>t  to  us,  dead  or  alive;  or  take  his  life."  An  assassin 
K'o*  access  to  William's  house  and  shot  him  as  he  went  to 
dimuT.  The  villain  fell.  j)iereecl  by  many  arrows,  while 
William  recovered. 

The  Great  Patriot  Falls.  Hut  another  rulVian  with 
murder  in  his  heart  secured  {)ermission  to  enter  the  house. 
He  was  in  a  wretche.l  condition,  so  William  sent  him  a 
present  of  twcKe  crowns.  With  this  ^dft  the  scoundrel 
bou^'ht  a  i)i^tol,  watched  his  chance,  and  >hot  William  dead. 
.Ml  Holland  mourned  the  death  of  their  noble  chief,  and 
they  buried  him  with  L'real  honor.-,. 


TIIK    KKVOLT   OK   TflK    M  I  UKRI. WDS 


«♦ 


A  New  Enemy  of  Spain.  William  tin-  Silml  had  (It.nc 
his  work  ><>  will  that  tin-  Dutrh  Ripuhlii .  wliiih  hi-  had 
foundi-d,  could  not  \k-  ovrnorm-  hy  Sj)ain.  Kli/alu'th. 
the  F'roti'>tant  (|Uirn  of  Kn^Iand.  now  otTtnd  aid  to  tlu- 
l)ravt>  little  lountry  of  Holland.  I'hilij).  in  an^tr.  turned 
to  concjuer  Knjiland  ;  after  whii  h  he  heliiAed  he  eould  lini,-h 
the  destruction  of  liberty  in  Holland. 

OIK.STIONS 

I.  What  country  was  tin-  most  loyal  to  thi'  motlitr  cluirdi^ 
.'.  Wliy  '  !,.  WluTi- (lid  I'hilipot  Spain  Kit  llif  kiiiK^liii.  nt  llolLnnl  ^ 
4.  M<.w  (liii  hi'  try  to  ^tamp  out  thr  I'rotrst.uit  mi  i>  then-  '  ;  \\  lio 
wtri'  thf  Hi'KKars  'f  (>.  Who  was  .\lva  ami  vih.it  kind  ol  a  tijjhtiT  was 
hi'.-'  7.  Was  hf  as  nood  a  man  a>  he  was  a  KriiiTal  .'  ,S.  Till  alM)Ut 
his  plot.  <).  What  was  thi-  ("oumil  ot  Hlood  :^  10.  Who  was  thf 
Rrcat  patriot  ol  Holland:-'  11.  Compan-  him  with  .\l\.t  a>  ,1  tighter 
and  as  a  man.  u.  'IVII  alnrnt  thf  Sia  HrUK'ars  and  what  th.y  did 
for  Holland.  i^.  'IVII  alM)ut  thi-  tatr  ol'  Harlini.  14,  l|..w 
was  Lfydi'n  s;ivrd  :•'  15.  What  l)nami-  of  William  of  OraiiK.^' 
ii>.  What  ni-w  enemy  now  arose  apaiiLst  .Spain  ? 


THE   FALL    OF   SPAIN 

English  Sea  Rovers.  Aiiiuml'  tlx'  lji<:li>l!  mm  ..iptaiii- 
ol  ihuM-  (|,i\>  w.  If  many  l>(>M  an<l  daring  I.  adi  r-.  'I  he 
>ca  -uariiKd  with  j.irato.  ami  cmh  kin-:-  utri'  willing'  tu 
>harc  till'  >t(.|.ii  pIuiKl.r.  (Jmrn  IJi/alutli  wa-  ( apr  to 
aid  thiM-  Ma  dyi:^  in  lakini:  tra<linu  \i-mI>  l"n>ni  the  i:a>t 
Indif-  (.r  Spani-h  trca-urc  -hij.-  l.,arin.u'  lar^'ui--  .,|  rit  lu-s 
Ironi  the  iZdId  and  -il\(r  niiiu  -  ut  Mt\i(  u  and  iVru. 

Sir  Francis  Drake.  In  i:;,s;  Drak.-  I.  d  a  ilict  ui  thirty 
vc-mU  a^ain-t  the  >pani-h  (i)lunii-.  Other  lann)U> 
»a|>lain-,  Martin  I'rohi-lu  r  and  Kit  hanl.  the  m.ii  u|  J,,hn 
Haukin-.  unit  with  him.  riuir  nami-<  wiri'  known  and 
feared  on  e\ir>  mm.  They  went  about  (ajtturini;  and 
|)liinderin,i:,  devtroyin-  what  they  .ould  not  (arry  awa>. 
SieeriiiL:  lor  |!u  Spani-h  <(i|onie-.  in  .\nieri(a.  they  -ei/ed 
More-  ol  -hij)-  and  hiirmd  ii  any  town-  anions  theni  St. 
.\uL;u-tine  with  it-  two  liundri'd  and  litty  h()U>e>,  Tlu' 
next  \(ar  tht\  r-turn.  d  to  laijiland  with  imnien-e  hooty, 
in'  ludni-  va-l  -iin-  oi  ^'old  and  siK.r.  Sui  h  lawle--  deeds 
arou-ed  Philip  \,<  the  liLditin;:  jMiint. 

Why  Philip  Hated  England  i'hili|)  had  more  nax.ns 
than  oil,  tor  makinir  >*•  ar  ujion  Ijvjland.  \\^  hated  the 
i-latK!  kiii_'d..m  !)e.  au-i  -he  had  '.n.ken  awa\  from  the 
^'•"'i'  '  Cluinh  .i-  u.ll  a-  '.e,  au-e  Drake  and  other 
i-.nuli-h  (a  ro\,r-  Ikk!  iapturm  ->  nian\  Spani-h  tn^a-^ure 
-hip-  iroin  Aincri.  a  a'^d  tlu  Iiidii'-.  .\nd.  al-o\e  .dl,  IMiilij) 
wa-  luriou-  !.e».a.i-.   (Jiuen  lai/.ahetli  tiad  -eiit  -ojdier-  and 


1111,  I  \i.i.  oi   sr-Aiv 


,>4" 


_'iin->  to  help  the  Prott-'taDt-  uf  1 1. .Hand  aKaiii>f  the  S\ku\- 

His  Plans.  Philip  vouf.j  tint  Ik-  would  (.)ii(|iur  tin- 
i-Lmd  ni"  heretic,  thmw  i;ii/.d)eth  into  |>ri-uii.  .uid  make 
tiimMlt"  kin;;  iti  her  plaie.  Then  he  would  re-tore  tlie 
('atholie  religion,  both  iti   Knirlaiid  and   Holland, 

The  Great  Armada.  Philip  now  n-ohfd  to  ^miIut  all 
!ii-  tro()p>  and  -hip--,  and  in  one  ^jreat  Arniatla  hear  down 


hilip 
and 


<,'|  i  I  N   I.I  1/  \Hi  rii 

Upon  Kn^Iand  in  oxerwhelniin^  nuniher>.  Me  tounted  liis 
i"ric>  and  found  that  hv  (ould  j;et  tii<,'ether  i  50  ;,'reat  -hi])> 
of  war  ;^()o  smaller  \i>>el.s  and  .-t()re>ln'i)>,  and  40  j,'alle\s 
a  total  of  >5f)  shi|)s.  Ihis  j,'rand  tieet.  whii  h  he  ealied 
■  I'he  In\in(  ihle  .\rmada."  would  land  hi-  world-famous 
trmy  of  ()4.ooo  nun  on  the  Kngli>h  loa.-t  and  the  war  would 
-t.iun  be  u\cr. 


^j      DAWN    Ol     AMIkK   \\    lilSIOkN     IN    Kl  k()||, 


Singeing  the  Spanish  Kings  Beard  "  Hut  ht  fur.  i 
Armada  wa>^  rt-nly  to  -ail,  I)rak«-  \va>  Miif  to  |>n\c 
thr  tKtl>  of  Spain  from  joiniiij,'  f()rci'>.  lie  >ailt(i  hold 
into  thf  S|)ani-«li  liarlior  of  Cadi/,  -ank  fnrtv  or  more  -hi 
of  war.  huriicd  tin-  >hi|»_\ard>  and  all  xa-oin  d  hiniht-r.  at 
siilrd  a\va\ .  lowing,'  four  >tor(-.|ii|)>  well  lillcd  with  pr 
\i--ion-.  Thty  lallfd  thi-  "  -inpin^^  thf  Spani-h  kinj. 
Ixard."  Atttr  drNtrosin;,'  -o.ro  of  S]>ani-h  nicri  liant  >hi| 
|)rakc  -ailed  toward  the  A/ore-  to  await  a  Spam'-h  tradir 
Ill-it,  whi(  h  he  hf.ird  wa>  ii)rniiij,'  from  thf  lia-t  Indi( 
Me  fi'll  in  with  it  and  won  an  ca--)  sit  tor\ .  Thtii  hr  -pre; 
his  sails  tor  honu',  (arr\inj,'  hooty  of  (•normou>  \alur. 

The  Armada  Sails.  Drake  ha<l  done  >u«  h  damaije  i 
the  Spaniards  that  they  wen-  foreed  to  po>tpone  the  tin 
of  -ettitiK'  sail.  It  was  not  until  i  sSS  that  the  .\rmada  w; 
ready  to  put  out  to  sea.  IMiilip  had  lautuhed  a  tl»-et  < 
ISO  >hii>s,  tarryin;,'  Sooo  -ailors  and  14.000  -oldier-.  H 
ships  were  lar^i-.  >tronj,',  and  impo>in;.: ,  and  thev  ou 
numbered  Kli/.aheth's  lleet  four  to  one.  Moreover,  Sjjai 
had  lonj,'  been  the  stn.nj^est  nation  in  the  world.  lU 
generals  were  famous  and  her  >oldiers  seasoned  by  yeai 
of  servile  and  many  vietories. 

The  Armada  in  Trouble.  Philip  ordered  the  .Armail 
to  sail  lirst  to  Holland,  taking  on  board  the  great  Spanis 
armies  there,  and  then  to  land  them  airo>s  the  ehannel  o 
Mnglish  soil.  No  soiMer  had  the  Armada  put  out  to  se 
than  its  troubles  began.  The  great  ^hil),■^  were  built  fi 
lair  weather  and  were  made  of  poorly  >eaM)ned  timber,  fi; 
Drake  had  burned  up  their  good  lumber.  So  the  vessel 
soon  began  to  Kak  badly.  The  sailors  were  gathered  largel 
trom  Mediterranean  ships,  and  were  not  used  to  the  storm 
.Atlantic.  Their  food  was  poor  and  most  of  it  soon  >i)oiled 
their  bread  became  moldy  and  their  meat  putrid.      Thci 


nil:  I  \i.i.  ()i   ^p\I\• 


M.\ 


u|)|tly  i>\  w.itiT  .lUo  r.m  -li-  rl.  and  >i\knt-.s  ^...n  f»ri.k»-  <>ut 
ilpKtl   tlir  t  rowili  'I   licet. 

The  English  Fleet.  At  I.i>t  the  Arm.id.i  w.i-  >iulit((l 
nlT  the  ((>,i>t  (it  Ijitrl.itiil,  whcFf  the  little  lleet  ct  Kli/alx  th 
u  i>  awaiting;  them  1  he  Iji^lish  lleet  \va>  >mall.  hut  mu(  h 
t,i-ter  then  the  hi;;  -hii»>  ol  Spain.  It  \va-  i  i.nuiianded  hy 
Lord  Howard.  . I  rioted  >t  a  (ai>taiii,  and  with  him  were 
Drake.   Hawkins,   Frol)i>lur.  and  many  uthtr  daring  eap- 


I'llf     MhKTINf.    itr   TIIK    KSl.l  l>ll    Mill's    Wiril    IHK    S1'\M-.|I    .\iim\i>\. 

tain>.  'Ihf  ships  were  manned  hy  sailors  trained  in  many 
>ea  hattles.  The  Kn^'lish  lleet  was  >upplic-d  with  lonK- 
ranj^e  eannon  ami  ^'ood  gunners;  while  the  Armada  was 
erowded  with  soldiers  whose  only  method  of  l'i;,'htin^  was  at 
elose  range.  The  hig  English  guns  tired  four  >hols  to  the 
Spaniards"  one. 

A  Running  Fight.  —The  tleets  rami'  together,  and  thr 
littii'  i;ngli>h  ship.s  darted  in  and  out  among  the  hug<\ 
awkward  ships  of  Spain.  They  >hot  holes  in  Philii)'s 
!)ig  ve>-«els,  and  captured  the  >lower->aiiing  ones  as  will  as 
those   that   were   disabled    and    hu!    to   fall    behind.     The 


MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST    CHART 

ANSI  r.-d  ISO  TEST  Chart  no   2 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


111      Hi  2.5 


I  3.2 


I  3  6 


2.2 


2.0 


.8 


1.4 


1.6 


^     APPLIED  irvt^lGE 


"■S    JP''  '■»   <iii"i-  "*l 


'i,v 


*.f7'*:,»-'lP' 'M'^v^ 


:;44      DAWN"    Ol"    AMERICAN    HISTORY    IN    KIROPK 

Sj);ini>li  admiral,  lirint;  unahK'  Id  tzrappli-  or  to  approac 
clo^i'  cMoujzh  to  harm  the  Mn^li-^h  vcs.-fls,  drew  o'-"  ;n^ 
am  horcil  in  a  harbor  on  thr  ca^t  >'u\v  of  the  chaniu'l.  \'h 
Kn;,'h'-h  ^hi])>  followrd.  l)ut  (hired  not  enter  the  port.  The 
eolleeted  some  \)'v^  lire  -hi])^.  and  uikUt  a  fa\oralile  hreez 
sent    thi-m    hhizin<:   into   the   harbor  amonjz   thi'   scores  ( 


r -  rl  1  -   ^<  I 


■llll      ^M\  1  Kl  II. \    .11      1111     >|    \-.. 

Phih'i)'s  wooden  vessc-Is.  The  S])aniards,  in  },Teat  ahirn 
cut  their  labies  and  amid>t  nun  h  eonfu>ion  tried  to  eseap 
to  the  o])en  st'a.  Many  >hi]»  eoHided  and  were  dama<;e( 
somi'  wiTe  l)urned.  and  the  entire  Armada  tloated  out  ;i 
ni^^lit.  The  shi|)>  beeanu'  ^(atleri'd.  without  an  aihiiiral  t 
<:i\e  orders.  The  nimbli'  I-!nL;h>h  \"e>se's  followed  in  elos 
])ursuit.  In  that  runninu,  nine  da>s'  tii^ht  up  the  ihanne 
the  Spaniards  saw  tliat  fortune  was  against  them.  The 
cried  out  in  despair,  "  God  has  forsaken  us  1  " 


na 


3W>' •«-«.■  =^1 


r'^  Msiff^lmfSiW" 


TFFK    I  AM.   OF     SI'AIN  34- 

The  English  Have  the  Best  of  It.  Many  of  Philij)'s 
-hips  wtTi'  .sent  to  thf  hottoiii,  >()nu'  wrrc  drivcii  ;i>h(>ri', 
and  some  were  caplurt'd,  as  tin-  F,ni:ii>h  cha-cd  tluir  [)i,i^ 
rncmy  into  the  >tormy  \orth  Sea.  The  Hi)lfndid  .\rniada 
was  badly  scattered,  and  to  r-capr  the  I'ji^di-li,  thc\-  tied 
to  the  northward.  'Idu'  Hriti-h  IUtI  had  run  sliort  'A  pow- 
lirr  and  had  to  stoj)  to  rc>to(  k  the  ship>.  Howard  wrote  to 
(juecn  Klizahcth.  sa\in,u.  "  Their  fonc  i-  wonderful  and 
-tron<i.  and  yet  \\v  \)huk  their  feather-  little  hy  little." 

Returning  Home.  The  di'feated  .\rmada  tried  to  >ail 
around  Scotland  and  Ireland  and  thus  return  to  Sp.iin.  for 
they  dreaded  anotluT  nui-tini:  with  I.ord  Howard'-  tli-et. 
which  was  waiting  for  them  to  lome  haik.  The  -catttTcd 
tleet  of  Spain  had  neither  ])ilots  nor  >ea  (harts.  Iheir  --hijjs 
were  full  of  leaks  and  hok"-  made  hy  the  Kn^di-h  ^nui-,  and 
the  weather  wa>  wild  and  storm\-.  Many  of  I'hilii»'s  -hips 
were  wrecked  otY  the  (oast  of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  and 
their  men  and  carj^o  were  s(attered  alontr  the  >hores.  The 
Spanish  .soldiers  and  sailors  died  in  <ireat  numbers  of  wounds, 
-ickness,  cold,  and  famine. 

Philip  in  Defeat.  Only  a  small  part  of  the  fleet  ever 
reached  home.  Spain  was  ruined.  Philip  had  ta.xed  the 
l.md  to  the  ultermo>t  to  t'lt  out  the  wonderful  .\rmada.  and 
ni.'W  (les{)air  and  ra.ue  ranj,'  throu<rh  the  country-.  For  davs. 
I'hilip  was  found  at  |)rayer:  "  It  i-  Thy  cau-e,  ()  Lord,  If 
in  Th>-  wisdom  defeat  is  best,  then  Th\-  will  be  dom-!  " 

Holland  Takes  Spains  Place.  Exc  n  after  the  defeat  of 
the  .\rmada.  Spain  kept  up  her  ti<,'ht  auain-t  Holland  until 
Philips  death;  but  it  was  a  lo<in^  light.  I>uring  thirty 
>ear.-  of  continuou-  titihtin-r.  brave  little  Holland  h.td  held 
lier  own  with  the  strontrot  nation  of  Europe;  ami  her 
i>rovinces  had  bedime  the  diief  tradins:  (duntrv  of  the 
world.     The  southern  i)rovince>.  now  known  a-  Belgium. 


^546     DAWN   OF   AMERICAN    HlST(r<v    IN    FrROI'K 

had  been  brouf^ht  to  their  knees  by  the  ;^reat  Spanish  armii 
but  many  of  the  leading  citizens  of  Antwerp,  Bruges,  ai 
Ghent  had  gone  to  Holland  and  helped  to  build  uj)  the  gre 
commerce  of  that  country. 

Holland  Free;  Protestantism  Spared.  The  peo] 
of  Holland  were,  above  all  else,  a  sea-faring  nation,  ai 
their  trade  grew  marvelously.  Their  ships  were  on  eve 
sea.  The  Mediterranean,  the  White  Sea.  the  Kast  Indit 
China,  and  the  Amazon  knew  their  trading  vessels.  WIk 
the  fighting  was  ended  in  i')0(>,  Holland  was  ])ractiially 
free  country,  for  S|)ain  never  renewed  the  attack.  Ti 
Protestant  religion  was  saved. 

The  Moriscoes.  When  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  dro 
out  the  Moors  from  Si)ain,  a  considerable  number  of  thei 
who  had  accepted  Christianity,  were  permitted  to  rema 
in  the  country.  These  Moriscoes  were  the  most  skillf 
laborers  of  Spain.  While  the  Spaniards  had  come  to  (les])i 
honest  labor  and  to  look  upon  war  as  the  only  honorat: 
occupation,  the  Moriscoes  were  busy  manufacturing  si 
and  paper,  cultivating  sugar,  rice,  and  cotton,  and  raisii 
sheep.  The  riches  of  Spain  in  those  days  came  from  tv 
sources:  from  the  labor  of  the  Moriscoes,  and  from  the  min 
of  America. 

The  Utter  Ruin  of  Spain.  —  The  defeat  of  the  Armada  w 
a  deathblow  to  Spanish  leadership,  but  Philij)'s  son  ha 
tencd  the  ruin  of  his  kingdom  by  another  stupendo 
blunder.  Thf  Spaniards  had  always  been  su>])icious 
the  Mori.scoes'  faith,  and  the  bigoted  leaders  of  the  Rom; 
church  in  Spain  now  resolved  to  drive  them  from  ti 
country.  Thus  a  million  of  the  best  workers  and  thinkers 
Spain  were  e.xiled  amid  untold  sutTering  and  cruelty.  TI 
nation  has  never  recovered  from  this  stupid  blundi 
Madrid  and  Seville  lost  half  of  their  population.    The  min 


T'Wi'ss&^mmm^sw^mf^^aisimst.mmm 


■'  ■mfyf^t 


TfiE    FALL  OF   SI'ALV 


347 


of  America  wi-rc  s.x.n  exhausted,  and  Spain  was  now  lalK-n 
very  low.  Instead  of  bein^  the  lea.h-nt;  world  power  .he 
had  become  a  land  of  be-^ers.  Her  control  of  the  sea.  her 
\vorld-wi<le  commerce,  her  vast  pos>essions  -raduallv  fell 
into  other  hands. 

QUKSTIONS 

I.  C-Wc  three  reasons  why  I'hilip  ma.lc  war  on  Kn^laiid  >  \Vh  it 
pret.arations  .li.l  !„■  make-  ,^  ^  How  was  he  himl.rol  :^  4  How  .ii.l 
!!<•  plan  tor  his  nu„  to  ««  to  KnRlan.i  ^  -,.  What  hanlships  di.l  thev 
Mitlcr.^  6.  How  was  the  whole  plan  sFH.ild  :^  7,  What  .lid  it 
mean  to  Spain  f     S.    What  did  it  mean  to  England  ^ 


(  IIAI'TKR   XXIX 


THE   FRENCH   IN   AMERICA 

Dividing  the  World.  I'or  aliiK.si  lilty  years  after  ll 
voyatio  of  Coluiiihu-  ihc  I'nndi  nali<in  look  liitK'  intcTc 
ill  I'xploiatiiiii,  and  (luring  thi>  tinu-  S])aiii  and  Tortus 
sti/i'd  the  ncwiy  found  lands  and  thf  worldV  trade.  I'ort 
K';d  liad  taken  [)osMv>i,,n  of  thi'  route  to  tln'  Ka>t  by  \v; 
of  the  ('a|K'  of  (,ood  no]H',  whilr  Spain  claimed  all  lan( 
dis(()VtTi(l  to  thf  west  and  >outh\ve>t.  In  order  to  nrevei 
trouble  between  I'ortu;,^d  and  Si)ain.  the  i)opc  had  dividi 
between  the.-e  |)owir>  all  the  new  lands  that  mi,L,dit  be  di 
eovered.  A  nne  wa-  drawn  aero>s  thi'  nia])  from  pole  1 
j)ole,  two  hundnd  and  seventy  leaj,Hie>  west  of  the  ("a| 
\'erde  Islands.  All  new  lands  diseo\ere<l  east  of  tliis  lir 
wi're   to  beloni^r  to  I'ortutJjal  ;    thosi'  we>t  of  it  to  Spain. 

France  Wants  a  Share.  Ilu'  kin^  of  I'ranee  saw  r 
jiood  reason  for  allowin;^  Si)ain  and  Portugal  to  divide  {[ 
world  betwei'u  them.  He  beyan  t(.  wi.-h  for  a  share  of  the^ 
newly  found  lands,  where  mines  of  j;old  and  silver,  ilk 
those  that  tlu' Spaniard>  had  found  in  South  America  an 
Me.xieo.  mi^ht  l)e  dixovered.  Moreover,  no  one  had  \\ 
found  a  short  route  to  China.  Perhaps  there  mi<;ht  Ik- 
northwest  i)as>a,ue;  and,  if  >ueh  were  true,  it  would  brin 
riche>  to  whatexer  nation  hrst  took  jjossosion  of  it. 

Cartier.  In  i5:;4.  a  Krenc  hman,  name<l  Jaapaes  Cartici 
started  in  seareh  of  a  northwest  route  to  China.  He  sfeero 
for  Newfoundland,  which  was  then  i)relty  well  known  i 
I'ranci-  throu.^h  the  hard\-  I-'rench  li>hermen  who  had  mad 

34S 


§:w^: ■M 


■'■I^VWU.    W.    -r^S,',**!!!  ^  , 


THi:    rRKNCH    I\    AMKRICA 


340 


many  v.)ya^'f>  t..  tlu^c  wi'tirs  tor  cdii^h.     After  r.'a,  hin^ 

Anirriia  and  exploring'  many  l)ay>  and  iMan.U,  ( 'artier  at 

la>t   rntiTc-d   th.'  (lull   r,t   St.    Laurcni,-,   uhiM,   Mvnic.l    t.. 

i)romis..  a  pa»aur  t..  the  western  ..rean.     Hut  a>  autumn. 

with  it-  stormy  weal  In  r, 

ua>    ai)i)r(iaihin^.    C"ar- 

tier  resi)i\-ed  to  uo  home 

and  return  the  next  year. 

So  he  turned   his  prows 

ea.-tward  and  hore  a\\a\- 

tor      France,      eurryinj,' 

with    him    two    Indians 

whom     lie    had    kid- 

n  ippi'd. 
A  Second  Trip.       The 

next  year,   ("artier  with 

three    >hips    spread    sail 
lor  Xewloundland,   and 
on    Si.    Lawrenec's   das- 
entered  the  hay.  which  (aktiik. 
he  named  St.   Lawrence.     He  londly  hoped  that  this  was 
the  lonK-M)u,i:ht  passaj^e.     Hut  the  farther  u}.  he  sailed  the 
narn.wer  he  found  the  hay  and  the  fre>her  the  water,  until 
he  knew  that  it  was  only  a  great  river. 

Montreal.  .Sailing  up  the  St.  Lawrenc  e  River,  he  i)asse(l 
l^y  the  rocky  height  where  (Quebec  now  stands,  and  came 
to  an  Indian  village  on  the  present  >ite  of  Montreal.  He- 
hind  the  village  was  a  hill,  high  enough  to  give  ( 'artier  a 
splendid  view  of  the  surrounding  countr>-.  He  called  the 
hill  Mont  Ri-al.  or  the  Royal  Mountain. 

A  Hard  Winter.  Winter  (anie  on  with  Its  extreme 
eohi  a  real  Canadian  winter.  The  >h<.res  and  the  great 
river   were   fru/en   solid   and   covered    with    snow,    which 


350      D.WW   OF   AMKRICW    mSTORV    I\    riROPK 


drifted  hij^h  alx.ut  the  ice-hound  shii)>  ^'^d  the  fort  that  th 
I-'rein  h  had  huilt.  'Ihe  Indians  were  friendlv  for  a  tinu 
l)Ut  the  >(ur\  V  broke  out  among  Cartier's  men  and  man 
die<l.  Sometimes,  it  is  said,  only  three  or  four  were  wel 
enough  to  tare  for  the  sick.  Being  unable  to  bury  thei 
dead  on  actcunt  of  the  frozen  ground,  they  hid  them  ii 
snowdrifts.  'Ihey  feared  that  the  Indians  might  hear  o 
their  plight  and  massac  re  those  that  the  scurvy  had  spared 
so  thi-y  refused  them  the  privilege  of  approaching  the  fort 

The  Indian's  Cure.  ( )ne  day  C'artier  saw  an  Indian  wh( 
had  just  recovered  from  the  scurvy.  He  incjuired  wha 
medicine  he  had  used.  The  Indian  told  him  of  a  drinl 
made  from  evergreen  leaves.  The  Frenchmen  drank  i 
eagerly  and  were  soon  on  the  road  to  health. 

Headed  for  France.  When  sj)ring  came  and  the  ship; 
were  thawed  loose  from  their  moorings,  ('artier  made  read} 
to  return  to  Trance.  By  shameless  treachery  he  seized  < 
chief  and  eleven  Indians  who  seemed  to  know  most  of  tht 
country  farther  inland  and  spread  his  .sails  for  home. 

Canada  for  France.  Cartier  came  a  third  time.  Ht 
si)ent  some  weeks  exj)loring.  but  went  home  after  planting 
the  French  flag  in  Canada  and  taking  possession  of  New 
France,  as  he  called  it.  It  has  been  said  that  the  only  ad 
vantages  the  country  offered  were  a  "  })itter  climate,  ii 
savage  people,  a  fatal  disease,  and  a  soil  barren  of  gold." 

Profits  in  Fur  Trade.  The  French  fishermen,  who  had 
for  many  summers,  visited  the  banks  of  Newfoundland 
lor  co(lfi>h.  soon  saw  greater,  riches  in  fur  trade  with  tht 
Indians.  Many  of  them  cast  away  their  nets  and  journeyed 
through  the  deep  forests  in  quest  of  the  more  prolitabk 
bear  skins  and  beaver  skins. 

The  First  Settlement.  It  was  many  years  later,  how- 
ever, before    the  French    undertook    to    make   i)ermanent 


THK    IRKXCH    I\    AMF-.RK   \ 


.v> 


sfttk-nn-nts    in    Canada.     TIu>    fur  trade  had    -n.wn    and 
iKTomi-  valuahlf.     At   la>t   lanu'  one  of  the  grcatf.t   and 
noblest   Frenehmen  of  tho>e  tinu> 
Samuel  de   Champlain,   who  in 
1608  made  a  .settlement  at  Ouehec , 
and  became  the  founder  of  Canada. 
Champlain's  Plans.      Champlain 
\vi>hed  to  (  arve  out  a  .urand  empire 
in    America    for   the    French   kin-:. 
His  i)Ian  wa.s  to  explore  the  coun- 
try and  to  make   friends  with  the 
Indians       all  the  while  l)uildinf,'  uj) 
a  prot'itable  trade  with   them.     At 
the  same  time  missionaries  were  to 
teach  the  red  men  and  to  lead  them  into  the  Catholic  faith. 
Thus  the  fur  trader  and  the  black-robed  Jesuit  prie>t  >et 
out   through   the   forests   together.       It    was   also   part    of 


Qi  KHK    IN    riih   Karh    I)AVS 


(^hamplain's   plan    to   estabhsh   strong    military   posts,  or 
iorls,  at  \\eii-t.}iosen  [jjaces. 

Champlain  and  the  Iroquois.        In  order  to  cement  a  tirm 
i"rien(l>hii)  ^v'th  the  Algonquin  Indians  uf  the  St.  Lawrence 


^-^:      I)\\\\    (»|    AMFKK  AN    HIST()F<V    IN    F;iR()|-|: 

v.illi  \  ,  Cliairiphiiii  .i-rtc.l  t-.  liclp  tlicni  in  a  war  with   tin 

l)itt.r  .■n.rni(-.  the  lnM,u..i>.      War  thr  t)aiik>  ul  tlif  Inviu 

till   lake   that    hear-   hi^   iiamr.   Champiain   in!   hi>   Indi, 

Iri.Tid'^  in  a  hattic  auaitiM  the  Inxjuoi-.     'Ifu-  .  rai  k  >,\  t 

mu-k.t^  a>  the  Fr.tn  h  ^harioho-.trr.  pirkcd  ..iT  iht  ir  ( !iif 

trii;htiiu(i    tiu'    Ir<uiu.)i>   warriur>.     Hcin^'   afraid    to    im 

;i,L,Minsl  .ncii  who  u^d  thimdcr  and  iiL'htnin<:.  thiy  fled  t 

ward  home.     'rhi>  l.attic  r»tal)li>hf(i  a  lirni  tritnddiip  wi 

titr  Algonquin.,   hut    it    niadr  the   Ir..(|u.M>.  whu  wm-  ll 

>tn.n-(-.t   Indian    ( ..nfcdcrac  y  in  America,   thr   cwrki^tii 

fmnn'c-  ui"  thr  Knni  h.      In  after  yrar^  thry  did  L'rcat  har 

t(.  thr  l'..li(.wcT-  nl  Champiain.  hy  i  uttini:  ..fi  their  fur  tra. 

or  hy  >uri)ri.M'n-  and  lapturin;,'  their  furt>.     The  Ir.xiuoi 

hy  prtxentin;:  the  I'retic  h  fn>ni    i)u>hin^    M.uth  int..    the 

n.untry        n..w  tlu  Mate  of  New  York        foreed  iheni  wes 

ward  into  the  (ireat  Lake  region. 

La  Salle's  Gift  to  France.  Followin-  in  the  footstei 
of  the  f..under  of  Canada,  eame  the  man  of  the  iron  wil 
Cavelicr  de  La  Salle,  who  wa>  t(.  extend  an<l  complete  tl 
work  l)ej,nm  l.y  Champiain.  La  Salle,  with  hi>  wonderfi 
determination,  explored  the  re.u'iun  of  the  western  lake 
and  the  j^'reat  valley  of  the  Mi.ssis.sippi.  and  j.lanted  iher 
the  Lreiuh  lla-.  Thus  he  -ave  to  hi.  kin^'  a  va>t  empir 
streteliing  westward  from  the  crest  of  the  Alle-hanie>  to  ih 
unknown  Rockies. 

Making  Friends  of  the  Indians.  —  One  of  the  chief  rcn 
sons  for  the  su(((>.  ,,(  the  French  was  their  al.ilitv  to  wi 
and  to  hold  the  ^^»od  will  of  the  Indian..  Xo  other  Ku 
r  |H'ati>  knew  >..  well  how  (o  make  tirm  allie>  of  the  red  men 
The  French  tra.ler.  and  trappers  learned  the  Indian  km 
Kliaj^e;  the\-  dre.-ed  like  In<iians.  often  paintin;;  th.-r  U\rc 
and  joinin-  in  their  war  dance..  Some' took  Indian  wive: 
and  came  at  ki.t  to  live  much  as  did  these  children  of  th' 


^.:i 


f.fW« 


Tin;  iki;\(n  in  amkrk  .\ 


JD,> 


■  i)iauti- 
Iiidian 
k  i.f  the 
r  I  !ii(t->. 
In  li^'ht 
Hid  t..- 
ii|>  witli 
iTf  the 
rla-tinu 
it  liariii 
ir  trade 
■'><lU(ti>, 
II    their 

11  WfSt- 


)tstfps 
n  will, 
■W  the 
kIitI'uI 


akes 


th 


ere 


nipire 
to  the 


1  rea- 

()  win 

r  Eu- 

nieti. 


an- 


\Vl\t': 

)f  th 


2A. 


V-i  ifll -I'^t^^'V^i  ,  ^r  i  *, 


;554     >>VW\    Ol     \Mi:kI(  AN    IIISTOKN     FN    KlkOI'l. 


French  Exi'iorations. 


rm.  iKKNcn  i\   \mi  rk  \  ;>^ 

|'..rf>-t.     'I'luy  m.uW  lonu  voyajif-  in  tan'>c>  and  hMiiu.!  t,. 
("idurf  the  a<lvfnturr  ami  h.inhhip  t«l  >avai;<-  lil<' 

Weakness  of  the  French.  Hut  \\hil»-  th.  I  r.  lu  h  had 
won  the  friiiid-hij)  <»t  many  Indian  tritus,  and  hail  taki  ri 
posM-.^i(.n  •)f  -luh  a  lar^'f  Irrrittiry  in  \hv  fairt>l  j.ortinii  ..| 
North  Anuriia,  th»y  had  niadr  hut  h\v  M-ttUtncnts. 
Tht'ir  rliiit  ohjit  I  luin^  tlu'  fur  tradi-  in>trad  ol  a  ih-irr  to 
sfttk-  and  till  tlu-  r^oil.  tiny  had  >pri-ad  thrm>ilvt>  out  thinly 
ovir  widt-  n-^iions.  Hi'inj^  >o  siattrrcd.  thty  wire  \vi(Uly 
t\|)oso<l  to  attack,  whin  thi-  Kngli>h  crossed  >word>  with 
them  s«)mc  yiars  lati-r. 

niKs'IIONS 

I.  What  had  arousi-d  I'rrm  h  iiiliTol  in  America?  .'.  What  men 
fxplorr.l  liir  hi-r'  =,.  What  ti-rritory  did  they  ilaini-'  4.  SctiK-- 
miMits?  5.  Hi)\v  did  tluy  try  to  hi)ld  their  terrilDry  ?  f).  What 
were  their  relatitins  with  the  Indian-.:^  7-  What  where  their  in 
(lustrie>?  S.  What  was  their  relii:ii)ii  :^  <).  How  did  their  pivern- 
meiU  ditTer  from  that  in  the  Kn^hdi  eol()i\iis :'  10.  Whi.  h  (ountry 
has  the  strongest  hoj.l  in  America?  11.  Why  ■:*  i:.  I'mm  the 
standiM)int  of  progress,  which  nation  would  make  the  most  of  An'crica? 
I^    Why? 


il 


CHAPTER  XXX 


THE   DUTCH   AT   NEW   AMSTERDAM 


Seizing  tht  World's  Trade.  After  tlu-  (klVat  of  the 
Armada,  lCn;.';lan(l  and  Holland  soon  hctanie  the  !i'adin<f 
powers  upon  the  ..ea.  The  Dutch  >hips  si)reud  their  sails 
for  the  Kast  Indies,  and  before  many  \ears  they  had  sei/ed 
upon  Java,  Sumatra,  the  Molucca  Islands,  and  other  valu- 
able i)ossessions  (tf  I'ortu^^al  and  Spain.  All  this  rii  h  trade 
fell  into  the  hands  of  Holland.  It  was  the  I  ..tch  vvho 
introduced  into  luirope  the  use  of  coffee  and  ivd.  Thi'y 
established  a  colony  at  the  Ca])e  of  (iood  Hojie ;  they  dis- 
covere<i  the  far-off  continent  of  .\ustralia  in  lOo;  -id  named 
it  New  Holland,  a  name  that  it  bore  for  a  lonir  time.  Tas- 
mania and  New  Zealand  were  visited,  and  the  Dutch  tlaj,' 
was  seen  on  e\er\'  sea. 

A  Northeast  Route  to  China.  The  T)ut(  h  merchants 
were  especially  an.xious  to  fmd  a  shorter  route  to  China 
and  Japan,  since  it  took  many  months  for  their  slow-sailing 
vessels  to  creep  around  Africa  to  those  distant  ports. 
Some  i)eople  hojx'd  that  there  might  be  found  a  northeast 
j)assage  around  the  northern  coast  of  Europe  and  A>ia. 
The  Dutch  East  Indian  Company  sent  Henry  Hudson,  a 
noted  Engli.h  navigator,  to  fmd  it  for  them, 

Henry  Hudson,  -  Hudson  spread  sail  for  the  frozen 
north.  He  met  with  so  many  icebergs  that  he  feared  that 
his  shij)  might  be  caught  and  crushed,  so  he  gave  vij)  the 
attempt.  Instead  of  returning  home,  as  he  was  onlered 
to  do  in  case  he  failed,  Hudson  turned  his  prows  for  the 

i5f> 


THE    Dl'TrH    AT   \K\V    AMSTKRDAM 


357 


WLSt   and   crossi-d   tlu-   Atlantic-   in   si-anh  of  a   northwest 

routf  ti)  China.     Ih-  sailed  down  along  the  toast  of  New 

Kngland.  and  in  September,   i6o(j.  the   Half  Moon  entered 

the  beautiful  river  that  bears  his  name.     He  .sailed  up  the 

IIud>on    as    far 

as   the  l)resent 

site   of   Albany, 

trading  with  the 

Indians      and 

admiring   the 

scenery  of   the 

eountr)-.      He 

det'lared   that  it 

was   "  as   fair  a 

land  as  v.-as  ever 

trodden   l)y  the 

foot  of  man." 

New  Amster- 
dam Settled. 
During  the  ne.xt 
few  year>^,  other 
Dutch  vessels 
came  to  the 
Hudson,  bring- 
i  ng  bl  ue  glass 
bea('  .  and  strips 
of  red  cotton 
cloth  to  exchange  for  the  valuable  skins  of  beaver,  otter, 
and  mink.  Hy  if)i^  the  Dutch  had  built  four  rude  huts  c^n 
Manhattan  Island,  where  the  great  city  of  Xew  \'ork  now 
stands.  It  mattered  n»)t  to  the  thrifty  Dutch  merchants 
that  they  were  settling  upon  land  claimed  by  Kngland. 
They  named  the  cluster  of  hut^;  Xew  Amsterdam;    they 


Till      fliUl'    .\fth»I    I  IN    Till      III  I<>ilS. 


-■3. :  -;  iCiFgs>«fsw  it-»BtaiS-WP?,w- 


^a»«dr:»^^.s>wj»::i3  •-r-. 


'■^.'~'*^y!5;|!^^*'>i?^w 


358     U.WVX   OF   AMKRICAN    HISTORY   IN    EUROIM-: 

built  forts  to  protect  their  new  country ;  and  they  made  a 
treaty  of  friendship  with  the  Iroquois,  who  were  ghid  of 
the  chance  to  buy  muskets  with  whii  h  to  take  vengeance 
upon  the  I'"rench  for  the  defeat  at  l>ake  Chami)hun  a  few 
years  before.  Thus  the  Dutch  had  seized  upon  the  finest 
harl)or  on   the  eastern    coast    and    the   gateway   into   the 


TiiK  DiTiH  IN  Ni  w  Ammkrdam. 

interior,  since  the  Hudson  furnished  an  easy  passage  fo 
inhind  tratVic  in  furs. 

Helping  to  Build  Our  Nation.  The  Dutch  were  clos 
kin  of  thi'  .Angles  and  Saxons  and  were,  jierhaps,  the  pure^ 
Teutonic  >tock  among  the  early  settlers  of  America.  Th 
Dutch  were  industrious  and  thrifty.  'I'hey  were  shrew 
in  money  matters  and  skilled  in  driving  bargains.  Thei 
city  (juickly  took  the  lead  in  trade  and  wealth  in  .\merici 
and  it  has  hold  the  tirst  place  to  this  day.  They  brough 
to  America  that  love  of  libcrtv  and  freedom  of  worshi 


'i'p"*' 


TlIK   DITCH   AT  »\i:\V   AMSTKRDAM 


S50 


that  they  had  gained  in  Holhind.  Thousands  of  lhi>  sturdy 
IH'ople  came  early  to  our  shores,  and  they  have  helped 
greatly  in  making  our  country  what  it  is  to-day. 


nUKSTIONS 

I.  What  hfconio  of  Spain's  iK»M>>ion>  in  ihi-  F.ast  all<  r  ttu  ili  ■ 
tVat  of  the  Armada"  .'.  Wliat  new  routis  to  tlif  Ka>t  iii<l  llollanil 
exi)iorc'':'  ,7,.  What  was  the  result:-'  (  'IVll  ahout  Iludxin"-, 
voyaRf.  v  Tell  about  New  Amsti-nlani.  6.  What  iiieas  of  govern- 
ment and  reliRion  did  the  Dutch  hrin^'  to  New  Amsterdam  .^  7.  How 
did  the  Dutch  dilTer  from  the  English  in  these  matters.'' 


CHAITKR    XXXI 
THE   ENGLISH   SETTLEMENT    OF   AMERICA 

Frobisher  and  the  Short-cut  to  China.  So  anximis  win 
the  nations  of  Muropc  to  lind  a  -hort  routt-  to  China  tha 
En[;lish  sailors  also  cntcrt'd  into  \hv  M'arcli.  Anions  lhos( 
who  set  out  to  t'md  a  northwest  ])a»age  throu<:h  Xortl 
America  was  Martin  I-'robisher.  The  man  who  foiMK 
this  short-cut.  Frobisher  thought,  would  bicome  l)oth  rid 
and  famous,  for  he  believed  it  was  the  only  ^reat  thinji  ii 
the  world  left  to  do. 

His  Voyage.  Frobisher  was  too  poor  to  fit  out  an  expe 
dition  himself,  and  it  was  a  lonj^  time  before  he  could  Inu 
a  wealthy  or  powerful  friend  to  aid  him.  At  la-t  the  frient 
was  found  ;  and  as  Frobisher  sailed  down  the  Thames  will 
three  little  ships  (157O).  (Jut'en  Fli/abeth  waved  a  friendb 
farewell.  One  of  the  vessels  went  down  in  a  storm  at  sea 
while  the  crew  of  another  becanH-  frightened  and  turnec 
their  prows  toward  home.  Hut  l'"robisher  sailed  fearU'Ssb 
on.  He  landed  somewhere  north  of  La!)rador,  and  tool 
possession  of  the  ((Uintr\'  for  Flizabeth.  In  spite  ot  hi 
perseverance,  FrobishiT  failed  to  lind  the  passa.^e  to  China 
He  carried  home  an  Indian  and  some  worthless  stone 
which  he  believed  to  contain  ,i::old  ;  but  his  voyage  was  ; 
failure. 

Drake  Sailing  Around  the  World.  Meanwhile  I'ranci 
Drake  (1577  i5i'^ol  sailed  around  the  end  of  South  Americ; 
and  up  along  the  west  coast,  plundering  Spanish  settle 
ments  an<l  t.iking  their  ships  laden  with  immense  treasure 

3'-o 


'...  mm^  is^g'^Km-rafixs^misSfic^^isijrrmvur . 


TitF.    i:\(;i.ISH    SKTTLEMKNT   OF    A.MKRK  A      ^6l 


of  <:()!(l  ami  >i\\lt  ort-.  Draki'  cxplon-d  tlu-  \vo>t  cua^t  of 
what  i>  now  ihf  L'niteil  Siatr>  a>  far  a^  On-^'on,  and  >aile(l 
for  lionu'  by  way  of  A>ia  and  thr  Indian  Oivan. 

Such  vo)"ajics  t'lri'd  nu'n's  mind-  with  dri-anis  of  gold  and 
houndlt'>>  phmdtT,  l)Ul  thi'y  did  not  i-ni  (>ura<zi'  an\'  one  to 
.settle  and  build  up  tradin.i;  colonies  in  AniiTica. 

Trying  to  Found  a  Colony.  Sir  Hunii)hre\-  (iilhert 
and  his  half  l)rolher.  Sir  Waller   Raleigh,  made   U()  their 


nunc! 


»lant  an   Mnj. 


li>h   coloiu'    in  America. 


nev 


hel 


U'Ved   that   col 


onit's  would  pay  I)etter 
than  thi'  aimlc>s  search- 
ing for  gold,  for  they 
would  open  up  trade  with 
the  Indians,  and  develop 
agriculture  in  America; 
and  above  all.  the  colo- 


nies wou 


Idb 


e  a  Ime  mar- 


Sik  \\  \i  n  R   K  \i.Kic.n. 


ket    for    Knglish    goods. 

So    the)-   obtained    from 

Elizabeth  a  grant  of  land, 

and    the   right   for  their 

colony     to     rule     itself. 

With  a  tleet,  fitted  out  largely  at  their  own  expense,  they 

set  out   for   the  New  World.     One  ship  was  lost  at  sea. 

After  lighting  a  battle  with   the  Spaniards  they  returned 

to  Kngland  without  succe-^s.     .\  second  attempt  also  failed, 

and  Sir  Humphrey's  liny  ship  went  down  at  sea. 

Raleigh's  Lost  Colony.  -  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  who  had 
not  sailed  on  the  second  trip,  had  now  ri-eii  to  great  faxor 
with  Queen  Klizabeth.  He  wa>  not  the  man  to  give  uj) 
easilv,   and   hi>  heart  was  set  upon  planting  a  colony  in 


MM 


^m 


Tr-%.  -«; 


F         ■•»!.         *^  i 


*  I  "  mr'- 


'..?;■ 


■asia 


3OJ     DAWN    OF   AMKRKAX    IlIsroRV    I\    KlRorK 

Ann'rica.  At  j,'rf;it  rxjurix.',  hi'  Mnt  several  expeditions 
to  found  a  settletm-nt.  A  littli'  i()nii)an_\-  of  about  a  hun- 
dred men  and  women  was  landed  on  Roanoke  Island  on 
tlie  eoa>t  of  what  we  now  tall  North  Carolina.  The  lolony 
was  short  of  food.  an<l  soon  weri'  forced  to  >en(l  their  onl\ 
ship  home  to  England.  hoj)in^  for  a  -i)eedy  return.      Ikit 


Tut    l.i)~i   Coirisv. 

thcs-^  wore  the  days  of  the  Armada,  and  all  the  strength 
and  ettort  of  Englishmen  were  being  put  forth  to  >ink  the 
great  Spanish  lleet.  Thu^  the  little  eolony  was  neglected, 
and  when  a  few  years  later  a  tardy  ship  came  to  Roanoke, 
with  food  and  suj)i)lies.  the  settlers  had  disaj)i)eared. 
What  became  of  them  nobody  knows. 

Pointing  the  Way.    -  Sir  Walter  had  now  spent  a  fortune 
of  nearly  a  million  dollars,  trying  to  start  an  English  nation 


THE  KNGLISH   SF.TTLEMFA'T  OF   AMKRICA      36,^ 


in  America,  and  had  failed.  He  concluded  that  the  cost 
1)1  such  an  undertaking  \va>  greater  than  one  man  could 
tjcar.  So  he  turned  his  charter  over  t(t  a  trading  company 
of  London  merchants.  Kaieigh  hail  failed,  hut  he  had 
pointed  out  the  w.iy  and  had  shown  what  tlu-  dithculties 
were.  Xow  that  the  Sj^miards  were  clriven  from  the  .sea, 
and  supplies  could  be  .safely  sent  from  home,  the  way  was 
clear  to  plant  Knglish  colonies  in 
the  Xew  World  and  to  protect 
thetii  there. 

The  London  Company.  The 
London  Company  litted  out  a 
little  lleet,  under  Captain  New- 
port, and  started  it  for  Virginia, 
hearing  about  a  hundred  colo- 
nists (1606).  The  voyage  was  a 
long  one.  and  their  provisions 
were  nearly  used  up  before  they 
arrived.  There  wa.s  trouble 
among  the  men;  and  before 
America  was  reached,  they  had 
arrested  and  bound  in  chains  a  certain  John  Smith,  who 
later  proved  to  be  the  wisest  of  them  all. 

Jamestown  Founded.  The  ships  entered  Chesapeake 
bay  and  sailed  up  a  river,  whiih  they  named  the  James 
in  honor  of  the  King,  .\fter  fighting  with  one  Indian  tribe 
and  smoking  the  pipe  of  peace  with  another,  the  company 
landed  and  decidefl  to  build  their  settlement  upon  a  penin- 
sula, which  they  called  Jamestown,  about  fifty  miles  up  the 
river. 

The  Outlook  Dark.  -  The  site  for  their  >ellienieiil  Ua> 
not  wisely  chosen,  for  it  was  low  and  swampy  and  might 
breed  disease.     However,  axes  were  .■^oon  busy  feUing  forest 


John  SuiiH. 


A 


iV'-. 


t^.^. 


y  -m'*-     ^ 'li  IB 


ii 


364   n.wvx  oi"  AMKRicw  Fnvntk\'  i\  furope 

trt'o  to  l)uil(l  homes  and  a  fort.  Hut  the  workers  wer 
few.  'I'here  were  only  four  (arpeiiter-  and  twehc  laborer- 
while  halt  of  the  entiri'  (oinj)an\  wer<'  "  ;:entieiiien  "  whi 
were  unu>ed  to  work  and  who  ex])ei  teil  to  till  their  ]>oikil 


1  III     ki  IN--  iiy  J  wii  •,j.iu\. 

with  <;ol(l  (juiikly  and  return  to  I'ln^land.  The  -hip  soor 
sailed  hack  home,  leaxin;,'  the  lolony  short  of  supplii's 
John  Smith  saved  the  settlers  from  star\int:  l)y  makinu  £ 
rule  that  lu'  who  would  not  work  should  not  eat.  'Flu-  rolon\ 
beeanie  the  tirsl  permanent  I'ji-ili.-h  settlement  in  America 


(,)ri:sTi(»xs 

I.  Tell  aljout  !-'n)l)i.shfr's  vuyajie  and  lis  results,  j.  Who  \va; 
Drake  and  what  ercai  vdv.iLtr  did.  he  m.Lik'j  r"  ■..  T.!!  :!hi>i:!  Sii 
Humphrey  (;ill)ert.  .;.  What  was  the  'T.ost  Colony"?  5.  Wh> 
was  it  lost  ?  ').  Who  was  John  Smith  and  what  did  he  aeeompii^h : 
7.  What  do  you  think  would  have  hajtinned  to  ihc  Jamestown  colon) 
without  Smith? 


•  • 


-v 


•v 


\ 


J 


y 


-"  \ 


/ 


<    K 


v.. 


r   ^ 


•v  ^ 


r 


j,^-:-^(^ 


;     0 


/.-  .j-.i<  If  '  ' 


.  4 


CWWVV.K    XXX 11 
CONCLUSION 

Spain's  Outlook  in  America.  1  In  Spanish  wtri'  carlit -t 
ui»<)ii  our  >hi)rts.  hut  tluy  wasti-d  their  tinu-  ami  roouriC"; 
ill  will!  M^anht's  for  gold,  until  they  lo>t  control  ol  tin-  xa. 
Tluy  did  not  know  the  inii)ortanie  ol"  hone>t  labor,  and  tluy 
had  killed  or  driven  troin  Spain  all  their  he^t  people.  rhe\- 
made  it  a  erinu'  for  a  man  to  think  for  him>tlf  either  in 
politie>  or  relij^ion.  Kvery  pro>perou>  nation  tnu-t  lia\i' 
workers  and  thinker>,  hut  Sj)ain  had  neither.  I'he  Spani>h 
rulers  and  nohles  c  lainu'd  to  ha\t-  Teutonii  hlood  in  their 
veins,  hut  they  had  lo>t  the  >pirit  of  liberty  and  all  other 
virtues  of  the  I'eutons.  Since  the>'  ruined  their  owi;  ■nun- 
try,  they  deserve(l  to  fail  in  the  struggle  for  po>:  m  of 
America. 

The  French  as  Builders.  The  French  had  -ei/nl  the 
two  gateways  to  North  America  by  taking  hold  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  the  Mi>sissippi.  They  held  the-  he-t  por- 
tions of  the  continent,  and  had  secured  the  friend.->hip  of 
all  the  Indian  tribes  save  the  Irucjuois.  lUit  they  had 
scattered  widely  in  search  of  furs  instead  of  settling  down  to 
industrious  labor  ancl  home-making.  Since  they  were-  gov- 
erned at  home  by  an  absolute  king,  the  colonists  had  no 
freedom  or  voice  in  iheir  laws.  The  governors  of  {\machi 
were  chosen  in  Paris,  and  there,  too,  the  laws  were  made ; 
so  there  was  no  incJuccment  for  men  of  strong  mind  an'l 
heart  to  settle  in  Canada.  I-'rance.  like  Spain,  robbed 
herself  of  her  best  workers  and  thinkers,  when  the  Catholic 
kihg  persecuted  and  drove  away  the  Huguenots. 

365 


s<>i>    i>\w\  oi    AMI  ki(  \\  uisi<»k\    IN   II  koi'i: 

I  Iw  Ir.ti(h  have  rmu  h  more  ol  the  'IVut<>ni(  l.|..(..|  th;, 
til.-  Spaiiianl-,  hut  at  the  tiim-  <.l'  Mttlinj:  America,  tlu 
ha. I  Mra>.<l  lar  In.in  the  spirit  .)!'  th.ir  'reiitoiiji  li.relather 
They  put  up  a  >t.>ul  lii^ht  lur  th.'  l).)^^es^i,,n  of  ,,ur  eountr^ 
l»llt  we  shall  see  thiiii  tail  before  the  Kn^hMi,  who  wei 
best  iitte.l  to  hull. I  u[)  a  ^'reiif  ration  in  America. 

The  Dutch  Prefer  English  Liberty.  The  Dutch  ii 
.\cw  .\msttr.lam  he.  am.'  .li>satisilecl  with  the  lihertit 
all.)we.l  the  in.  Ihey  >aw  the  jK'ople  ..f  \ew  Knjilan.j  en 
joying  ;:reat  free.lom  and  >haj)inK'  their  own  affairs;  an> 
when  the  ..p|)..rtunity  eanie.  the  Dut.h  were  ^la.l  to  be 
..>me  an  I'ln^'lish  M.|..ny,  an. I  X.w  Amsterdam  was  rename 
New  N'ork. 

The  Coming  of  the  EngHsh.  Ihe  Kn-zlish  were  lat 
in  j^ettin^  a  toolhold  U])on  our  >li.ire>.  'Ihe  I'Vench  ha. 
-ei/e.l  upon  tile  St.  Lawrence,  the  (ireat  Lake  rep..n.  anc 
the  \ast  Mississippi  \all.y.  Ilu'  Sj)anish  were  intrenche. 
ill  Klori.la.  Thus  the  Kn<;li>h  were  cmmed  t.)  the  narrov 
Atlanti.  oast  j)lains.  'rhe  Kn;:lish  knew  best  h..w  t. 
plant  c.)l.)nies.  so  it  was  not  lonj,'  before  their  .settlement: 
wen-  scattered  alont,'  the  coast  from  .\Liine  to  riorida.  I 
was  fortunate  that  they  were  hemmed  in  as  they  were,  fo; 
they  scttlcl  more  thickly  and  became  stron^,'  and  .^^elf 
reliant.  They  were  not  drawn  away  from  tilling;  the  soi 
by  trailin,-,'  Ihrouj^di  th.'  forests  f.)r  furs,  as  did  the  French 
nor  by  sear,  hin^  for  ;iold.  like  the  Si)anish.  In  order  tc 
clear  the  f.)rests  and  raise  crops,  the  Knglish  drove  awa\ 
the  Indians.  The)  brou<;ht  with  them  their  wives  anc: 
tamilies,  I'or  they  meant  to  build  i)ermanent  hcmies  here 
rhe\'  broUL'ht  also  their  idcns  ot  fr..c<l,.m  /.»  t-...,;r,.r  ,,  ^■,.;.-. 
in  their  own  alTairs,  and  .if  choosing  their  own  religion 
Thus  the  Lnglish  were  laying  a  good  foundation  for  a  free, 
hapj>y.    and    prosperous    col.)nial    emj)ire.     America   waj 


( ()\(  i,rsi()\ 


^•7 


Ustiiu'd  f«)r  the  n;itiiin  who  ktuw  \hA  Imw  to  >tttli-  tlu- 
wildi-rtK^.  t(»  huiltl  it  up,  and  tn  riili  kmt  it  ;  aiui 
tliiit  iiatiiuj  prtivid  to  he  thi-  r»iitoni(  Amr  o-S.ixoiis. 


(,)l  K^IIONS 

Hi;  UIl- 

I.  Louilf  the  tirritory  I  lainu'il  l>y  Sp.iiii,  Ijml.iiii!  I'r.iiin  HdII.iihI. 
J  l.oiali-  ihi'  Mttli'imnt^  ni.iilc  l>y  ^jMiii.  I  iiKlnni.  Ir.itur,  lloll.iinl. 
\.  l\\\  alioiit  tlu-  Uo^'Tiinunl  in  tin-  vtlUrmntN  ol  S|Kiiii,  KiinKiiul, 
I'raiui-.  Unllaiiil.  j.  IVII  alxnit  llic  rilitrimi  in  ihf  MtlltriUMil-.  of 
Siiaiii.  Kii^;lanil.  Iraiuc,  Hnllami.  s  Why  \s  ill  S|).iiii  tail  to  ^it 
iDiUnil  of  all  North  \nitriia"  o.  Why  will  Irainr  fail'  ;  Why 
will  laiKlaiul  Ixtomi'  iIk  tonirollint;  nalioii  o\  i  r  lure'  s.  Thin 
what  iilt'a>  of  no\(  riinuiil  will  luiDnu  csi  ilili>hi  il  -  .,  Wtiat  uili 
ki'tp  Anu'rit  a  frotii  cMT  litroniiiiK ''(..•// \  a  iiart  ol  r!iij.'laii'i  '  lo  Wh.it 
.vill  lir  \\u-  n  li^ion  of  Annrii  a  '  ii  What  will  In  tin  novtrn- 
mt  III  of  Anitrii  ,1  '  i :.  Trai  v  thf  !"<  uloiiii  i  harai  ti-ristii  -.  in  Anu-rii  a. 
1  ^    Shov.  how  it  i-  a  laiul  f<ir  .;//  |n.'oplc. 


INDEX 


i 


Alihiy,  8g,  go,  qi. 

Ahbot.  S.S. 

Airi-,  .'Li. 

.Ktiii-.  ij.^,  (;i). 

Alrir.i,  .'7[.  -'7S. 

Alari.  .  'ij   <,t). 

All  x.imlria.  .;4. 

Alixi-.  KmiKTur.  20^. 

Alfriil.  llu'  (irout,  1 -v;   i\2. 

Alji^,  ll.iniiilial  ini>>cs,  -',<. 

Al\  .1.  I  )uki'  iif.  i-'i    i^g. 

Ariirrii.i,  .\  ,iOi  ;   iHmuvitv  <if,  -'o-' 

AnuTii  us  N'fspuciius.  jgS.  jgy. 

Am^trnliini.  N'l'W.  s.S'). 

An^li'^.  101    1 15. 

Anj:lw-S.i.\oii,  icK).  lit)   IJ2. 

Alltini  h.    .'I  .'.    -M  V 

\|ilii.iii  Way,  7.',  7i. 

Aplircntiir.  iSo. 

A(|iifilui  ts.   ti. 

Ar.iliia,  :2(t. 

Arahii  nuniirals.  igd.  igy. 

Arali>.  !>>■"<    igg.  .'O.v 

Aranon,  .\S"*  -''V 

Anhfs,  Roman.  .0,  41. 

Anna.  47.  4.S, 

Armada.   The  Invincible,  ,i4i-345- 

A>ia  .Minor.  27. 

Atluns.  44.  57,  5S. 

Au:;ii-tini'.  lOiS. 

AuciisliiK-.  St..  U7. 

\ii;4U>lus,  ('a's;ir,  i,  .17. 

AiHlr.ilia.  2. 

Au-lri.i.  .'/. 

A/.on-..  :7'>. 

Baton,  KoniT,  226. 
B.ih.imas.  2();. 
liallioa.   io<;,  310. 
Ballii  Sea.  s.  1 1    12. 
Bangut'ts,  1  55-1  50 
Barbarians.  (Icrman.  i.  So. 
FJarbaros-i    !>r-a=-ri;  k    .'22. 
Baths.  Roman,  4}. 
Bi'KKars  of  the  Sta,  ,52g.  .^io.  3,!4- 
2  U 


'  BrlKiiini,  I  ^'i,  ,45,  (46. 

Bi-nt-iliit.  St  ,  S'7,  .SS, 
i  BiTtha,  Oui'i-n.  loS 

Bishop,  Roman,  70  -M . 
:  Blot  k  b<Mik^,   ;.'  i.   ;.'  1 
;  BcMiks,  aniicnl  (.n.inuxript).  Roman.  4;, 
I      g-'.  gi. 

Borni'o,  ;6,S. 

Brazil,  jgg 

Brill.  i^4 

Briton>.  2i> 

Bnltraria.  .'oS. 

Buri,'unclian>,  70,  77. 

( 'abol.  Jolm.  .-07,  jg.S. 

("abot,  Silia^li.in,  .'07,  ;g8. 

(';i'sar,  Julin^.  ;,  2i\  2^. 

Ca-'sir  .\u^;u^tus.  2,  .'7. 

Calittit,  -■-•(■.  .-OS. 

("aliforni.i.  :>; . 

Califs,  i(;i. 

Canary  i>lanils.  .•7'!,  .■S7,  :M,S. 

Cai.tcrbury.  1  .'.'.  22^. 
i  CaiK-  of  ('ooil  llo|K.',  .'77,  2^.j,,  JS4,  (05 
:  CaiRtian,  .•;.'. 

Cai>t'  Wrik-  I>lan<ls,  jS^ 

Carthanc  21    2 ;. 

Carticr  Jaitiucs,  ,548-550. 

C.istilr.  .'s^'  .''>  V 

;   Cu.StlfS,    147     I'll. 

!  Cuthav  :Chinai.  2.'v  .'.'(1,  2(14.  2<i(j,  271;, 

;  .■'°'''. 

i  Cat h  lilt  Churih.  ^i',>    ••,2-. 

Ch.irU-mafnc.  1  ;i    158. 
'  Cliarit-  tht   l-',il    c)t 

Chin.i  'Catnayi,  .'25.  22tt.  264,  2l>(t.   -7^, 

Chi[iiHnli.im,  i  27. 

Chi\  a'r>  .  I'li . 

Christianity    ,,4 ;    [H-rsfCUtion  of,  ,54    56. 

Chunh,  Chri-tian.  (1(1,  77   .So. 

CiiiTo,  52. 

Circus,  The  (irtat,  4(1. 

City  of  Seven  HilU  ;Rumi>,  21. 

369 


.•>/^ 


INDIX 


-•7->  -^; 


•  ■|rr^;v.  .■  ;o. 
<  li  ri.  ^,  17.' 
(  iirinuiil.  ('mm,  |I  of.  .-05. 

<"l"\i~,    lit,    I  ;^ 
(   oli^i  llMl,    jS,    41) 

('"luniliii^,     H.irlhol.inicw. 

J.Sl. 

('i>l\iniliu^,  ("hri>iM|,|]cr,  J7,S- jgij. 

Cnnil.il.  Hkj. 

('■immcrn-.   ij.i.    I'lO.    17,    ,<,i,,     !{riti-h 

loj  ;    witli  I!;i^t,  .•!.^ 
<'i.m|i,i--.  j.\s-  -7i.  -'^'j.  Joo 
I'liiirail  III.  IjiiiHTor.  j.m 

("<Ml>l.inlilU'.    i'l.    ;7,    ^(j.   do 

<"ii|l»|ailtill()|lll'.    5(;.    (10.    hi,.    .>0<J. 

C'orclov.l,    I(;s     1(J5,    J^  ,.   j.Sj,   j.S( 

Ciirlr^.  ::57. 

(iirliy.  Ilcrnaiiilii.  .;o7    io;. 

C'duik  il  cif  Hlo.id.  i  ;2 

Cr.ifN.   171,. 

Criinin.iN,  171 . 

Crossbow,  2  :tt 

('rii-,.iilr>.   1  i  I,  .'01    .'  il. 

Da  (iania,  \\i-;(().  j(js,  ji,6.  ;oQ.  ioo 

DaiUTi'lil.  -'II 

Dam-.  i)(.  1 10   I  ij. 

Daiuilii-  Ri\iT.  jS.  :;,S.  <>o. 

Dark  .\j;<--.  7.>.  14  J. 

Di-iiniark.  10.; 

Dc  .S,]ti,.  !Vnlinan<].  .ii.j    iid 

Diaz.  Harlholomcw.  .•77. 

Dnmrvlay  Monk,  .'.4.j, 

Diinjnii.  no. 

Drake.  Sir  Kranc  i^.  ,i()o.  ;0i, 

Diilili.  1 

l-Mwar.|  thr  .Saint  (('(infi-s-t>rl.  .v,o. 

IVU'Mlt.    ,-7.     K;:.    J(ll) 

l!li/ali(lli.  (Juvfii.    ;  )0.    ;fio.   i'li. 
Km|HTiir.  Rdiiiaii.  77 
rjii,'laii(i.  .'71,  .'1)7 
l'!r.i-,inii-.   ij.'    ij;, 
lluphr:!!^  Ki\iT.  .'I.  .'S. 

I'air^,  iS;.  i.>iii 

lalion.   15.S. 

rarnmiu.   (Icrman.   •> .    in   Mi,|,lU.   A;,-,., 

1''^.  .1(1(1 
rcnliiiaiiii,    KillK',   js,-;    Jd;,   j.-i;    .\Sri 
I'l'ilil.  Hjooii,  S;. 

|-;;::.i.^::~m,  ■„.  ,,..  ^4^.  I 

rut.   1  }i . 


I'inr-.    Si,    ,S|, 

ll-ri.!,,.   il, 

I'lilkin.iiil.   1  .'o, 

1  r'l'^' '     .v.  I  ;'i.  .'i-'   ;?iS, 

I'  r-i  lit    I  v"^ 

I  re  11,  h  kini,'u.ik'r.  >.'.  S  i 

lr..|,i-|..r    .\I.irlin.  i  jo.   i^S    i^io. 


.■i)>.    .''/I.    .'!)().    iOO. 


<  i.ii-<  rii  .  (iS 

•  r  1(11.1.    \  .,-.,11 

(..nil.  .-,.  73 
(  ..luU.   I  ,; 

'.iiiii.i.  j(.^.  :7,,,  :,,^ 
turni.iii-      I,  uii.ii-i.    1    I, J.     1  id :    am: 
I  ^  ,    Chri-li.iiiiziM!.  id  ;   1  <imiiu-rif,  k 

j         c|r>--,d,    U.mmI  ,|U.llilii^  .if.    lij  .    ^'uMTI 

iiiinl   iif.    10;     l.inL;ii,it:<-     i.-,.    priol 

1  .'  ;     ri  li-.'!!.!!.    II      I  .■  ;     ,;u  frd  LTuVr,    I  1 

warrior-,    i  j    id ;     uoim-n.   d.    lo   i  i 

<  iililii'ii.  Ihr  (ii~t,.riaTi.  s  i 
( lil.r.ill.ir.  (..s 

'  iillnrl.  ~-!r  lluniiiliny,  4(1   .(ij 
(•'iillrcy  at  Jiru-.iKni  .' 1  1    .■ji. 
<ii'l(i  Cna-I.  .■7d. 

(iiinil    II.,IH-,    Cipr  ,,f,    .-77,    J.-;,.    ;,S4,    50' 
'"•th-.      ^..      ^7     7^,       77.      ,   ;-,        njj^        ,,, 

ai  1 1  [it  ('hri-lianil\ .  :;ij 
( iran.iila.  .'do  .''s.  .-sd. 

<  irc.it  Cli.irtiT,  .'47,  .'4,S. 

*  >rcci  c,  .'4,  .17,  dj, 

•  •rri'k.   art.    .'4.    nji    iij:;   !aiiK'ua«e.   4: 

74.    ;-'-'.   i-'.i 
( in';;ciry,  107, 
tiuil'l-,    I7ij     iSj 
'iiiinca.  (iiilf  nf.  :-(,,  .>,So.  .'81. 
'  ( iiHi|Ki\v,kr.   idi,  :  jd 
( iutcnlicrtr.  Jdhi'..   5.-4. 

<  •utliruni,  1  .'7,  1  :.H. 

Il.iiinihal.  .'.•    .'  i, 

Ilarlcm.   ; ,  v 

Il.in.1,1.  Kini:  of  r;n,t;laivl,  .'40. 

II.iMiiii;-.  H.iltli-  (if,  .'.,!. 

Il.iwkiiii:.  I  ;d    1  vS 

ll.^^^ki^>.  Sir  Julm.  i  jo, 

H<'iii,'i-t  ami  Ilnr-a.  101. 

Ilviiry  II  ,,f  KiiK-laml.  j  i4 

H.-nry  \II  ,,f  Kni^laml,  .'1,7 

nriir\-.  I'rimr.  thi'  \.i\  ii;,it,,r,  271    .'71;. 

Ikrclii  -.   ::;,).    j;  i 

Hi.li.l.iv.  4d.  47. 

Hcii.ui.l.   ,)(. 

Holy  l.an.l.  ivl. 


,ypit 


INDKX 


.•>/ 


IIiiii^'  (if  ("(immoii^.  -Vii. 
H"u>v  nl  L.ir.U,  -SI 
Unwanl,  l.^rd,  i  i ;    i45- 
lluil-j)n.  lU'nry.  J5'>   ij''- 
Hun.-,  57. 

Im.i.  u-    >i4- 

Inili  III  •  >(i-ai\,     ■  ■". 

lii.li.in>.  Amirican,  :. 

Iii(iui>ili(m,  Si(aiii>li.  :$g  :'>o.  ,w  4 

Iron,  7 

l■^.lln•ll,^,  (Jiiti'n,  J57   :<<••,.  -•>,!   :^'i. 

Italian  lan«ua«c.  !Sj.  S.i. 

Italy,  :7. 

Jaik-tafT,  .'7^ 

JajMn.  .■i'\.  .'7.V 

Ji  ru-ali-ni,  i.it,  nji,  -'oi, 

Jt.-uils,  ,i-'7.  .^S' 

'CW<.    l()v 

John,  KinK  of  Knt'land.  ;!  54. 

Jiihn,  King  of  I'ortuKal,  .'77.  -S-.  -"^i 

Joppa,  21  <. 

Jup.-,  Trial  by.  2.\7. 

Jutts,   lOJ, 

Kinj;,  power  of,  2:t).  r  <o. 
Knights,  152    i<>i,  JoO   2,ii, 
Koran,  i,S(),  njo. 

Lalir.idor,  .'(j7. 

La  Salle,   i^-    .v^.i- 

Latin  lank'uaKi-,  74-  ''^''  *^-- 

Latiludf,  .'7.^ 

Law,    Barbarian,    .S^,    84;     Roman.    .H5  ; 

Ti-    onir,  ,S4. 
Li'o  liL  I'o[K',  I  ;(i,  I  i7. 
Leyden,  ,;.i,;.   i  iS. 
Li>l>on,  .'70,  ;o4 
Lombard-,  70,  77. 

London,  104.  i-'S,  .'oS  ;   Company,  ;'■;. 
Loui-i  the  I'i^'hti'r,  ,!((,  .'>4. 
Louis  \II  of  I'ranif,  .'.'t. 
Luther.  NLirtin.  ,;.,•;,  1,2(1. 

NLiK'fl' '-n,    Terdinand.    ,oa   nO,  :     Strait- 

of,  ,s.o:. 
Ma^na  Carta  iCiroat  Charter),  247.  -t> 
Manendez,  IVdro,  u'l,  ii7- 
Manor,  i'>.;. 

ManuAiript  books  lamienti.  o-'.  Qi- 
M.ireo  Polo.  :2'K  .'04    .'oij,  j?.,. 
Mark,  7. 


Market-.  O;.  i>'i 

Ma-ter  worknu  n.  1  ■■o 

Met .  .1.   I  "■>    I'ji 

Mediirrr.uu.m.  .■  i .  ^^.  .•-■  ( 

Men  hant-ol  thi-  .Middle  .*>;e-.  i>;    \Sh. 

Me\ico,    js.-.    ,o,s,  ^Ot, 

MiK'r.ilioii,  ( term, in,  o. 

Mi--i--ippi  Ki\er.   ,i'' 

.\!o<lil  I'.irli,inienl.  .'^o 

.Moh.inimed,  1  ^7    \-a 

.Mohammed, in-,  l^^    loo 

Nbijuiia-  _Spi,e  l-l.oid-'.   jf.S.   .'75,    lOS 

Moiui-terie-,  >7   07.  100.  1-: 

Mone>  ,   i7'>    177. 

Monk'-.  >7   07 

Monle/.uma.     kiiiK    of    the    .\/.tei -,     ioS 

.Montreal,  ;to.   ^50. 

.Moor-,  i.ss    i(,o.  .'.'-',  i.=;;   -''<• 

.M(rri-eoe-.   ,40. 

.\lo-ai(s.  („S. 

Mosul.  .'."' 

.Mount  of  ( »li\«  -.  J 1 4.  J17- 

.Nero.    ;'",  4cj,  .=;4. 

Nertlui-,  11    1  -'. 

Nether!, md-,  is".   w<>-.i47- 

Newfo'indhmd.  .-07 

New  lr,inie.   i^o 

.New  ■re-t;'.nu  nt.  loi). 

N'iiea.  .'  10.  .'I .'. 

Noble,   141     14,?. 

Normandy,  .■ ; ,.  .'  ;o. 

Northmen  '  \ikiiii;-i,  04,     '.W.    '4°-  -3^ 

■North  Star,  .'7i, 

Norway,  i . 

Nunneries,  S?. 

Odin,  1 1,  h(<.  ij(j.  lo'i.  lo.'^ 

<  )mar.  10 1 

<  )rino(  .1  River,  jo- 

I'ai  ilK  <  »i  I  ,in,   iio 
r,ii;e.  tr.iinini;  ol  .i.   1  ^o. 
I'.li.,-.    .'S4,    ..s;,    .04 
I'aii.ima.   ,11 
I'.ipsru-.  4: 
i'.iri-.  -• ;.',  .'oi 
l'.irli,inn-nt.  Jii . 
INkiiiL,'.  J1/7. 
I'ere/.  .'SI4. 
i\r-i...  -:■■ 
I  I'ersian  trull,  .''xj. 


372 


INDKX 


IVru.  u-'    iM- 

I'rtir  the  Hermit,  :oi~2io. 

r<  tr.in  ti.  ;ji,  4  >j. 

I'liili|i  Auk'U-lus,  jij. 

I'liili|)  II  (,f  l-'r,iiuf,  J.':;. 

I'hili[)  II  of  Spain,  ^jc,   ^47. 

I'id-..  (,>., 

I'il^'rini^,  .'oi~Jo.v 

ri/,irni,  iio    ;[4. 

V"h>.  M.iriii,  .wi<,  j()4    j6<),  .^7i;. 

I''mi|ii\,  .>^    .>(, 

I'lilK  1-  r|,-  Lc,,n,     ;  I  ;,    ,;  |  )  . 

I'mIk-,  the  Hi-,li,,|,  ,,t  Ki.nu',  m's.   1,2^. 
I'lirtuKal,  J70. 

I'lirtuuinse,  ,S.>,  ,Si,  J71    .^7,S. 
Printing',  iiivintidii  of.  (^4. 
I'rotfslaiuism,  iiS  .527. 
f'yri'Hfr>,  igj. 

',>iicl«(,  i5i. 

Kalciyh.  Sir  W'alliT,  5i')i-56,;. 

Kfd  Si-a,  .(mj. 

kr\i\-,il  of  L.-.trniiit;,  ^22-  '.jy. 

KhiiH-  Ri\cr.  ;,  -'S,  (17,  70. 

Richard  tin-  I.ion-ln'artnl,  222. 

Koails.  koni.m,  j(j. 

Kohlur  liarons,  i  75. 

kodcric  k,  J5 ,;. 

K..|f  ikoll,)),  <5,,. 

Kom.ui,    ampliithcatiTs,     4f)   -o:    archi 

totiire,  ,iu-4i  ;  art,  ^g  41  ;  l,ool<>,  i:; 

liti'.'-,  ,<2",i4;    tonimcrcf,    ij;    o(iui,i- 


Sta,  HIark.  58;    Mediterranean.   21.  , 
^-4;    North,  (ri;    of   I),irkiu>s,   ..(, 

J'JI).  J.S.S. 


Serfs  (vi 


!ainsi,  112.  172,  250. 


lan>,'uaKe,    82 


275 


Seville,  284. 

Siiil)s,    Roman,     21    22:      (•arlha;:ipiai 
-1    22. 

Simon,  Hi.hop  of  Jerusali  m,  20.5. 

Simon  d.-  Montfort,  240,  2:^0. 

Slaves,  Teuton-.   (.(, ;    trade.    107;    (lei 

m.in.  0;    koman.  4^,  50  s;. 
Smith,  Jnhii,  ^1,1,  ((,4. 
Soldier-,  (iernian,  .^2,  .sj. 
South  Africa,  2. 
^I'^ii",    2y,  07,    2^i   20 i 

Spaniards  in  .\nieriia.   iO'>-,ii7. 
Spi.e     M.iiid-     iMnluteas),     208, 

Squire,  trainint,' of,  i^o.  151. 
Stiliiho,  04. 
Siievi.  70. 
Sumatra.  2()7. 
Sweden,  i. 
Switzerland,  27. 
S\lvester,  I'ope,  ,520. 
^yria,  27,  21  i.  22(>. 

laxe-,  Roman.  54;    monastic,  q6. 
li'uton-.  ,M,' (lermans,  1    ig,  76, 
Thame-  Ri\er,  120,  127. 
Third  e-tate,  22g. 
I'hor,  100,  loS. 


ion,  4s;  irriKation,  ,,-■:  law.  ,^5.  2  ,7  :  I  Tiher  River,  21  72 
learning,  so  41  :  monuments,  4  1  ;  :' Tolls.  14,  ,7,  ',76 
rno>;,us.    .,0.     41;      roads,     2,;;     wall,  ,  Tom  anelh,  2,sV,  iSs'. 

..   ,„  ,  !   lournament,  isS. 

'."In:   l':.;n:Li';,';r''  ''"^-    :|:--7;he  Midd.eA.es,  ,77 
'  ^  1  ru(  e  ot  (io<l.  145. 

Sah.ira.  2S.  2()4 

St .  Auu'u-tiiie.  .;  I  7. 

St-  Henedii  t.  S;.  S.S. 

St.  I.oui-.  Kinuof  Trance,  2;;    -,;, 

St.  I'eter's,  i  ^o. 

Sanituiitn  in  .Middle  .Vce,.  ,70,  17,. 

Sara.en^,  201-2.;:. 

Sart-ass  I  Sea,  2()0 

Saxon>  (Kn.u-li-h..  0.S-115.  i  55.  i^o. 

Sihools,  Monastic,  g2  ;   miKirish,  lyo. 

St  ot I.ind,  2? I . 

Scots,  <,'S. 


Turkev,  27. 
'Turks.  201-  2,ii. 
'Tyre,  21;. 

Irlian  IJ,  l'o[x",  20,3  ^07. 

\  arus.  V 
\'and,ds,  6S-70. 
\  an  iler  Werf,  557. 
\'a-sal-.  141    145 
\  aticm,   ;io, 
\  eoiie,    JOS.    207.   2t).>S. 

\'esi)uccius,  .\mericus,  298,  jgg. 


INDEX 


o7o> 


X'iliincs  (N'orthmi'n'i.  <ji,  1 16-132. 
N'illaiiiN  (stTf-i,  ii.\  1 7-.  -.io. 
N'ill.is,  R()m.in,  70,  io<). 
\()rtit.'i'rn,  joo. 

Walter  the  ['(.■nniK.-^.  ios   :ii. 
Wcdmon'.  Triaty  uf,  127. 
WcUh,  10  V 


I  W  tS.S/"X,   I  14.   I. '2. 

Wc^t  Inilii>,  j-li. 

William  till-  C'liKiuoror.  23'>-245- 

William   the   >ili.iit,   rrincc  of  Orange, 

,i52-,vv'<. 

Witan,  1 14. 
Yukf  of  Rumc,  0- 


K»t 


r  •'» -vii' 


'-c^A;r-<    ■.„. '"rji&* '^if^-iji- ,,#•  ^    ,33i;,.lc 


''PHF.  following  pages  contain  advcrti>cmcnts  of 
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